EFFECTS OF MARINE DEBRIS CAUSED BY THE GREAT TSUNAMI OF 2011 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

HIDEAKI MAKI, THOMAS THERRIAULT, NANCY WALLACE, ALEX BYCHKOV AND CATHRYN CLARKE MURRAY SILVER SPRING, MARYLAND, USA MAY 11, 2015

EFFECTS OF MARINE DEBRIS CAUSED BY THE GREAT TSUNAMI OF 2011

GREAT EAST JAPAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI

Photo credit: National Geographic

On March 11, 2011, an earthquake with a magnitude 9.0 hit the country of Japan and triggered a tsunami with waves up to 130 feet over 200 miles of land.

PERSPECTIVES

Funded by the Japanese Ministry of Environment

TSUNAMI DEBRIS

An estimated 5 million tonnes of debris was washed away and began drifting east across the Pacific Ocean.

Photo credit: U.S. Navy Photo credit: Bloomberg

NORTH PACIFIC MARINE SCIENCE ORGANIZATION (PICES)

An intergovernmental scientific organization, established in 1992 to promote and coordinate marine research in the northern North Pacific and adjacent seas. Its present members are Canada, Japan, People's Republic of China, Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, and the United States of America.

PROJECT CO-CHAIRS

• Hideaki Maki, NIES
• Thomas Therriault, DFO
• Nancy Wallace,

NOAA

PROJECT RESEARCH TEAM

• Ehime University
• Kagoshima University
• Kobe University
• Kyushu University
• Japan Meteorological

Agency

• Japan Agency for Marine-

Earth Science Technology

• National Institute for Land

and Infrastructure Management

• Toho University
• Fisheries Research Agency
• Oregon State University
• Moss Landing Marine

Laboratory

• Smithsonian Environmental

Research Center

• University of Hawaii at

Manoa

• Williams College and Mystic

Seaport

PROJECT RESEARCH TEAM

RESEARCH THEMES

1.Mode lling

2.Surveillance and Monitoring 3.Risk from Invasive Species

• Develop forecasts of

JTMD distributions and timelines of its arrival on the US/Canada West Coast and in Hawaii

• Calibrate models using

available observational reports

• Produce maps of

probable geographical distribution of JTMD

Photo credit: U.S. Navy

Modeling Movement of Tsunami Debris

Three models of the debris field were developed and refined:

• SCUD model – University of

Hawaii

• GNOME model – NOAA
• Particle model – JAEA

SAEGELN

Modeling Movement of Tsunami Debris

Motion of JTMD in SCUD model simulations. Colors indicate windage of the debris. Shown are maps, corresponding to November 15, 2011, May 15, 2012, September 1, 2012, April 1, 2013, November 11, 2013, and August 22, 2014.

University of Hawaii: SCUD model

Nikolai Maximenko, UH

1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years

Amy MacFadyen, NOAA

NOAA: GNOME model

JAE A SE AGE L N Mode l

Japanese Government

• Oct. 2011 ～ March 2012

（Apr. 2012 ～ July 2012）

Japanese Government

JAE A SE AGE L N Mode l

Model predictions match

• bservations in WA & OR

Data SCUD GNOME 2% 3% 4%

RESEARCH THEMES

1.Modelling 2.Sur ve illanc e and Monitor ing 3.Risk from Invasive Species

Goals: 1. To search for large debris items (vessels, skiffs, docks) 2. To identify hot spots of debris accumulation

Surveillance

• Oblique, overlapping

photographs

• Small aircraft
• Post-processing:

Tag images for debris items Qualitative rankings

British Columbia Aerial Surveys

Photo credit: Lightspeed Digital

Photo credit: Lightspeed Digital

Photo credit: Lightspeed Digital

Photo credit: Lightspeed Digital

North - High windage Central – skiffs, large items South – skiffs, less debris

Aerial Surveys

1. Quantify the amount, distribution and timing of debris landfall 2. Estimate debris landfall attributable to the 2011 tsunami

Photo credit: Lightspeed Digital

Monitoring

1. NOAA Beach Monitoring – debris accumulation surveys 2. OCNMS beach surveys

Photo credit: Lightspeed Digital

Beach Debris Data Sources

Debris accumulation monitoring

• Over 800 surveys
• More than 120 sites in

AK, WA, OR, CA, HI

• 2011-present

NOAA Beach Monitoring Surveys

Waatc h Hobuck 2 Tsooyess South Norwegian Memorial Mosquito Creek Abbey Island Roosevelt Beach Tongue Point

