ELECTRIC VEHICLES ROLLOUT IN EUROPE WHAT ENERGY REGULATORY REGIME? EXECUTIVE SEMINAR 16 OCTOBER 2019, BRUSSELS
INTRODUCTION Máximo Miccinilli Director, Energy CERRE
The global p icture… In 2018, the global electric cars fleet exceeded 5.1 million • up 2 million from the previous year China has the biggest EVs market and Norway leads the EVs car market share • Public support plays a crucial role for consumers and infrastructure (targets, • standards, subsidies, etc.) Car manufacturers are promising to significantly increase the number of • different electric vehicles models Utilities, charging operators and other power operators are boosting • investments IEA Global EVs Outlook 2019 scenarios: EVs sales = 23 million • (130 million stock) and 43 million (250 million stock) by 2030 3
…is not that great! EVs sales still represent only 3% of global car sales and their reliance on government incentives – around 18% of total spending – has so far remained unchanged. 4
KEYNOTE ADDRESS Monique Goyens Director General, BEUC
PRESENTATION Nils-Henrik M. von der Fehr Joint Academic Director, CERRE Professor, University of Oslo
NORWAY Case study
Access to charging Home charging • In Norway, 75% of households can park on own land o Most households rely on electricity for space heating o Home charging in shared parking facilities is more difficult • Availability of outlets, capacity, conflicts over costs and sharing o installed in only 18% of housing coops and condominiums Many employers offer charging • 28% of EV owners use it on a daily basis o Nation-wide networks of public fast-charging stations • 8
Charging stations Policies • Programmes to support charging in apartment buildings o Parking regulations require 6% of spaces with charging points o Support program for fast-charging station (tenders) o Connection to grid • Network owners obliged to accept requests for connection o Same terms as commercial users o Users cover all connection costs, incl. network upgrades o Market for public charging • Public authorities and private companies, incl. electricity retailers range o of chargers, payment schemes and payment methods 9
Time of day charging Charging at work starts at 6.00am, peaks at 9.00am and then falls off • Fast charging peaks at 5.00pm • Charging at home. Source: Skotland, Eggum and Spilde (2016) 10
Impact on the grid Transmission network (132-420 kV): no impact • Regional networks (33-132 kV): same • Distribution networks: limited impact • Connection charges cover costs of connecting fast chargers o Capacity to private homes generally sufficient o Connections in shared parking sometimes require upgrades o Issue of power, not energy • 11
Lessons from Norway Norway is unique in a number of respects: • High penetration of EVs o Cheap hydro o In the aggregate, electricity demand from EV charging is modest, even at • high levels of EV penetration EV charging occurs mostly at home, outside of office hours and periods • of peak demand; may be further shifted with “smart” tech Robust networks can accommodate high numbers of EVs • Connection charges cover costs of connecting chargers and hence • finance necessary network upgrades 12
PRESENTATION Ewa L. Carlson Assistant Professor, Reykjavik University
THE NETHERLANDS Case study
The Netherlands | Background Goals: • 1 million electric vehicles on the roads by 2025 • By 2030, only zero-emissions cars to be sold • Currently: 2018: BEV 5.6% of all new registrations 2019: 62,000 BEV; 96,000 PHEV • PHEV rise between 2012-2014 linked to tax incentives towards company cars • Exemption from registration fees BPM and road taxes MRB for EVs before 2014 • After 2014, level of taxes depends on CO 2 emissions 15
Charging infrastructure (NL) 16
Charging infrastructure (NL) • 2017: 7.7 million homes in the Netherlands out of which 35% are flats • 34% of multiunit dwellings have a parking space on a common ground, a small part - private parking space for e.g. a garage, others – parking in public space. • Solution: curbside parking in cities • Flexpower • Fast charging - some chargers offering maximum power connection of 350 kW and used as corridor charging • Smart charging 17
Lessons from the Netherlands • Charging needs are primarily met by private charging • Demand-driven charging points help to locate the infrastructure where it is most needed • Smart charging and charging plazas as a way to reduce peak loads • Flexpower – an option in Amsterdam 18
