Energy Storage Advancement LiF iFeYPO4 as replacement for Lead-Acid - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

LiF iFeYPO4 as replacement for Lead-Acid

Lith Lithium Ir Iron Yttriu rium Phos

• sphate

e (LiF (LiFeYPO4)

February 2016

Energy Storage Advancement

• For the same Price today; retailing @ $550/kWh (daily useable)
• Buy Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) instead Lead Acid equivalent
• Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) delivers same kWh/day as Lead Acid

BUT:

• LFP lasts 2 -4 times longer (10-15 years)
• 10 year warranty
• < 25% of the weight
• < 33% volume
• No gasses or acid
• 100% safe
• 100% environmentally friendly

Summary ry & Conclusion

Can LiF iFeYPO4 replace “equivalent “ Lead-Acid ?

What is LiFeYPO4 vs Lithium-Ion?

A lithium-ion battery (sometimes Li-ion battery or LIB) is a member of a family of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode. Wikipedia.com 154 references Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2) Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC) Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) Lithium Titanate (Li4Ti5O12)

Tesla Motors BlueNova

What is the Y in LiFeYPO4 ?

Yttrium in the cathode

• High electron transfer at low temperatures
• Increased capacity at low temp
• High C ratings at low temperatures
• Protects Iron Phosphate molecular structure from
• xidation layer damage during high temperature applications

• Same Price or lower
• Same Performance or better
• More Operating Cycles
• More Usable Life
• Just as or more Safe
• Weight must be lower
• Preferably Smaller
• Easy to Dispose and Recycle

Considerations for a Changeover

Which Lead Acid Batteries are we looking at ? ?

• Deep Cycle Batteries
• 30% - 50% DoD to give 1500 – 3000 cycles at 25 degree C
• Peukert coefficient of at least 1.3 or better (low loss during discharge)
• 3 - 5 year warranty
• 5 - 7 year life

16.5:1

Battery 50% DoD Cycles (Wh)Namplate rating Source Price $/kWh

Trojan 6V, 189Ah 1800 1134 Iron Edidon 352 310 Trojan 6V, 189Ah 1800 1134 Battery Stuff 320 282 Raylite 6V,570Ah 1600 3420 sustainable.co.za 748 219 Trojan 12V, 150A 1200 1800 sustainable.co.za 250 139 Raylite 6V, 600Ah 1500 3600 sustainable.co.za 639 178 Lead Crystal 12V,200Ah 2000 2400

• ffdrigdiy.co.za

411 171 Hoppecke 2V, 280Ah 2500 426 ecosolarspain.com 157 367 Hoppecke 2v,730aH 2500 1092 ecosolarspain.com 260 238 Hoppecke 2v, 1520aH 2500 2880 ecosolarspain.com 476 165 Rolls 12V, 166Ah 1800 1992 ecosolarspain.com 339 170 Rolls 12v, 180aH 1800 2160 ecosolarspain.com 443 205 Rolls 12v, 266aH 1800 3192 ecosolarspain.com 499 156

$217/kWh Avarge Price $/kWh

Retail prices

123 Lead to Lithium™

1. Adjust Lead-Acid Ah rating for Depth of Discharge (LA= 50% and LiFePO4=100% ) 2. Adjust Lead-Acid Ah rating for Discharge Efficiency (25% more losses than LiFeYPO4) 3. Adjust Lead Acid Ah rating for Adjust for Terminal Voltage (5% lower)

Ah (LiFeYPO4) = Ah (LA) x 50% x 75% x 95% = 36%

Sizing a LiFeYPO4 battery ry

100Ah 50 Ah (50%) 37.5 Ah (80%) 35.6 Ah (95%) Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Step 1 : : Depth of f Discharge (D (DoD)