• Washington State
• 2001-2011
• 47 beaches
• 11 sites match post-2012 survey
• Different methodology – indicator items

WaatchHobuck 2 Tsooyess South Norwegian Memorial Mosquito Creek Abbey Island Roosevelt Beach Tongue Point

Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (OCNMS)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Mean Debris/100m/day Year

b b a OCNMS, NOAA data

Significantly More Debris Post-Tsunami

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 2004-1 2005-1 2006-1 2007-1 2008-1 2009-1 2010-1 2011-1 2012-1 2013-1 2014-1

Me an De br is/ 100m/ day

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

OCNMS, NOAA data

Ten-Fold Increase in Debris Over Baseline Levels

RESEARCH THEMES

1.Modelling 2.Surveillance and Monitoring

3.Risk fr

• m Invasive Spe c ie s

• Beyond the debris itself, there

is the threat of associated invasive species

• A unique vector of invasion

and an intriguing natural history event

Photo credit: Lightspeed Digital

Invasive Species

• Uptake of species by tsunami debris
• Survival during transit across the North Pacific
• Establishment potential in coastal waters (North

America and Hawaii)

• Potential spread
• Impact of invasions

Characterize and Evaluate the Risk of Invasion

Alaska Brit Columbia Washington Oregon California Hawaii

Jim Carlton, MWC

Almost 300 Debris Items Sampled

Bryozoa

47 species (21.5%)

Hydrozoa

15 species (6.9%)

Bivalvia

25 species (11.5%)

Polyc hae ta

34 species (15.6%)

Othe r

62 species (28.4%)

Gastr

• poda

10 species (4.6%)

F

• r

a ms

10 species (4.6%)

Hydr

• zoa

15 species (6.9%)

Amphipoda

15 species (6.9%)

Biva lvia

25 species (11.5%)

Polyc ha e ta

34 species (15.6%)

Br yozoa

47 species (21.5%)

Nearly 75% of diversity represented by 4 major groups: Bryozoa (47) 21.6% Crustacea (40) 18.3% Mollusca (38) 17.4% Annelida (34) 15.6%

Jim Carlton, MWC

288 Japanese Species Present

Aste rias amure nsis

Pier from Misawa, Japan June 2012 in Oregon

Aphe laste rias japo nic a

Skiff - February 2013 in Oregon

Patiria pe c tinife ra

Skiff - May 2014 in Oregon

Japanese Seastars found on JTMD

Jim Carlton, MWC

Ja pa ne se Spe c ie s Oc e a nic Spe c ie s

… and many others

Japanese and oceanic bryozoans

L ic he no po ra radiata Wate rsipo ra sp. F ilic risia sp. E xo c he lla sp. Je llye lla e b urne a Ae te a trunc ata Je llye lla tub e rc ulata Arb o c uspis b e llula

Jim Carlton, MWC

Shipworms found in tsunami lumber

Global invasion histories Six species of shipworms (marine bivalve mollusks) have been found in Japanese post-and-beam timber

Jim Carlton, MWC

Over 70 species

• f marine algae

Gayle Hansen, OSU

Parasites & Pathogens are of concern

Parasitic hydroid in mussels from debris

• E

utima was detected on 4 JTMD

• bjects 2.5% prevalence on the

4 objects

• High intensity of infection (100s-

1000s per host)

Gregory Ruiz, SERC

Photo credit: CBC

Mussels were growing larger as they drifted

Jessica Miller, OSU

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 J T M D B F 1 J T M D B F 2 8 J T M D B F 3 9 J T M D B F 4 8 J T M D B F 1 3 5 J T M D B F 1 7 6 J T M D B F 2 2 5

Oregon – 94.2% Washington – 85.5% Hawaii – 28.1%

Proportion reproductive

Mussels were reproductive when they arrived

J J J J J 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 J T M D B F 2 J T M D B F 1 2 J T M D B F 1 3 1 J T M D B F 1 7 J T M D B F 2 2 2 J T M D B F 2 2 6 J T M D B F 2 2 8 J T M D B F 2 5 5 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 J T M D B F 6 J T M D B F 1 1 J T M D B F 1 7 J T M D B F 2 1 J T M D B F 3 1 J T M D B F 4 9

Jessica Miller, OSU

One possible introduction detected

Striped knifejaw fish

Photo credit: Oregon State University

Future Directions

• Identification of hot spots of JTMD landfall
• Detection of JTMD species in North America and Hawaii
• Risk assessments for JTMD

species

• Risk assessment for

the JTMD vector

THANK YOU

Photo credit: Oregon Dept. Parks and Recreation