Ethnicity and employability: Comparing the outcomes of Albanian and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Dorel MANITIU, Ph.D International Relation Office & Projects Inter-university Consortium AlmaLaurea, Bologna, Italy

European Sociological Association 14 Conference Europe and Beyond: Boundaries, Barriers and Belonging Manchester, UK, 20-23 August 2019

Ethnicity and employability: Comparing the

• utcomes of Albanian and Italian graduates

from Italian universities

Introduction: what AlmaLaurea is AlmaLaurea surveys and sources we use Foreign graduates in Italian universities Comparison between Italian and Albanian graduates AlmaLaurea Graduates Tracking survey: Italian and Albanian graduates outcomes Contents

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ALMALAUREA INTERUNIVERSITY CONSORTIUM

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Since 2015 AlmaLaurea is in the SISTAN (National Statistics System), the network of units that can provide

• fficial statistical information in Italy

AlmaLaurea

is an Inter-university Consortium, founded in Italy in 1994, at the University of Bologna. It is a bottom up initiative which involves, nowadays, 75 Universities and about 90% of graduates in Italy

The AlmaLaurea project is based on three pillars:  an annual survey (census survey) on the graduates’ profile internal effectiveness of HEIs): aggregate data  an annual survey (census survey) on the graduates’ employment situation at 1, 3 and 5 years after graduation external effectiveness of HEIs: aggregate data  an online databank wof graduates CVs (more than 2.6 million): tool improve the match between supply and demand of graduates on labour market).

services to companies and firms: online based recruitment services, ad hoc human capital selection, employer branding, etc.

ALMALAUREA

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GRADUATES PROFILE

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Sources we use

Graduates' Profile

AlmaLaurea yearly report

Information provided by universities Instrument

Administrative Graduate record

Quality and completeness of information High Quality and certification of graduates' information instrument

AlmaLaurea Database

Information provided by graduates instrument

Online Questionnaire for graduates

+

GRADUATES EMPLOYMENT STATUS

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It is run through a CAWI and CATI methodology The questionnaire is filled in by graduates at 1, 3 and 5 years after graduation The response rate is 78.2% (1 year – graduates 2017), 70.4% (3), 64,5% (5) – at 3 (graduates 2015) and 5 years (graduates 2013) second level graduates The member universities provide AlmaLaurea with the 100 % of graduates’ administrative data ANNUAL CENSUS SURVEY ON GRADUATES’ EMPLOYMENT SITUATION (630.000 graduates surveyed in three years)

Source: AlmaLaurea, Graduates’ Profile Survey Reports, 2009-2019

FOREIGN GRADUATES IN ITALIAN UNIVERSITIES

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20.1 19.5 17.7 15.2 13.9 12.6 5.3 6.3 7.3 9.0 9.9 11.4 43.6 37.6 34.2 30.9 29.3 28.1 4.8 8.2 9.6 9.1 9.2 8.2 10.3 10.8 12.5 14.3 16.4 9.4 11.6 11.2 13.4 13.9 12.8 11.7 10.0 10.6 9.4 9.6 9.4

100

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 Albania Romania

• ther European countries

China Asia (excluding China) and Oceania Africa Americas

ALMALAUREA GRADUATES PROFILE: ALBANIANS AND ITALIANS

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YEAR 2018 GRADUATES IN ITALY ALBANIANS TOTAL FOREIGN ITALIANS TOTAL GRADUATES

• N. of graduates

1,249 9,890 270,340 280,230 Filled the questionniare 1,194 8,813 250,158 258,971 Compilation rate (%) 95.6 89.1 92.5 92.4 Woman (%) 70.1 61.1 58.6 58.7

YEAR 2018 GRADUATES IN ITALY

ALBANIANS TOTAL FOREIGN ITALIANS TOTAL GRADUATES

At least one parent with HE studies (%) 24.4 39.1 29.5 29.9 Parents without HE studies (%) 73.9 58.4 69.1 68.7 Belonging to a high social class* (%) 9.05 20.28 22.48 22.4 High school diploma abroad (%) 32.6 56.5 0.3 2.3