• Aim for 1800 cycles
• 1800 cycles give approx. 5 years daily use
• Operating temp at 25C
• Discharge at C/10
• Hoppecke = 50% DoD , 2000 cycles @ 25 degrees C
• https://www.victronenergy.com/blog/2015/03/30/batteries-lithium-ion-vs-agm/
• http://pqrs.co.za/april-2015-lifepo4-vs-lead-acid-batteries/
• http://www.solara.de/en/products/storage-solutions/hoppecke/

DoD = 30% to 50% Use 50%

When compared to lead acid batteries being around 65% Empirical data has demonstrated efficiencies as low as 55% in a residential PV system where the Depth of Discharge (DoD) is limited to 20% as a measure to lengthen the life of the lead acid cells.

University California Santa Barbra

50%

Step 2 : : Dis ischarge Efficiency Lead Acid id

Step 2 : : Discharge Efficiency LA

Capacity loss due to discharge current

• C5/C100 = 60%
• C10/C100 = 70%
• C20/C100 = 77%

Voltage efficiency = 2V/2.3V (voltage / cell) = 87% Discharge efficiency = 70% x 87% = 61%

Step 2 : : Discharge Efficiency LA

Capacity loss due To discharge current

• C10/C100 = 80%

Voltage efficiency = 2V/2.3V (voltage / cell) = 87% Discharge efficiency = 80% x 87% = 70%

Step 2 : : Discharge Efficiency LiFeYPO4

https://www.victronenergy.com -12,8-Volt-lithium-iron-phosphate-batteries

Discharge Efficiency : C/2 = 96% 2hrs charge cycle Discharge Efficiency : C/2.5 = 96% 2.5 hrs charge cycle

https://www.bluenova.co.za–BN52V-3.6kHC LiFePO4

Step 2 : : Differential Discharge Efficiency

LiFeYPO4 = 96%

Differential= 26% to 36% Use a delta of 25%

Lead Acid = 60% - 70%

Step 3 : : Terminal Voltage

LA = 12.4 Volt LiFePO4 = 13 Volt LiFeYPO4 current = 95% of Lead Acid current LiFeYPO4 (Ah) = 95% of Lead Acid (Ah)

kWh = Vbatt x Ibatt x t

123 Lead to Lithium – Check

123 Lead to Lithium™

1. Adjust Lead-Acid Ah rating for Depth of Discharge (LA= 50% and LiFePO4=100% ) 2. Adjust Lead-Acid Ah rating for Discharge Efficiency (25% more losses than LiFeYPO4) 3. Adjust Lead Acid Ah rating for Adjust for Terminal Voltage (5% lower)

Ah (LiFeYPO4) = Ah (LA) x 50% x 75% x 95% = 36%

100Ah 50 Ah (50%) 37.5 Ah (80%) 35.6 Ah (95%) Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

• Lead Acid cost $200/kWh on nameplate value
• Usable kWh of Lead Acid cost $200/0.36 = $555/kW
• BlueNova - LiFeYPO4 retail at $550/kWh

123 Lead to Lithium – Conclusion on Price

Reality check on battery ry life

The optimum operating temperature for a Lead Acid battery is 25°C (77°F); every 8°C (15°F) rise above this temperature threshold cuts battery life in half.

http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/lead_based_batteries

What about charge efficiency ?

Utility Generator Solar PV Wind Turbine vs. Charge efficiency 96% Charge efficiency = 70% 26% less kWh to charge LiFePO4

Charge Efficiency of Lead Acid Batteries

“A Study of Lead-Acid Battery Efficiency Near Top-of-Charge and the Impact on PV System Design”

John W. Stevens and Garth P. Corey Sandia National Laboratories, Photovoltaic System Applications Department Sandia National Laboratories, Battery Analysis and Evaluation Department Photovoltaic Energy Technology Division of the US Department of Energy 100Ah Trojan 30XHS battery charge and discharge at C/30 .

