Environmental Workshop Santa Monica Airport Commission February - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Environmental Workshop

Santa Monica Airport Commission

February 22, 2010

Emission Sources

 Stationary - places

 Power plants  Refineries  Factories  Dry Cleaners, etc

 Mobile – things, generally moving

 Cars, motorcycles, buses and trucks  Trains, ships  Airplanes  Off road/construction vehicles

Airport Emission Sources

Source Who Regulates

 Aircraft

EPA sets emission standards in tandem with ICAO process; FAA certifies engines and is responsible for enforcement

 Ground support equipment (GSE), State and local agencies

Auxiliary Power Units (APU) and facilities

 Vehicles accessing Airport/facilities

State and local agencies

 Ground Water, Soils, etc

Federal, State and local agencies

Aircraft Emissions

AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS

Local and Global Emissions

Incomplete Combustion

Aircraft emissions will vary by type and size of aircraft and their engines and by aircraft

• perations

From FAA

From FAA : Aviation & Emissions – A Primer

ICAO

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a United Nations intergovernmental body responsible for worldwide planning, implementation, and coordination of civil aviation. ICAO sets emission standards for jet engines. These are the basis of FAA’s aircraft engine performance certification standards, established through EPA regulations.

ICAO, the European Union and the rest of the world

 ICAO‟s Committee on Aviation Environmental

Protection (CAEP) sets standards for the world

 The European Union (EU) often a critical voice for

increased stringency

 All struggle with tradeoffs between noise, air quality,

climate and economics (including US v EU and other first and third world issues)

 EU has proposed inclusion of aviation in it cap and trade

system for greenhouse gases beginning in 2011. EU also discussing extra fees for aircraft based on pollution factors.

Federal Aviation Administration

• Established rules and regulations for all air operations in the

United States

• In association with the EPA sets all aircraft performance and

emissions standards and is responsible for all enforcement and inspection; certifies aircraft and licenses pilots

• Responsible for the national air transportation systems and air

traffic control, preempts local efforts and affects aircraft local ground and idle time

• Responsible for NEPA and general conformity reviews for

aviation

• Official US representative to ICAO

US Environmental Protection Agency

 Responsible for administration of clean air, clean

water and other federal environmental acts

 Develops National Ambient Air Quality Standards

 Oversees and approves State Implementation Plans

(SIPs)

 Sanctions for states that fail to comply

US Environmental Protection Agency

 Develops mobile source emissions standards

 Follow International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

for aircraft but does have independent authority (US)

 Must work with the FAA in setting standards  Local standards on emissions from aircraft preempted by

Clean Air Act

 Address petitions from states and environmental groups  Ground Mobile sources standards

 On and off road

Don Kopinski, US EPA, Office of Transportation and Air Quality

Don Kopinski, US EPA, Office of Transportation and Air Quality

EMISSION STANDARDS FOR GENERAL AVIATION – REGULATORY ISSUES

Not in Regulatory Process

• Airport Authorities
• State and Regional Air Resource Agencies
• Local Government and Communities

Limits

• Safety (flight) is primary concern
• FAA can reject or modify U.S. EPA’s standards
• Trade off for performance vs. emissions
• Exemptions for small aircraft

Criteria Pollutants National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

Historic and Current:

 Carbon Monoxide (CO)  Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)  Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)  Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5)  Lead (Pb)  Ozone (O3)

Under current consideration: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - GHG

Particulate Matter

 Particles in the air like dust, dirt and soot  Can be directly emitted by any engine

combustion

 PM10 is defined as course particles  PM2.5 is defined as fine particles  PM10 and PM2.5 have defined national

standards

 Ultrafines (UFP or PM0.1) are a new area of

study for which no standards have been established

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) under consideration to be regulated as a new NAAQA

 CO2 is formed by complete combustion of

fossil fuels

 Does not directly adversely impact human

health

 Considered dangerous because it is a

“greenhouse gas”

Supreme Court: Massachusetts v. EPA

 Challenge to EPA‟s denial of rulemaking

petition for cars and trucks (responsibility under section 201 of the Clean Air Act for vehicles)

