Environmental Geotechnics December 1 2, 2017, IIT Bombay, Mumbai - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

IUSSTF Supported workshop on

Environmental Geotechnics

December 1‐2, 2017, IIT Bombay, Mumbai (India)

NAME: MUNISH KUMAR CHANDEL AFFILIATION: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY CONTACT :+91-22-25767856 E-MAIL: MUNISH.CHANDEL@IITB.AC.IN Web page: http://www.cese.iitb.ac.in Current Research Areas: Solid Waste Management Waste to Energy Life Cycle Analysis Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Climate Change and Transport Carbon Capture and Storage Water-Energy Nexus Proposed Research Areas: Landfill Mining Waste to Value

01‐Dec‐2017 IIT‐B 4

Need for Landfill Mining in India

Over dumping and Landfill fires

• Most of Indian municipal solid waste is open dumped
• Most of the landfill/dumps have exhausted their capacity
• Reported cases of landfill fire.

Deonar, Mumbai; Autonagar, Hyderabad; Dhapa, Kolkata; Ghazipur, Delhi.

• Delhi’s Ghazipur landfill collapse: 2 dead as mountain of trash sweeps many into nearby canal

As per MSW rules 2016 “Investigate and analyse all old open dumpsites and existing

• perational dumpsites for their potential of biomining and bio‐remediation and

wheresoever feasible, take necessary actions to bio‐mine or bio‐remediate the sites”

Landfill fire in Deonar Dumping ground. (NASA image, January 2016)

01‐Dec‐2017 IIT‐B 5

Need for Landfill Mining in India

Waste generation and Land Requirement

• Increase in population also increases waste

generation which in turn demands more landfill space.

• According to MoF position paper (2009)

the area requirement for unscientific dumping of waste for year 2009‐2047 would 1400 km2. Towards circular economy and smart cities

• Use of secondary resources lying in landfill.
• Reclamation of landfill.

Past and projected future resource use in India (Source: IGEP 2013)

01‐Dec‐2017 IIT‐B 6

Some Research on Landfill Mining in India

Year Site Findings References 1987 Deonar, India Screening of degraded waste to obtain fine fraction to be used as compost. Scheu and Bhattacharyya, 1997 2002 Panchvati, Nasik Stabalisation of waste and growth of vegetation on the site with subsequent construction of stadium. ENVIS, 2010 2003 Chennai, India Degradation status of Kodungaiyur and Perungudi was studied. The waste collection method, its characterization and feasibility of landfill mining was discussed. It was concluded site specific condition will determine the feasibility of LFM. Kurian et al., 2010 2003 Gorai, Mumbai India Experimental study 1 hectare of land was cleared out of 9 hectare using stabilization of waste and selling of fine fraction as compost. Sahu, A. K., 2009 2010 Autonagar, Hyderabad, Telangana Landfill reclamation via. mining of fine fraction and use as compost Geetanath, V., 2010 2015 Raichur, Karnataka Reclamation of landfill by screening waste and selling the fine fraction as compost. Patel, A., 2015 2016 Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu Stabalisation and segregation of waste. Recycling of all segregated waste in different markets. Patel, A. 2015 2016 Bhandewadi dump, Nagpur Stabalisation of municipal solid waste with the help of bioculture to reduce the volume of the waste and further valorisation with the help

• f bio mining

Ahluwalia, I. J., & Patel, A., 2017

01‐Dec‐2017 IIT‐B 7

Landfill Mining Project at Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu

Source: http://sac.ap.gov.in/sac/UserInterface/Downlaods/PRESENTATION.pdf

Use % share of excavated waste Cement companies and power plant 17 Pyrolysis plant 15 Recyclers 6 Reclaimer 2 Recycling companies 3 Steel plants 0.5 Pipe making companies 5 Soil enricher to Sugarcane farmer 6 RDF 6.5

• Zigma Global Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd

carried out LFM project at Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu.

• Site was reclaimed via stabalisation of waste

and then further sorting of waste into different fraction.

• Out of 7.5 acres they reclaimed 5 acres of

land.

• Out of 1,31,250 m3 more than 1,00,000 m3

has been processed.

• The plant segregated the waste in 14

fraction with zero % rejects.

