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European mobility: patterns, characteristics and impact Helga de - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
European mobility: patterns, characteristics and impact Helga de - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
European mobility: patterns, characteristics and impact Helga de Valk IES Policy forum Freedom of movement Brussels December 2015 STRUCTURE 1 Patterns of European mobility 2 Who are the mobile European citizens and why are they moving? 3
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European mobility at heart of EU unification In research most emphasis on non-European migrants …But European migration and mobility increasingly important and directions diversified
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Three types of migration:
International migration from outside EU to the EU Migration between EU countries Both EU and non EU nationals Internal migration within the country of both nationals and Europeans
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MIGRATION IN EUROPE
Source: Van Mol & de Valk (2015)
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MIGRATION IN EUROPE
Source: Van Mol & de Valk (2015)
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INTRA-EU MIGRATION
Europeans who live abroad
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INTRA-EU MIGRATION
Europeans who have ever lived abroad (PIONEUR project 2006)
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INTRA-EU MIGRATION
Europeans who lived and worked abroad (Eurobarometer 2013)
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2013 flow: 1.7 million immigrants to EU28 from non-member countries 1.7 million people migrated between members states January 2014 stock 33.5 million people born outside of the EU-28 17.9 million persons born in a different EU Member State than where they are currently residing
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SHARE OF NON-NATIONALS IN THE RESIDENT POPULATION, 2014
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FOREIGN WORKING POPULATION OF EU AND NON-EU ORIGIN, 2012
Bron: Eurostat
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FOREIGN WORKING POPULATION OF EU AND NON-EU ORIGIN, 2012
Bron: Eurostat
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TOP TEN AVERAGE INTRA EUROPEAN FLOWS 2008-2011
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 DE-PL (e) PL-DE (i) RO-IT (i) RO-ES (i) FR-UK (e) RO-DE (i) UK-FR (e) PL-UK (i) DE-RO (e) UK-PL (e)
Source: Van Mol & de Valk (2015)
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TOP TEN AVERAGE ANNUAL INTRA-EU MIGRATION FLOWS, 2000-2011 (X 1 000)
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 PL-DE (i) DE-PL (e) RO-IT (i) RO-ES (i) FR-UK (e) RO-DE (i) UK-FR (i) DE-IT (e) UK-ES (i) PL-UK (i) 2000-2003 2004-2007 2008-2011
Source: Van Mol & de Valk (2015)
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PERCENTAGE INTRA-EU IMMIGRATION AS SHARE OF TOTAL IMMIGRATION FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES, REPORTED BY COUNTRY
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 AT DE DK ES FI IT LT LV NL NO PL RO SE SK UK 2000-2003 2004-2007 2008-2011
Source: Van Mol & de Valk (2015)
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10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 AT DE DK ES FI IT LT LV NL NO PL RO SE SK UK 2000-2003 2004-2007 2008-2011
PERCENTAGE INTRA-EU IMMIGRATION AS SHARE OF TOTAL IMMIGRATION FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES, REPORTED BY COUNTRY
Source: Van Mol & de Valk (2015)
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WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EUROPEAN MIGRANTS (FLOW) AND MIGRANT POPULATIONS (STOCK)?
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2 4 6 8 10 12 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+ men women
Distribution by sex and age of migration from PL to DE, according to DE, 2008 (%)
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2 4 6 8 10 12 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+ men women
Distribution by sex and age of migration from DE to PL, according to DE, 2008 (%)
Source: Van Mol & de Valk (2015)
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2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+ men women
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2 4 6 8 10 12 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+ men women
Distribution by sex and age of migration from PL to DE, according to DE, 2008 (%) Distribution by sex and age of migration from PL to NL, according to NL, 2009 (%)
Source: Van Mol & de Valk (2015)
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2 4 6 8 10 12 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+ men women
Distribution by sex and age of migration from RO to ES, according to ES, 2008-2011 (%)
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2 4 6 8 10 12 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+ men women
Distribution by sex and age of migration from UK to ES, according to ES, 2008-2011 (%)
Source: Van Mol & de Valk (2015)
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EUROPEAN BINATIONAL COUPLES
Maastricht Treaty (‘92): European citizen Indicator of European integration European binational couples = both partners born in a different EU country Literature focuses on non-EU couples and marriage ESF funded EUMARR project
Work together with Suzana Koelet, Tom De Winter & Christof Van Mol European binational couples
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Spain Belgium The Netherlands
International marriages 21.3 20.8 11.3 Binational marriages 18.8 18.4 10.3 EU27 Binational marriages 2.7 6.7 4.7 EU12 Binational marriages 1.8 5.7 3.3 Total number of marriages 174,062 43,121 71,228
Koelet, S. M., Schroedter, J. H., Cortina, C., De Valk, H. A. G., & de Busser, C. (2012). Bi-national Marriages between European Citizens: From Intermarriage to Intramarriage? In D.-S. Kim (Ed.), Cross-border Marriage - Global Trends and Diversity (pp. 123–162).