 Establishes unique standing for states to petition

and sue

 Determined that GHGs constitute air pollutants

under the Clean Air Act

 EPA failed to justify denial of petition to

regulate

Supreme Court: Massachusetts v. EPA

“The Clean Air Act‟s sweeping definition of „air pollutant‟…embraces all airborne compounds of whatever stripe…Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and hydro fluorocarbons are without doubt „physical and chemical…substance(s) which are emitted into…the ambient air”

State Environmental Clean Air Act Petitions Regarding Aviation

 Filed December 2007 under Clean Air Act

section 231 (EPA jurisdiction)

 Section 231 very similar to Section which was

the basis for Mass v EPA

 Based and structured on Mass v EPA on similar

but for aviation GHGs

California Air Resources Board

The California Air Resources Board (CARB) gathers air quality data for the State of California, ensures the quality of this data, designs and implements air models, and sets ambient air quality standards for the state. ARB compiles the state's emissions inventory and performs air quality and emissions inventory special studies.

What is an Air Quality Plan ?

 Areas That Don‟t Meet National AQ Standards are in

Violation of Federal Environmental Laws

 Entire Region Must Have Expeditious Emission Reduction  Plan to Comply with Federal Health-based Standards  State & Local AQ Agencies Compile Emissions Inventories

& Growth Estimates for All Industries

General Accounting Office Report



Air quality officials from the 13 states that have airports in non-attainment areas told us that emission standards for aircraft should be made more stringent.

 Several of those officials said that available control measures

for other air pollution sources have been nearly exhausted.

 They noted that aircraft have not been as strictly regulated as

• ther sources, such as automobiles, and that reductions from

aircraft may be needed in the future for some areas to maintain attainment of the Clean Air Act‟s standards

*

Regional/county air districts

South Coast Air Quality Management District

 regulate stationary sources  planning and review activities  plan and rule development  monitoring  grant programs  local resources

South Coast Air Quality Management District Plan: Aviation Chapter

The plan seeks EPA action in three areas:

 More stringent aircraft emissions standards, particularly for

VOC, PM and NOx and the concerted development of lower- emission aircraft engines

 Installation of jet engine NOx retrofit kits  Reformulation of jet fuel – “U.S. EPA, with concurrence of

FAA, has the authority to require reformulation of jet fuel to lower sulfur content.

Airports Air Quality Programs

 Traffic management  Ground Support Equipment  Alternative Fuels and Green Power  Recycling  Water Runoff

SMO Programs

 Soil Remediation and Ground Water Controls  Blast Wall

SMO Programs

 Alternative fuel vehicles and

facilities

 Replacement of runaway airfield

lighting with more environmentally friendly low power requirement LEDS - one of the first airports in the nation to do so.

 Recycling, Conservation and

Landscaping

 Minimize vehicular traffic

SANTA MONICA AIRPORT SUSTAINABILITY PLAN



Santa Monica Airport Sustainability Initiative Overview



Vision: The Santa Monica Airport Sustainability Initiative will build upon existing efforts and implement new policies and programs that will make Santa Monica Airport the most environmentally sustainable general aviation airport in the United States.



AIR QUALITY – Reduce Airport emissions through advocacy for federal action to strengthen aircraft emission reduction standards for all aircraft and increase the study of aviation impacts, alternative aviation fuels and mitigation strategies and

• programs. The Airport will continue its cooperation with the SCAQMD and as well as seek to work with other regional,

state and federal agencies to collect scientifically valid data on air quality impacts from the aircraft operating at the Airport. The Airport shall continue to use alternatively fueled vehicles for Airport operations and seek to maximize use of alternative energy power sources such as solar.



NOISE – Maintain strong monitoring and enforcement of existing noise restrictions for aircraft and explore the feasibility of

• ther noise restrictions and noise barriers and containment.



OPEN SPACE – Expand the amount of open space at the Airport that is available for landscaping, recreation and relaxation and develop and maintain a landscaped buffer area around the Airport perimeter.



WATER – Install water efficient plumbing fixtures in all Airport buildings controlled by the City. Install water efficient landscaping and irrigation systems in all landscaped areas of the Airport. Install graywater and stormwater capture systems, where feasible for landscape irrigation and building plumbing uses, to reduce the use of potable water resources.



URBAN RUNOFF – Implement best management practices and projects to maximize the onsite retention and reuse of urban runoff from the Airport and minimize the level of contaminated runoff from the Airport. The Airport will seek to maximize permeable landscaped areas.