01‐Dec‐2017 IIT‐B 8

Landfill Mining

Waste to Energy Waste to Material Waste to Land

~ Around 30‐40% are combustible fraction For recycling/ compost/ building material Void‐space recovery Retrofitting of dumpsites to tackle environmental problems

Principal Drivers of Landfill Mining in India

01‐Dec‐2017 IIT‐B 9

Our Study on Mulund Dumpsite in Mumbai

Site Description – Name: Mulund Dump yard (in

• peration since

1967) – Area: 25 hectare – Waste Received : 4500 metric ton Daily – Waste is dumped in an unscientific manner. – Nearest habitation is 200 feet away

Zone Year A 2010‐2012 B 2015‐2016 C 2013‐2014 D 2007‐2009 E 2012‐2013

01‐Dec‐2017 IIT‐B 10

Particle Size Distribution of Mulund Dumpsite

10 20 30 40 50 60 A‐1 A‐2 A‐3 B‐1 B‐2 B‐3 C‐1 C‐2 C‐3 D‐1 D‐2 D‐3 E‐1 E‐2 E‐3 E‐4 E‐5 Percentage (%) Screen Size >80 mm Screen Size 80‐40 mm Screen Size 40‐20 mm Screen Size 20‐4 mm Screen Size < 4 mm

Fine fraction accounts for almost 40‐50 % of total waste

01‐Dec‐2017 IIT‐B 11

Heavy Metals Concentration

Coarse Fraction

Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Indian Standard 5 50 300 50 100 1000 Zone A 3 484 443 154 565 608 Zone B 3 342 404 145 36 312

Fine Fraction

Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Indian Standard 5 50 300 50 100 1000 Zone A 3.75 374 540 173 202 843.5 Zone B 1.75 325 170 116 66 308

01‐Dec‐2017 IIT‐B 12

Future Work Analysis of Valorisation Routes:

• Waste to Energy
• Waste to Material

01‐Dec‐2017 IIT‐B 13

Summary

• Landfill mining can be used for management of old and uncontrolled dumps

and landfills in India.

• The recovery of waste depends on: Age, Characteristics, Technology used and

its Efficiency.

• The study so far shows that around 50% of excavated waste is fine fraction.
• Study of possible valorisation options for different sorted fraction needed.
• Pros and cons of landfill mining to be weighed by economic and

environmental evaluation.

Sustainable Construction and Building Materials Laboratory (SCBM) Department of Civil Engineering

National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal

• Dr. Bibhuti Bhusan Das

Assistant Professor

 Present

investigations towards the sustainable development in civil engineering.

 There are many factors that can influence and ultimately

affect the environmental footprint.

 Concrete is used in nearly every structure and it has huge

impact on sustainability.

 Sustainable utilization of the industrial by‐products in

concrete and sustainable production

• f

artificial aggregates draws the path towards sustainability.

 However, “Sustainable Solution” is difficult to define.

 Industrial

by‐products utilization in concrete is investigated with the partial replacement of the fine aggregates and cement.

• bottom ash
• battery waste
• e‐waste (plastic waste)
• coconut shell ash
• fly ash
• ground granulated blast furnace slag

 Fresh and hardened properties of the partially replaced

industrial by‐products in concrete

 Permeability and durability studies of the concrete.

20 40 60 80 100 120 0.01 0.1 1 10

% Finer Particle size (mm)

Quarry dust River sand Electronic waste Bottom Ash Battery Slag

10 20 30 40 50 60 10 20 30 40 50

Compressive Strength (Mpa) % Replacement by Bottom Ash

7 days 28 days 56 days

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 10 20 30 40

Compressive Strength (MPa) % Replacement of Battery Slag

7 days 28 days 56 days 90 days 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 5 10 15 20 25 30

Comperessive Strength (MPa) % Replacement of e‐plastic waste

3 Days 7 Days 28 Days 56 Days

 Sustainable utilization of treated waste water in both

mixing as well as curing of concrete.

Compressive Strength (Mpa) Mix Designations Pictorial representation for culturing of bacterial microbes

SEM images for the concrete samples with various mixes X-ray diffractogram of various mixes of concrete

 The amount of utilization of aggregates is increasing

because of the rapid change in the infrastructure development of the country.

 The availability of natural aggregates is very scarce and

mining leads to serious environmental impacts.

 Alternate material which can replace the natural mined

aggregate is much needed.

 The development and production of artificial aggregates

from industrial by‐products for utilization in concrete is the need of the hour.

Research work at NITK, Surathkal

+

Research at NITK, Surathkal

Flyash based Geo‐polymer Coarse aggregates

Fractions – Fine Aggregates

20mm 10mm 4.75 mm

1.18 mm 2.36 mm 4.75 mm 600 µm 300 µm

Normal curing Heat curing Normal curing Heat curing