Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care Stephanie C. Rodermund , Fabian Lorig and Ingo J. Timm Trier University Center for Informatics Research and Technology (CIRT) First International Workshop on Ethics and Morality in

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Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care

Stephanie C. Rodermund, Fabian Lorig and Ingo J. Timm Trier University Center for Informatics Research and Technology (CIRT) First International Workshop on Ethics and Morality in Business Informatics/ Ethik und Moral in der Wirtschaftsinformatik (EMoWI'19)

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Agenda

  • Demographic Change and Care-dependency
  • Encouraging Behavior: Nudging
  • Ethics of Nudging in Care
  • Moral Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care
  • Conclusion

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Demographic Change and Care-dependency

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  • Today: 2.2 Mio. people are care-dependent
  • 2030 between 2.61 – 3.36 Mio. people will be care-dependent in Germany
  • 2030, a lack of 500.000 caregivers is predicted
  • Independence must be preserved

➢ Exonerate caregivers ➢ Longer care at home Encourage beneficial behavior (e.g, using IoT devices)

(Rothgang et al., 2012)

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Encourage Beneficial Behavior: Nudging

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Nudging is „any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people‘s behavior in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing economic incentives“

  • Libertarian paternalism
  • Two information processing systems:
  • System 1: reactive, unconscious, learned
  • System 2: conscious, rational thinking, controlled

Provision of defaults Giving feedback Structuring complex decisions Remembrances Priming Norms

(Thaler & Sunstein, 2008) (Thaler & Sunstein, 2008; Kahnemann 2012)

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Encourage Beneficial Behavior: Nudging

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Application areas:

  • Political:

➢ Increase sustainability and energy efficiency ➢ Increase work efficiency ➢ Healthcare

  • Nursing and assisted living:

➢ Increase urine consistency

(Ölander & Thøgersen, 2014; Demarque et al., 2015) (Ebert & Freiblicher, 2017; Stieglitz et al., 2017) (Galizzi, 2012; Downs et al. 2009; Campbell-Avari et al., 2014) (Orpwood et al., 2008; Namazi & Johnson, 1991; Mollenkopf et al., 2005)

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Encourage Beneficial Behavior: Nudging

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Why nudge drinking? How nudge drinking?

  • Dehydration can lead to health issues and states of confusion

➢ Decrease in self-efficacy ➢ Dependency on care givers

  • Providing feedback
  • Remembrances etc.

➢ IoT-Devices ➢ Motion detectors and visual stimuli (light)

How can effectiveness of nudges be guaranteed?

(Fortmann et al., 2014)

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Modeling and Simulation of Nudging

Modeling and simulation established for analyzing and evaluating behaviors

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Model Agent- based Simulation Real World

Observations Implementation Simulation Optimization Nudges ABM Formalize Nudges

Ethical challenges? ➢ Ethics of Nudging in Care ➢ Ethical Challenges of Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care

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Ethics of Nudging in Care

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  • Ethics of Nudging: major points of criticism

➢ endangering decision-makers‘ autonomy through manipulation ➢ Growing habituation to manipulation ➢ Consequences not necessarily suitable for each individual

  • Ethics of Nudging in Care: Principles of Beauchamp and Childress

Each (medical) intervention must be evaluated to what extend it 1) Respects self-determination of the patient (Autonomy) 2) Avoids harm (Nonmaleficence) 3) Takes care of the patients‘ well-being (Beneficence) 4) Is designed for distributive justice (Justice)

(Beauchamp, 2007) (Selinger & Whyte, 2011; Smith et al., 2013)

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Moral Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care: Basic Ethics

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Two basic ethics: 1) Utilitarianism ➢ Ethical acceptability: overall good of action’s consequences ➢ Simulation: intended benefit for all involved 2) Deontological ethics ➢ Ethical acceptability: action’s accordance with moral rules or principles ➢ Simulation: receipt of patient’s autonomy and protection of privacy and data

  • Both ethics criticised
  • When apply which ethic?

(Kagan 1984; Hurtshouse 2013; Gillon 1985; Carew et al., 2008; Misselhorn, 2018; Vargas et al., 2011; Alexander & Moore, 2017)

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Moral Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care: Existing Codes and Guidelines

➢Adress ethical questions, developers have to face ➢Demand positive contribution for society and environment

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ACM Code of Ethics & ethical guidelines of the GI: „inspire and guide the ethical conduct of all computing professionals“

Benefit Cost

Independency Quality of Life Loss of autonomy

(ACM 2018 Task Force, 2018; Gesellschaft für Informatik, 2018) (ACM 2018 Task Force, 2018)

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Moral Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care

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Data acquisition and analyis Application to reality

ACM Code of Ethics/ ethical guidelines of the GI ➢ Respect right for autonomy ➢ Respect right for privacy ➢ Protect human dignity 1) Sensibility of personal data 2) Unpleasant consequences ➢ Control groups ➢ Abstraction of data ➢ Careful consideration of required variables and causal relationships for model generation, validation and publication

(ACM 2018 Task Force, 2018; Gesellschaft für Informatik, 2018)

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Moral Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care

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Data acquisition and analyis Application to reality

ACM Code of Ethics/ ethical guidelines of the GI ➢ Developer is responsible for negative consequences resulting from using the model 1) Issues arising from unreliable outcomes 2) Misuse of model ➢ Objective Indicators for evaluation and comparison ➢ Detailed documentation of model purpose, application and possible consequences