Charge Efficiency 50 60 85% 60 70 80% 70 80 70% 80 90 60% 90 100 40%

67%

SOC %

Avg Efficiency

• Jens Bäcker Larry S. Meisner Head of Product Management Managing Director and V. P. Technology Reserve

Power HOPPECKE Batteries Inc. HOPPECKE Batterien GmbH & Co KG Cherry Hill, NJ 08034 59929 Brilon, Germany

Charge Efficiency of f Lead Acid id Batteries

Charge Efficiency = 71.7%

Charge Efficiencies of f LiFeYPO4 batteries

https://www.victronenergy.com -12,8-Volt-lithium-iron-phosphate-batteries

Charge Efficiency : C/2 = 96% 2hrs charge cycle Charge Efficiency : C/2.5 = 96% 2.5 hrs charge cycle

https://www.bluenova.co.za–BN52V-3.6kHC LiFePO4

vs. Charge efficiency 96% Charge efficiency = 70% 26% less kWh to charge LiFePO4

Nett effect of f charge efficiency ?

26% less

LiFeYPO4 Safety

www.bluenova.co.za/safety “Safety Performance for Phosphate Based Large Format Lithium-Ion Battery”, John Nguyen and Chas Taylor Valence Technology Lithium Ion batteries for storage:

• LiMn2O4 - lithium-manganese
• LiCoO2 - lithium-cobalt
• LiNiO2 - lithium-nickel

These battery have shown thermal events under certain conditions. Fire Test Nail Test

Short Circuit Test

LiFeYPO4 has shown no thermal events under any test conditions.

Size and Weight

Voltage Ah Wh Weight (kg) Lead Acid 12V 200 2 400 50 LiFePO4 13V 66 864 13 Lead Acid 48V 3 461 166 111 3 461 LiFePO4 52 1 150 59 800 780

LiFeYPO4 Size < 30% of Lead Acid LiFeYPO4 weight < 25% of Lead Acid

Environmental impact and Recycling

• RoHS Compliance (Restriction of Hazardous Substances. Directive 2002/95/EC)
• Lead Acid : Violet status. Contains Lead and sulphate
• LiFeYPO4 is RoHS compliant
• Lead acid: Needs special recycling

after treatment utility

• LifeYPO4 : No recycling required,

can re-use copper and aluminium.

Summary ry & Conclusion

• For the same Price today; retailing @ $550/kWh (daily

useable)

• You CAN buy Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFeYPO4) instead

Lead Acid equivalent

• Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFeYPO4) delivers same

kWh/day as Lead Acid BUT:

• LiFeYPO4 lasts 2 -4 times longer (10-15 years)
• 10 year warranty
• < 25% of the weight
• < 30% volume
• No gasses or acid
• 100% safe
• 100% environmentally friendly

Product Range (R (Residential / Commercial)

Product Range (C (Custom)

Voltage Range Ah Range Voltage Range 13 46 13 0.6 15.0 26 69 26 1.2 29.9 39 115 39 1.8 44.9 52 184 52 2.4 59.8 104 230 104 4.8 119.6 upto 345 520 23.9 598.0 812V 460 812V 37.4 933.8 805 1150 kWh Range

Product Range (I (Industrial/Utility scale)

• Large format LiFeYPO4 prismatic cells
• 1000Ah up to 10,000Ah
• 900kWh up to 9MWh

8.1 .1 MWh , , 1.4MVA @ 4hrs B BESS PowerPle lex™

AEG SC600 – 800kW

• 70% DoD – 5.7 MWh per cycle
• Cycle twice daily for 10 years with 20% fade
• C/4 charge & discharge
• R1.50/kWh fixed for 10 years

• Useable Storage Capacity = 4.1 MWh (min)
• DoD = 75%
• Cycles = 7000 (can cycle twice daily)
• Charge rate = C/4
• Discharge rate = C/4
• Operating Temp = -10°C to 55°C
• Round Trip Efficiency > 96%
• Average Usable Storage 3.7MWh (10 years)

Questions ?