Environmental Impacts, Threshold Levels and Health Effects Lecture - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Environmental Impacts, Threshold Levels and Health Effects Lecture - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Oct 02, 2023 238 likes •638 views

[701-0662-00 L] Environmental Impacts, Threshold Levels and Health Effects Lecture 9: Noise Part 3 (29.04.2020) Mark Brink ETH Zrich D-USYS Homepage: http://www.noise.ethz.ch/ei/ Topics covered in the previous lecture Physical and

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[701-0662-00 L] Environmental Impacts, Threshold Levels and Health Effects Lecture 9: Noise Part 3 (29.04.2020)

Mark Brink

ETH Zürich D-USYS

Homepage:

http://www.noise.ethz.ch/ei/

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 2

  • Physical and subjective description of sound
  • Equal loudness curves
  • Sound pressure level (SPL): measurement
  • Common sound pressure level measures
  • Practical demonstration with noise level meter
  • Introduction to noise exposure
  • Brief overview over noise sources and noise abatement
  • Calculation of noise exposure
  • Common "noise metrics" LAeq, LDEN, LDN
  • Noise maps

Topics covered in the previous lecture

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 3

► Health effects of noise (overview)

► Types of noise effects ► Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise

► DALY concept in environmental epidemiology ► Exposure assessment in environmental epidemiology ► Noise annoyance (introduction) ► Exposure-response relationships for noise annoyance

► Exposure-response curves ► Moderator variables ► Explained variance ► Setting of exposure limits

Lecture overview for today

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 4

Overview of health effects of noise

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 5

(Aircraft) Noise Auditory Effects Non- auditory effects psychological physiological Annoyance Disturbance of activities Distraction Performance impairments physical TTS Hearing damage Activation of the CNS Awakening Eliciting "stress" responses Long term health effects

Effects of noise on health

to read: Basner, M., et al. (2013). "Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health." The Lancet 383(9925): 1325-1332.

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 6

Mortality Morbidity Abnormal changes of functions Normal physiological reactions Psychological appraisal and change of behavior Number of people affected

Somatic health endpoints

e.g. Annoyance e.g. Awakenings e.g. Cardiovascular

  • utcomes

Hierarchy of (non-auditory) noise effects

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 7

Physical damage Damage to hearing Long term health effects Effects on cognitive performance Effects on communication Effects on learning and concentration Sleep disturbances Average level in dB(A) 20 40 60 80 100 120

Average levels versus effects

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 8

  • Noise annoyance
  • "Disturbances" (e.g. of communication)
  • Impairment of cognitive performance
  • Physiological activations (e.g. release of stress hormones,

heart rate increases, in general: "stress responses")

  • Sleep disturbances (e.g. awakening reactions)
  • Long-term health endpoints (e.g. cardiovascular diseases,

hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke)

  • Social and economic effects (e.g. depreciation of

properties, spatial segregation etc.) Relevant (non-auditory) effects of noise

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 9

Noise in the environmental epidemiology context

Annual health loss expressed in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (Netherlands) 28 750

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 10

DALY: Disability adjusted life years

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 11

WHO estimates of the burden of disease from noise for Western Europe (in DALYs) (2011)

Source: WHO Europe (2011) Burden of disease from environmental noise

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 12

The DALY concept in environmental epidemiology

DALYs = "Disability Adjusted Life Years" Promoted by the WHO and the World Bank A common measurement unit for morbidity and mortality used for public health assessments Facilitates comparisons of all types of health outcomes Combines information about loss of quality of life with traditional epidemiological information on mortality DALYs are used by the WHO to quantify the burden of disease

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 13

The DALY concept in environmental epidemiology

Source: WHO

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 14

The DALY concept in environmental epidemiology

Disability-adjusted life years lost out of 100,000 due to any cause in 2004

Source: WHO

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 15

Fractions of deaths and DALYs attributable to the environment

Source: WHO (2016) Preventing disease through healthy environments

Deaths 2012 DALYs 2012

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 16

The DALY concept in environmental epidemiology

Example

A scenario: At the age of 40, having a statistical life expectancy of 80 years, a man gets cancer which disables him for a certain amount but after a surgery he is in remission for 10 years. Then he suffers from a progress of another disease which disables him substantially more. At the age of 70 years he dies.

(QUALYs)

Disability weight 0.5 1 Age in years

DALYs

40 60 50

start cancer & surgery new disease premature death

80 70 30 20 10 DALY = (10 x 0.1) + (20 x 0.4) + (10 x 1) = 18 QUALY = 80-18 = 62

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 17

The DALY concept in environmental epidemiology

Annual health loss in DALYs for selected environmental exposures in the Netherlands DALY

Source: De Hollander et al. (1999)

28 750

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 18

The DALY concept in environmental epidemiology

Effect of noise on cognitive performance in school children in Switzerland (Year 2010) - expressed as DALYs

Road traffic Railways Aircraft DALY

Source: BAFU/Ecoplan (2014)

Noise from…

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 19

WHO DALY estimates for Western Europe (2011)

Source: WHO Europe (2011) Burden of disease from environmental noise

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 20

Epidemiologic noise exposure assessment

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 21

How to best assess noise exposure in epidemiology studies?

  • No (direct) accumulation of noise in the body...
  • Which characteristics of noise are best correlated with

health effects?

  • Candidates: Noise exposure indicators LDN, LDEN, Lmax;

Frequency spectrum; Psychoacoustic features; Distribution of Lmax; NNI (Noise and Number Index); Intermittency Ratio (IR)...

