EFFECTS OF MARINE DEBRIS CAUSED BY THE GREAT TSUNAMI OF 2011 HIDEAKI MAKI, THOMAS THERRIAULT, NANCY WALLACE, ALEX BYCHKOV AND CATHRYN CLARKE MURRAY SILVER SPRING, MARYLAND, USA MAY 11, 2015
GREAT EAST JAPAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI On March 11, 2011, an earthquake with a magnitude 9.0 hit the country of Japan and Photo credit: National Geographic triggered a tsunami with waves up to 130 feet over 200 miles of land.
PERSPECTIVES Funded by the Japanese Ministry of Environment
TSUNAMI DEBRIS An estimated 5 million tonnes of debris was washed away and began drifting east across the Pacific Ocean. Photo credit: Bloomberg Photo credit: U.S. Navy
NORTH PACIFIC MARINE SCIENCE ORGANIZATION (PICES) An intergovernmental scientific organization, established in 1992 to promote and coordinate marine research in the northern North Pacific and adjacent seas. Its present members are Canada, Japan, People's Republic of China, Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, and the United States of America.
PROJECT CO-CHAIRS • Hideaki Maki, NIES • Thomas Therriault, DFO • Nancy Wallace, NOAA
PROJECT RESEARCH TEAM • Ehime University • Oregon State University • Kagoshima University • Moss Landing Marine • Kobe University Laboratory • Kyushu University • Smithsonian Environmental • Japan Meteorological Research Center Agency • University of Hawaii at • Japan Agency for Marine- Manoa Earth Science Technology • Williams College and Mystic • National Institute for Land Seaport and Infrastructure Management • Toho University • Fisheries Research Agency
PROJECT RESEARCH TEAM
RESEARCH THEMES 1.Mode lling 2.Surveillance and Monitoring 3.Risk from Invasive Species
Modeling Movement of Tsunami Debris • Develop forecasts of JTMD distributions and timelines of its arrival on the US/Canada West Coast and in Hawaii • Calibrate models using available observational reports • Produce maps of Photo credit: U.S. Navy probable geographical distribution of JTMD
Modeling Movement of Tsunami Debris Three models of the debris field were developed and refined: • SCUD model – University of Hawaii • GNOME model – NOAA • Particle model – JAEA SAEGELN
University of Hawaii: SCUD model Motion of JTMD in SCUD model simulations. Colors indicate windage of the debris. Shown are maps, corresponding to November 15, 2011, May 15, 2012, September 1, 2012, April 1, 2013, November 11, 2013, and August 22, 2014. Nikolai Maximenko, UH
1 year 2 years NOAA: GNOME model 3 years 4 years Amy MacFadyen, NOAA
JAE A SE AGE L N Mode l Oct. 2011 ～ March 2012 Japanese Government
JAE A SE AGE L N Mode l （Apr. 2012 ～ July 2012） Japanese Government
Model predictions match GNOME observations in WA & OR 2% SCUD 3% Data 4%
RESEARCH THEMES 1.Modelling 2.Sur ve illanc e and Monitor ing 3.Risk from Invasive Species
Surveillance Goals: 1. To search for large debris items (vessels, skiffs, docks) 2. To identify hot spots of debris accumulation
British Columbia Aerial Surveys • Oblique, overlapping photographs • Small aircraft • Post-processing: Tag images for debris items Qualitative rankings
Photo credit: Lightspeed Digital
Photo credit: Lightspeed Digital
Photo credit: Lightspeed Digital
Photo credit: Lightspeed Digital
Aerial Surveys North - High windage Central – skiffs, large items South – skiffs, less debris
Monitoring 1. Quantify the amount, distribution and timing of debris landfall 2. Estimate debris landfall attributable to the 2011 tsunami Photo credit: Lightspeed Digital
Beach Debris Data Sources 1. NOAA Beach Monitoring – debris accumulation surveys 2. OCNMS beach surveys Photo credit: Lightspeed Digital
NOAA Beach Monitoring Surveys Debris accumulation monitoring • Over 800 surveys • More than 120 sites in AK, WA, OR, CA, HI • 2011-present
Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (OCNMS) WaatchHobuck Waatc Hobuck Tsooyess Tsooyess h 2 2 South South Tongue Point Tongue Point Norwegian Norwegian Memorial Memorial Mosquito Creek Mosquito Creek Abbey Abbey Island • Washington State Island Roosevelt Roosevelt • 2001-2011 Beach Beach • 47 beaches • 11 sites match post-2012 survey • Different methodology – indicator items
Significantly More Debris Post-Tsunami 0.6 b b 0.5 Mean Debris/100m/day 0.4 0.3 a 0.2 0.1 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year OCNMS, NOAA data
Ten-Fold Increase in Debris Over Baseline Levels 0.8 0.7 0.6 is/ 100m/ day 0.5 0.4 Me an De br 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 2004-1 2005-1 2006-1 2007-1 2008-1 2009-1 2010-1 2011-1 2012-1 2013-1 2014-1 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 OCNMS, NOAA data
RESEARCH THEMES 1.Modelling 2.Surveillance and Monitoring 3.Risk fr om Invasive Spe c ie s
Invasive Species • Beyond the debris itself, there is the threat of associated invasive species • A unique vector of invasion Photo credit: Lightspeed Digital and an intriguing natural history event
Characterize and Evaluate the Risk of Invasion • Uptake of species by tsunami debris • Survival during transit across the North Pacific • Establishment potential in coastal waters (North America and Hawaii) • Potential spread • Impact of invasions
Almost 300 Debris Items Sampled Alaska Brit Columbia Washington Oregon California Hawaii Jim Carlton, MWC
288 Japanese Species Present Amphipoda 15 species (6.9%) Br yozoa Bryozoa Nearly 75% of 47 species Hydrozoa 47 species (21.5%) 15 species diversity represented (21.5%) Othe r (6.9%) 62 species by 4 major groups: (28.4%) Bryozoa (47) 21.6% Polyc ha e ta Crustacea (40) 18.3% 34 species Bivalvia (15.6%) Mollusca (38) 17.4% 25 species (11.5%) Annelida (34) 15.6% Polyc hae ta 34 species F or a ms 10 species (15.6%) Biva lvia (4.6%) 25 species (11.5%) Gastr opoda Hydr ozoa 10 species 15 species (4.6%) (6.9%) Jim Carlton, MWC
Japanese Seastars found on JTMD Aste rias amure nsis Pier from Misawa, Japan June 2012 in Oregon Patiria pe c tinife ra Skiff - May 2014 in Oregon Aphe laste rias japo nic a Skiff - February 2013 in Oregon Jim Carlton, MWC
Japanese and oceanic bryozoans Oc e a nic Spe c ie s Ja pa ne se Spe c ie s Wate rsipo ra sp. L ic he no po ra Je llye lla e b urne a Arb o c uspis b e llula radiata ilic risia sp. xo c he lla sp. F E Je llye lla tub e rc ulata Ae te a trunc ata … and many others Jim Carlton, MWC
Shipworms found in tsunami lumber Six species of shipworms (marine bivalve mollusks) have been found in Japanese post-and-beam timber Global invasion histories Jim Carlton, MWC
Over 70 species of marine algae Gayle Hansen, OSU
Parasites & Pathogens are of concern Parasitic hydroid in mussels from debris • E utima was detected on 4 JTMD objects 2.5% prevalence on the 4 objects Photo credit: CBC • High intensity of infection (100s- 1000s per host) Gregory Ruiz, SERC
Mussels were growing larger as they drifted Jessica Miller, OSU
Mussels were reproductive when they arrived Hawaii – Washington – Oregon – 28.1% 85.5% 94.2% J J J J J Proportion reproductive 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 2 1 0 2 6 8 5 6 1 7 1 1 9 1 8 9 8 5 6 5 F 1 1 2 3 4 F 1 3 7 2 2 2 5 B F F F F F F 2 3 4 3 7 2 B F 1 1 2 2 2 2 B B B B B B D F F F 1 1 2 D B F F F F F F D D D D D D B B B F F F M D B B B B B B M D D D B B B M M M M M M D D D D D D T M M M M D D D T M M M M M M J T T T T T T J T M M M J J J J J J T T T J T T T T T T J J J T T T J J J J J J J J J Jessica Miller, OSU
One possible introduction detected Striped knifejaw fish Photo credit: Oregon State University
Future Directions • Identification of hot spots of JTMD landfall • Detection of JTMD species in North America and Hawaii • Risk assessments for JTMD species • Risk assessment for the JTMD vector
Photo credit: Oregon Dept. Parks and Recreation THANK YOU
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