THE GRAND DUCHY OF LUXEMBOURG Case study
Luxembourg | Background • DSOs are in charge of developing the charging network the project is part of the government’s plan to prepare for the ‘ 3 rd industrial revolution’ • The core of the charging infrastructure – the public network Chargy – was drafted in 2016 through a ministerial regulation • Goal: o 40,000 electric cars on the road by the end of 2020 o 100% electric fleet in 2050 • BEV: from 31 in 2011 to 1,567 in 2018 • PHEV: from 30 in 2012 to 1,645 in 2018 20
Charging infrastructure (LU) • Chargy – was set up and is developed, operated and maintained by the five distribution system operators • In 2016, subsequent to a tendering process, the operation of the infrastructure was awarded to Engie Cofely Luxembourg, while Powerdale became responsible for the delivery of charging stations and the operation of an Internet service application, the “Common Operator Platform ” • The first public charging station within this network became operational in 2017 • At the beginning of 2019, Chargy consisted of 486 charging points (aim: 1,600 charging points by 2020) • Chargy-OK network • 2019: 14 fast-charging stations outside Chargy 21
Impact on the grid (LU) • Study from 2017: in case of a ‘light acceptance’ (~110,000 EVs), very few or no overloads on the low and medium voltage grids. However, the additional load would use up the entire remaining power reserve of the existing high voltage network. 22
Luxembourg | Conclusions • Cooperation with the Netherlands and Belgium in order to facilitate the usage of their charging networks • 200,000 cross-border commuters every day 23
Lessons from Luxembourg Centrally organised charging infrastructure • Owned by distribution companies • Roll-out based on a ministerial regulation • Still a developing system • International cooperation important due to a large number of • cross-border commuters 24
REACTION FROM THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION Sabine Crome Policy Officer, Retail Markets, Coal & Oil, DG ENER, European Commission
Open questions for debate 1. Which is the most attractive case study for your sector/organisation? 2. Do you think centralised and decentralised approaches may coexist in Europe? 3. Do you think the Norwegian case is unique and difficult to be reproduced in other markets? 4. Should the EU focus on principle-based regulation and leave local regulation to shape specific urban realities/trends? 5. Do you agree that congestion issues linked to the uptake of EVs are limited today? 26
PRESENTATION Friðrik Már Baldursson Research Fellow, CERRE Professor, Reykjavik University
Lessons learned from case studies (1/3) • Phasing in of EVs is dependent on public policy o Everyone faces drop in EVs prices (and cheaper fuel), but market penetration differs o Policy mix affects choice of PHEV vs BEV o Not only subsidies but also local policy (cities) matters • Access to public charging is important, but most people prefer to charge at home or at work morning-afternoon/evening peaks exacerbated • Not a problem for grid in Norway and not (yet) in the Netherlands o Norway: grid is strong and can accommodate steep rise in EVs numbers o NL: EVs only 2% of fleet – what will happen with a much higher share? • Without countervailing measures, there seem bound to be localised problems in many European countries/cities 28
Impact on power system will vary by country and region Total Household Passengers Consumption Share of Proportional Share of electricity electricity cars per of EVs with current impact of EVs current total consumption consumption 1,000 100% stock household compared to consumption MWh/cap p.a. Mwh/cap p.a. inhabitants share* consumption NO NO 24.0 7.5 514 1.9 8% 25% 1.0 LUX 10.6 1.6 670 2.4 23% 153% 2.9 BE 7.1 1.6 508 1.8 26% 115% 3.3 FR 6.4 2.4 478 1.7 27% 72% 3.5 DE 6.6 1.6 561 2.0 31% 130% 4.0 NL 6.3 1.3 556 2.0 32% 151% 4.1 UK 4.8 1.6 471 1.7 35% 106% 4.6 IT 4.7 1.1 625 2.3 48% 208% 6.2 *Rough approximation based on 0.2 kWh/km and 18,000 km p.a. Rise in stock share to 50% in Norway: 3% increase in electricity demand • Similar rise in NL: on the order of a 15% increase in electricity demand • In the absence of smart charging, peak demand could rise considerably more: • 12% in Norway – more in most other countries o 29
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