ALMALAUREA GRADUATES PROFILE: ALBANIANS AND ITALIANS

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*High social class: professionals, directors, entreprenurs with at least 15 employees (A. Cobalti e A. Schizzerotto, The social mobility in Italy, Bologna, il Mulino, 1994)

ALMALAUREA GRADUATES PROFILE: ALBANIANS AND ITALIANS

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YEAR 2018 GRADUATES IN ITALY

ALBANIANS TOTAL FOREIGN ITALIANS TOTAL GRADUATES

Scholarship (%) 69.8 57.8 22.2 23.4 Study experience abroad(%) 11.7 18.9 12.8 13.0 Internship during the studies (%) 58.0 56.8 59.4 59.3 Work experience during the studies: 79.0 69.7 65.2 65.4

Full time (more than half of the studies period) (%) 8.4 6.5 6.1 6.1 Other work experiences full time (less than half of the studies period) (%) 6.1 5.4 3.6 3.7 Part time (%) 30.2 24.4 18.7 18.9 Occasional, part time, seasonal(%) 34.3 33.5 36.8 36.7

Contents

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2017 Graduates' Employment Status: second-level degree graduates interviewed one year after graduation

YEAR 2017 SECOND LEVEL GRADUATES IN ITALY ALBANIANS ITALIANS SECTOR OF ACTIVITY Public (%) 3.2 13.6 Private (%) 89.7 81.0 Non profit (%) 7.1 5.2 AVERAGE MONTHLY NET EARNINGS (€) Men 1,260 1,358 Women 1,296 1,098 Total average 1,282 1,219

Contents

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2017 Graduates' Employment Status: second-level degree graduates interviewed one year after graduation

YEAR 2017 SECOND LEVEL GRADUATES IN ITALY ALBANIANS ITALIANS Type of work (%) (%) (%) Self employed 6.9 7.4 Permanent contract 37.5 26.9 Training contract 22.0 17.7 Non-standard contract (e.g. non permanent, part time) 27.7 35.2 Collaboration/Consultancy 1.8 3.2 Other types of self employed (e.g. part time collab.) 2.5 5.1 Without contract 1.6 4.1 Part type incidence 15.9 21.2

1284 1401 1349 1347 1399 1139 1323 1400 1239

W T M W T M W T M

Albanians Italians Foreign citizenship

Contents

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SECOND- LEVEL DEGREE 2017

DO NOT PARTICIPATED AT INTERNSHIP AFTER GRADUATION

81,5 79,3 81,2

Albanians Foreign citizenship Italians

PARTICIPATED AT INTERNSHIP AFTER GRADUATION

2017 Graduates' Employment Status 1 year after graduation:

employment rate and net earnings by internship after graduation

70,3 68,8 70,8

Albanians Foreign citizenship Italians

EMPLOYMENT RATE

(% employee)

NET EARNINGS

(average monthly, €)

1248 1415 1361 1265 1243 1080 1258 1321 1211

W T M W T M W T M

Albanians Italians Foreign citizenship

84,8 86,2 80,4 74,0 71,5 73,8 Albanians Italians Foreign citizenship 2008 2018 2008 2018 2008 2018

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SURVEYS YEAR

Graduates' Employment Status 1 year after graduation: employment rate and net earnings (survey years 2008 vs 2018)

SECOND- LEVEL DEGREE 2007 E 2017 878 1292 1174 1282 1342 1219 Albanians Italians Foreign citizenship 2008 2018 2008 2018 2008 2018

EMPLOYMENT RATE

(% employee)

NET EARNINGS

(average monthly, €)

CONCLUSIONS

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some hints and further research ideas and opportunities In the Italian context is (still??) fruitful:

• pursue Higher Education to get a job
• following an internship

for two main reasons:

• higher employment rate
• better wages

Other research ideas/opportunities:

• integration with other European initiatives (e.g. “Graduates Advancement and

Development of University Capacity in Albania – GRADUA” www.graduaproject.com, project in implementation phase, co-funded by European Commission – Erasmus+ Programme)

• expand the analysis considering different aspects of graduates background.
• social democratic tradition of the country? Social cohesion? (see Rehbien Boike

publications), etc.

• inclusion and equality of opportunity should become principles

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

dorel.manitiu@almalaurea.it