(ACM 2018 Task Force, 2018; Gesellschaft für Informatik, 2018)

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Conclusion and Further Steps

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  • Ethical implications during modeling and simulation of nudging in care
  • Guidelines exist, but only few limitations that developers have to face
  • Ethical challenges depend strongly on respective application area
  • Up to developers to assume social responsibility and respect ethical

guidelines

  • Further discussion needed
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Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care 14

Stephanie Rodermund

Phone: +49 651 201 - 4153 E-mail: rodermund@uni-trier.de Business Informatics I Center for Informatics Research and Technology (CIRT) Trier University D-54286 Trier Germany

Thank you for your attention

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Literature (1)

  • Rothgang, H., Müller, R., & Unger, R. (2012). Themenreport" Pflege 2030": was ist zu erwarten-was ist zu tun?. Bertelsmann Stiftung
  • Thaler, R. H., Sunstein C. R.: Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness (2008)
  • Kahneman, D. (2012). Schnelles Denken, langsames Denken. Siedler Verlag.
  • Ölander, F., Thøgersen, J.: Informing versus nudging in environmental policy. Journal of Consumer Policy. 37(3), 341-356 (2014)
  • Demarque, C., Charalambides, L., Hilton, D. J., Waroquier, L.: Nudging sustainable consumption: The use of descriptive norms to promote a minority behavior in a realistic online

shopping environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 43, 166-174 (2015)

  • Ebert, P., Freibichler, W.: Nudge management: applying behavioural science to increase knowledge worker productivity. Journal of Organization Design. 6(1), 4 (2017)
  • Stieglitz, S., Potthoff, T., Kißmer, T. Digital Nudging am Arbeitsplatz: Ein Ansatz zur Steigerung der Technologieakzeptanz. HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik. 54(6), 965– 976

(2017)

  • Galizzi, M. M.: Label, nudge or tax? A review of health policies for risky behaviours. Journal of public health research. 1(1), 14 (2012)
  • Downs, J. S., Loewenstein, G., Wisdom, J.: Strategies for promoting healthier food choices. American Economic Review. 99(2), 159-64 (2009)
  • Campbell-Arvai, V., Arvai, J., Kalof, L.: Motivating sustainable food choices: The role of nudges, value orientation, and information provision. Environment and Behavior. 46(4), 453-

475 (2014)

  • Orpwood, R., Adlam, T., Evans, N., Chadd, J., Self, D.: Evaluation of an assisted-living smart home for someone with dementia. Journal of Assistive Technologies. 2(2), 13-21 (2008)
  • Namazi, K. H., & Johnson, B. D.: Physical environmental cues to reduce the problems of incontinence in Alzheimer's disease units. American Journal of Alzheimer's Care and

Related Disorders & Research. 6(6), 22-28 (1991)

  • Mollenkopf, H., Schakib-Ekbatan, K., Oswald, F., Langer, N. für Alternsforschung, D. Z.: Technische Unterstützung zur Erhaltung von Lebensqualität im Wohnbereich bei Demenz.

Ergebnisse einer Literatur-Recherche. Forschungsberichte aus dem DZFA. 16 (2005)

  • Fortmann, J., Cobus, V., Heuten, W., & Boll, S. (2014). WaterJewel: design and evaluation of a bracelet to promote a better drinking behaviour. In Proceedings of the 13th

international conference on mobile and ubiquitous multimedia (pp. 58-67). ACM.

  • Beauchamp, Tom L.: The ‘four principles’ approach to health care ethics. Principles of health care ethics. 29 3-10 (2007)
  • Selinger, E., Whyte, K.: Is there a right way to nudge? The practice and ethics of choice architecture. Sociology Compass. 5(10), 923-935 (2011)
  • Smith, N. C., Goldstein, D. G., Johnson, E. J.: Choice without awareness: Ethical and policy implications of defaults. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing. 32(2), 159-172 (2013)

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Literature (2)

  • Kagan, S.: Does consequentialism demand too much? Recent work on the limits of obligation. Philosophy & Public Affairs. 239-254 (1984)
  • Hursthouse, R.: Normative virtue ethics. ETHICA, 645 (2013)
  • Gillon, R.: Autonomy and the principle of respect for autonomy. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.). 290(6484), 1806 (1985)
  • Carew, P. J., Stapleton, L., & Byrne, G. J.: Implications of an ethic of privacy for humancentred systems engineering. Ai & Society. 22(3), 385-403 (2008)
  • Misselhorn, C.: Grundfragen der Maschinenethik (2., durchgesehene Auflage). Ditzingen: Reclam (2018)
  • Vargas, P. A., Fernaeus, Y., Lim, M. Y., Enz, S., Ho, W. C., Jacobsson, M., Ayllet, R.: Advocating an ethical memory model for artificial companions from a human-centred
  • perspective. AI & society. 26(4), 329-337 (2011)
  • Alexander, L., & Moore, M.: Deontological ethics. (2017) (Accessed: 03. 12. 2018)
  • ACM 2018 Task Force: ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. https://www.acm.org/code-of-ethics (2018) (Accessed: 28. 11. 2018)
  • Gesellschaft für Informatik: Die ethischen Leitlinien der Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. https://gi.de/fileadmin/GI/Allgemein/PDF/GI_Ethische_Leitlinien_2018.pdf (2018)

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