HAZARDOUS MATERIALS – Eliminate or minimize the use of hazardous materials by airport and tenant operations, provide for their proper handling and remediate all existing soil and groundwater contamination.



CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES – Require all new buildings at the Airport to achieve a minimum LEED Silver rating and all remodels or renovations of buildings over 7,500 square feet to achieve a minimum LEED Certification rating.



TRANSPORTATION – Implement policies, programs and measures to encourage use of public transportation by Airport users and visitors, address circulation issues and reduce traffic impacts on surrounding neighborhoods from Airport users.



SOLID WASTE – Implement waste reduction and waste recycling requirements for the Airport to achieve an overall 80% diversion rate by 2010.



PUBLIC PARTCIPATION – Conduct ongoing outreach and education with neighbors, community groups, public agencies and other Airport stakeholders to provide information on Airport activities and policies so that they can be fully informed as to important discussions and actions in which they can become involved.



ADVOCACY – Undertake an active role with regional, State and federal officials and agencies to ensure that the vision and goals of the Santa Monica Airport Sustainability Initiative and the best interests of Santa Monica citizens are supported.

SMO Programs

 Seek IFR flow coordination with LAX to

minimize idle time

 Seek Movement of hold line further to the interior

• f airport

 Noise program

and APU Controls

 Night curfew

SMO Programs

Sought and continues to work to raise the awareness of general aviation and impacts

• n urbanized areas with EPA, FAA, state and

regional agencies, including the need to apply environmental and operational standards to aircraft under 90,000 lbs.

• SCAQMD General Aviation Study
• US EPA Lead Study

Adopted Santa Monica City Council Action

Council directed staff to work with state and federal elected officials, and with all the appropriate agencies, such as the California Office of Environmental Health Assessment, the California Department of Toxic Substances Control, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, to establish enforceable toxicity standards for aircraft- generated emissions, particularly ultra-fine particles, and sponsor appropriate legislation

Coming Items



US EPA Lead and Aviation Studies and Regulations



Alternative Fuels/Biofuels (CAAFI, DOD, EU)



APEX Results and Possible New Rounds



FAA Reauthorization and NextGen (including application of stage 2 phase out to aircraft under 90,000 lbs)



CA and Mass petition to EPA on aviation GHGs and potential future petitions.



Changes in ICAO and EPA/FAA standards (emissions and noise)



Technological changes (NASA)



GHG and European Trading System

Aircraft Emissions Contacts

FAA Office of Environment and Energy Office of Environment and Energy, AEE-300, 800 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20591 www.aee.faa.gov/emissions EPA Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20460 (202) 272-0167 http://www.epa.gov/epahome ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) CAEP (Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection) ICAO, External Relations and Public Information Office 999 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3C 5H7, Canada http://www.icao.int California Air Resources Board 1001 "I" Street P.O. Box 2815 Sacramento, CA 95812 800.363.7664 http://www.arb.ca.gov South Coast Air Quality Management District 21865 Copley Drive - Diamond Bar, California 91765 800.288.7664 http://www.aqmd.gov

Aircraft Emission Impacts in a Neighborhood Adjacent to a General Aviation Airport in Southern California Professor Suzanne Paulson

Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences and The Institute of the Environment Aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry Group University of California, Los Angeles

South Coast Air Quality District

Draft Study General Aviation Monitoring Santa Monica and Van Nuys Airports

• Dr. Phillip Fine

Atmospheric Measurements Manager SCAQMD

Development and Evaluation of an Air Quality Modeling Approach for Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft Operating on Leaded Aviation Gasoline Arnold Den

Senior Toxicologist Region 9 USEPA US Environmental Protection Agency

Aircraft Emissions Contacts

FAA Office of Environment and Energy Office of Environment and Energy, AEE-300, 800 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20591 www.aee.faa.gov/emissions EPA Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20460 (202) 272-0167 http://www.epa.gov/epahome ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) CAEP (Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection) ICAO, External Relations and Public Information Office 999 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3C 5H7, Canada http://www.icao.int California Air Resources Board 1001 "I" Street P.O. Box 2815 Sacramento, CA 95812 800.363.7664 http://www.arb.ca.gov South Coast Air Quality Management District 21865 Copley Drive - Diamond Bar, California 91765 800.288.7664 http://www.aqmd.gov