Incidence of international and binational marriages (% of all marriages registered in 2009)
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5 10 15 20 25 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 % of total number of registered marriages in year X N of marriages in year X
N European binational marriages (EU27) N European binational marriages (EU12) N binational marriages % European binational marriages (EU27) % European binational marriages (EU12) % binational marriages
Source: Koelet, de Valk & Willaert (2011)
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Consequences of European bi-national relations:
- European identification
- European solidarity
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MEASURES
identification as a European: ‘On a scale of 0 to 10, please tell us how much you agree or disagree with the following statement’: ‘I feel European’ European transnational solidarity: ‘The government in this country proposes a special contribution to assist another region in a European country that has experienced a natural catastrophe. Please indicate how much of your yearly earnings you would be prepared to donate to help assist economically this region/country’ ranging from 0 (none) to 10 (a great deal)
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MEASURES
identification as a European: ‘On a scale of 0 to 10, please tell us how much you agree or disagree with the following statement’: ‘I feel European’ European transnational solidarity: ‘The government in this country proposes a special contribution to assist another region in a European country that has experienced a natural catastrophe. Please indicate how much of your yearly earnings you would be prepared to donate to help assist economically this region/country’ ranging from 0 (none) to 10 (a great deal)
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Source: Van Mol, de Valk & Van Wissen (2015)
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Take home messages: European migration is and will remain important also for the future across Europe
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European migration is and will remain important also for the future across Europe Focus on male migrant worker doesn’t do justice to the existing diversity
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European migration is and will remain important also for the future across Europe Focus on male migrant worker doesn’t do justice in this context to the existing diversity Family life and demographic events are crucial in understanding migration project: we should go beyond the classic origin-destination divide!
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NIDI is an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences KNAW and is affliated to the University of Groningen www.nidi.nl
Sources/references:
Van Mol, C. & Valk, H.A.G. de (2016), Migration and immigrants in Europe: a historical and demographic perspective. In: Garcés- Mascareñas, B. & Penninx, R. (Eds.), Integration Processes and Policies in Europe. Contexts, Levels and Actors. Dordrecht: Springer, p. 31-55. [URL] Kleinepier, T., Valk, H.A.G. de & Gaalen, R.I.A. van (2015), Life paths of migrants: A Sequence analysis of Polish migrants' family life trajectories. European Journal of Population 31 (2): 155-179. [URL] Valk, H.A.G. de, Koelet, S. & Erf, R. van der (2015), Intra-Europese migratie: een demografische achtergrond bij migratiepatronen en inter- Europese partnerschappen in vergelijkend perspectief. In: Timmerman, C., Mahieu, R., Levrau, F. & Vanheule, D. (Eds.), Intra-Europese migratie en mobiliteit; andere tijden, nieuwe wegen?, Leuven: Universitaire Pers Leuven, p. 31-51. Van Mol, C., Valk, H.A.G. de & Wissen, L. van (2015), Falling in love with(in) Europe: European bi-national love relationships, European identification and transnational solidarity. European Union Politics. [URL] Koelet, S. & Valk, H.A.G. de (2014), European Liaisons? A study on European bi-national marriages in Belgium. Population, Space and Place 20 (2): 110-125. [URL] Valk, H.A.G. de & Díez Medrano, J. (2014), Guest editorial on Meeting and mating across borders: union formation in the European Union single market. Population, Space and Place 20 (2): 103-109. [URL]
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NIDI is an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences KNAW and is affliated to the University of Groningen www.nidi.nl