Emergence of virus from nature depends on: Virological factors, such - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Emergence of virus from nature depends on: Virological factors, such as permissive cells & tropism, vial rate of replication & mutation, host Immune response, viral stability in the environment, type of infection acute or persistence, presence of intermideiray hosts, vectors & reservoirs and the capacity of a virus to get established on a human transmission web. Usually related with anthropogenic activities and environment changes as: Others factors can increase the risk for emergence EID from a zoonotic pool, such as, local biodiversity being impacted by anthropogenic degradation ( i.e. , Intensification of agriculture, urbanization, deforestation, human encroachment on wildlife habitat, wildlife consumption, etc.).

Are we under-surveilling viruses? Bats, yes… but what else we may be missing!

• Distinct biomes are under anthropogenic degradation: 1. Intensification of agriculture 2. Intensification of livestock production 3. Deforestation 4. Irrational urbanization • Brazil is in the map of local global hotspot for EID!!!!

Worldwide Dis istribution of the Aedes aegypti: controlling Earth’s mid field…. a hard match ahead.

 Bussuquara virus (BSQV)  Cacipacoré virus (CPCV)  Rocio virus (ROCV)  Iguape virus (IGUV)  Ilhéus virus (ILHV)  Naranjal virus (NJLV)  West Nile virus (WNV)  Dengue virus (VDENV) • VDEN-1 • VDEN-2 • VDEN-3 • VDEN-4  Yellow fever virus (YFV)  Zika virus (ZIKV) Further undesired newcomers?: Usutu virus (USUV. Rift Valley fever (RVFV), Koutango (KV), Barkedji (BJV), WNV LII (of 8), etc., Spondweni (SPOV), among many others.

Early detection and control efforts reduce disease incidence in people (light blue) and animals (dark green). Spillover arrows show cross-species transmission.

Pardini MIdMC, Jamal LF, Durigon EL, Massad E, Perez JF, et al. (2008) Boosting Virology in Brazil. PLOS Biology 6(3): e57. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060057 https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0060057

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DENV-3 samples were from genotype V - Genotype III has been the most prevalent in Brazil. However, genotypes I and V were associated with dengue outbreaks in Brazil. - Cryptic circulation of DENV-3 in the region? A new introduction from Asia? Q: “What is the A. aegypti lineage in Santos?” R : “Singapore”!

‘Control Operations’ on DENV 4 in 2013/14: Julian explains to Odimara what a NS1 positive patient means… And she just got it! Blue: epidemiological situation. Yellow: source reduction initiatives in shantytowns started. Red: insecticide

Overlaying brain sizes

Midnight oil: MOI calculation for ZIKV infection in 3D- systems… A few weeks before publication!

Urban YFV Vectors: Ae. Aegypti , Ae. Albopictus

YFV distribution, here & there

MG 21/09/2016 Set/2016 MS 22/09/2016 18/05/2016 4 24/09/2016 25/08/2016 28/09/2016 jun/16 03/10/2016 15/09/2016 Abr/2016 16/09/2016 21/09/2016 02/02/2016 Fev/2016 30/05/2016 26/09/2016 20/04/2016 29/09/2016 14/06/2016 02/02/2016 21/04/2016 03/10/2016 Fev/2016 11/05/2016 20/05/2016 30/09/2016 18/07/2016 03/08/2016

Synapomorphies that define YFV_SP_2108

Thank you for the nice slides Gustavo!