  • Are there "safe" noise levels below which no effects are
  • bserved?
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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 22

▪ The term error has a different meaning in epidemiologic exposure assessment than in everyday language ▪ Errors are unavoidable ▪ "Error" does not necessarily mean that something was done wrong ▪ Errors belong inherently to exposure assessment (and epidemiology) ▪ Important to evaluate effect and magnitude of errors on the study results

Observed or measured exposure = True exposure ± bias ± random errors

"Errors" in noise exposure assessment

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 23

Type: Definition: Possible reason (example): random (non-differential) measured value is randomly scattered around true value measurement or calculation error systematic measured value is on average higher or lower than the true value inaccurate calibration

  • f sound level meter

differential Probability of being misclassified differs across groups of study subjects noise exposure calculation at locations close to airport is more accurate than far away from airport

Types of exposure assessment errors (in noise research)

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 24

y = 0.2698x - 9.2287 R2 = 0.9536

2 4 6 8 10 12 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

Exposure (dB) Effect (Annoyance)

Effects of random error in exposure measurements

Simulation, Step 0: True values (measured values=real values) linear fit

xls

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 25

y = 0.2564x - 8.4924 R2 = 0.8962

2 4 6 8 10 12 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

Exposure (dB) Effect (Annoyance)

Effects of random error in exposure measurements

Simulation, Step 1: Introduce random error up to 3 dB

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 26

y = 0.2582x - 8.7068 R2 = 0.7797

2 4 6 8 10 12 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

Exposure (dB) Effect (Annoyance)

Effects of random error in exposure measurements

Simulation, Step 2: Introduce random error up to 6 dB

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 27

y = 0.1963x - 5.197 R2 = 0.715

2 4 6 8 10 12 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

Exposure (dB) Effect (Annoyance)

Effects of random error in exposure measurements

Simulation, Step 3: Introduce random error up to 9 dB

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 28

y = 0.1671x - 3.5183 R2 = 0.6269

2 4 6 8 10 12 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

Exposure (dB) Effect (Annoyance)

Effects of random error in exposure measurements

Simulation, Step 4: Introduce random error up to 12 dB

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 29

Noise annoyance

Annoyance Sleep disturbances Cardiovascular diseases Other long term outcomes Performance & Behavior

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 30

  • Ubiquitous phenomenon
  • Most important effect measure as regards the

legal treatment of noise

  • Most researched effect until about year 2000
  • Many Exposure-response functions available (e.g.

from meta-analyses)

  • Usually assessed in "socio-acoustic" surveys
  • Standardized and validated scales for

measurement exist (e.g. ICBEN-scales)

Noise Annoyance

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 31

überhaupt nicht etwas mittel stark äusserst pas du tout légèrement moyennement fortement extrêmement not at all slightly moderately very extremely

= highly annoyed (HA)

  • Wenn Sie einmal an die letzten 12 Monate hier bei Ihnen denken, wie stark

haben Sie sich durch <noise source> insgesamt gestört oder belästigt gefühlt?

  • Si vous repensez aux 12 derniers mois, à quel point avez-vous été dérangé ou

perturbé, dans votre logement, par les bruits de <noise source>

  • Thinking about the last 12 months or so, when you are here at home, how much

does noise from <noise source> bother, disturb, or annoy you?

Assessment of noise annoyance in a survey

ICBEN 5-point scale

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 32

"Next is a zero to ten opinion scale for how much <noise source> noise bothers, disturbs or annoys you when you are here at home. If you are not at all annoyed choose zero, if you are extremely annoyed choose ten, if you are somewhere in between choose a number between zero and ten. Thinking about the last (..12 months or so..), what number from zero to ten best shows how much you are bothered, disturbed, or annoyed by <noise source> noise?"

= highly annoyed (HA)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 extremely 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 not at all

Assessment of noise annoyance in a survey

ICBEN 11-point scale

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 33

  • 2

2 4 6 8 10 12 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125

L (Pegelklassen-Untergrenze)

Typical distribution of answers (on the 11-point scale)

Example Annoyance Exposure (here: LAE in one year of shooting noise)

Bubble plot: Bubble size is proportional to the number of answers

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 34

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

Noise exposure level [dB(A)] %HA (highly annoyed) Aircraft Road traffic Railways

Exposure-response relationships of annoyance

sometimes referred to as "Dose-effect" / "Exposure-response"

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 35

Sound event Appraisal: Is it noise?

Situational Factors Attitudes Allocation of meaning Noise sensitivity ...

Variables that modify such relationships

Moderator variables - In general terms, a moderator is a variable that affects the direction and/or strength of the relation between an independent/predictor variable and a dependent variable.

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 36

Overall annoyance

1/3 2/3

Moderators Physical sound characteristics (e.g. Leq of a source)

How much „annoyance“ is explained by noise exposure?

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 37

  • Hearing ability
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Education
  • Other personality characteristics
  • physical/psychological constitution
  • Attitudes towards noise source
  • Habituation/Adaptation
  • Season
  • Attitude towards environmental issues
  • Noise sensitivity (personality trait)

Relevant moderator variables of annoyance

and their (relative) importance

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 3 Slide 38

40% 15% Exposure in dB %HA 40% 15% Exposure in dB %HA

difference between sources [dB] limit limit

Belastung Belästigung Belästigung in Funktion der Belastung über längere Expositionszeit

Annoyance: Setting of exposure limits

Basic principle