Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mar 21, 2023 226 likes •392 views

Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content of Ethanol and iso-Butanol Blends Thomas Wallner Argonne National Laboratory Jeff Wasil Bombardier Recreational Products Engine Manufacturers Division Board of Directors And

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SLIDE 1

Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content

  • f Ethanol and iso-Butanol Blends

Thomas Wallner

Argonne National Laboratory

Jeff Wasil

Bombardier Recreational Products

Engine Manufacturers Division Board of Directors And General Membership Meeting Miami/FL February 11, 2015

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SLIDE 2

Literature review

Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content 2

Average increase in oxygen content [wt%] of four 25 vol% (E25) ethanol blends over a 180 day aging period in automotive fuel tanks

Source: Streva, E., et al, “Aging effects on gasoline‐ethanol blend properties and composition” Fuel 90 (2011) pp. 215‐219

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SLIDE 3

Literature review

Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content 3

Loss in vol% ethanol in E10 fuels with approx. 5% total fuel evaporation

Source: Aulich, T., He, X., et al , “Gasoline Evaporation – Ethanol and Nonethanol Blends” Air and Waste Management Vol. 44 pp. 1004‐1009 Baseline E10 v. Evaporated E10 Ethanol [Wt%]

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 1.26.93 9.18.92 2.5.93 9.17.92 9.14.92 2.11.98 2.04.93 2.02.93 Sample ID Wt% Ethanol

Basline EtOH Final EtOH

~ 5% of Fuel Evaporated

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SLIDE 4

Literature review

Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content 4

Greater change in RVP with E0 (non‐oxygenated) fuel compared to E10 fuel after approximately 25% fuel evaporation

Source: Aulich, T., He, X., et al , “Gasoline Evaporation – Ethanol and Nonethanol Blends” Air and Waste Management Vol. 44 pp. 1004‐1009

Effect on RVP [PSI] after ~25% Fuel Evaporation

8.02 3.26 9.11 4.45 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 Starting RVP Ending RVP RVP [PSI]

E0 E10

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SLIDE 5

Literature review Summary

Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content 5

  • Limited data and mixed results were found on O2 content of

weathered ethanol blends

  • No data available on O2 content of weathered iso‐butanol fuel blends
  • No direct comparison under the same conditions between E10 and

iB16 weathered fuels

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SLIDE 6

Severe Fuel Weathering Experiment Overview

Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content 6

  • Input from BP/Butamax on fuel blending and experiment design
  • Fuel analysis performed at Intertek Laboratory in Romeoville, IL
  • Fuel blends tested:
  • E0 (non‐oxygenated)
  • E10 (3.5 wt% O2)
  • E15 (5.3 wt% O2)
  • iB16 (3.5 wt% O2)
  • Fuel blend stocks:
  • Neat bio‐isobutanol
  • Fuel grade ethanol
  • Indolene certification fuel 8.5 RVP (non‐oxygenated)
  • Winter fuel 13 RVP (non‐oxygenated)
  • BP/Butamax recipes were followed to blend 5‐gallons of four unique

finished test fuels:

  • E0, E10, E15, iB16
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SLIDE 7

Severe Fuel Weathering Experiment Setup and Process

Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content 7

  • Finished fuel blends were dispensed into 24 quart sized wide‐mouth

metal cans

  • Each can was carefully weighed and the starting weight recorded for

each fuel can

  • After initial weighing, each fuel sample was covered to prevent

evaporation until all cans were ready for start of test

  • At the start of the test, all covers were

removed from the fuel cans.

  • Each fuel weathered for a specific

period of time

  • Cans were weighed then sealed after

4, 8, 12 and 24 hours of evaporation

  • Cans were stored on ice until fuel

analysis completed

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SLIDE 8

Severe Fuel Weathering Experiment Setup

Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content 8

T=4 T=8 T=12 T=24 E15 iB16 E10 E0

EVAPORATION TIME (HRS) FUEL BLEND Fuel cans shown at start of test

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SLIDE 9
  • 30
  • 25
  • 20
  • 15
  • 10
  • 5

Fuel Percent Loss Evaporation Loss [%] vs. Time Duration [hrs]

E0 E10 E15 iB16

5 10 15 20 25 30 Time Duration [HRS]

Severe Fuel Weathering Experiment Results – Evaporation Loss

Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content 9

Nearly 30% of Fuel Evaporated in 24 hours

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SLIDE 10

Severe Fuel Weathering Experiment Results – Final Measured RVP [PSI]

Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content 12

Change in Final RVP [PSI] relative to Baseline RVP

  • 9
  • 8
  • 7
  • 6
  • 5
  • 4
  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

E0 iB16 E10 E15 Reduction in RVP [PSI]

iB16 has nearly identical reduction in RVP as E0 ~3.4RVP

  • iB16 fuel closely followed the RVP of E0

2 4 6 8 10 12 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 RVP [PSI] % Evaporated

RVP [PSI] vs Percent Fuel Evaporated

E0 E10 E15 iB16

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SLIDE 11

Severe Fuel Weathering Experiment Results – RVP versus Weight Loss Fraction

Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content 13

Level of evaporation reached in our study

Source: Okamoto, K., Watanabe, N., et al, “Changes in evaporation rate and vapor pressure of gasoline with progress of evaporation” Fire Safety Journal 44 (2009) 756‐763

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SLIDE 12

Severe Fuel Weathering Experiment Results – Oxygen Content

Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content 14

  • E10 Oxygen content Wt% decreased with increasing evaporation
  • E15 Oxygen content Wt% increased/maintained with increasing

evaporation

  • iB16 Oxygen content Wt% increased with increasing evaporation,

but never reached the E15 equivalent Wt%

Final weathered iB16

  • xygen content was

equivalent to E12

1 2 3 4 5 6 5 10 15 20 25 30 O2 [Wt%] % Evaporated Oxygen [Wt%] vs. Evaporated Fuel Percent E10 E15 iB16

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SLIDE 13

Severe Fuel Weathering – Oxygen Content

Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content 15

  • BP/Butamax vapor‐liquid equilibrium model for E15 & iBu16
  • Calculates fuel composition during simulation of evap experiment
  • E15 and iBu16 oxygen increase on initial weathering, then

decrease as weathering continues

  • Maximum iBu16 oxygen is lower than initial E15 concentration
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SLIDE 14

Severe Fuel Weathering – Oxygen Content

Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content 16

  • iBuOH and its HC azeotropes evaporate in the fuel’s mid‐range
  • Initial weathering evaporates only HC, concentrating the alcohol
  • Continued weathering begins to evaporate iBuOH as well, until by

70% evaporated only HC remains

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SLIDE 15

Severe Fuel Weathering Experiment Results – Distillation of Weathered Fuels

Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content 17

  • iB16 maintains a better drivability index compared to E0

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 % Evaporated Temp F

E0 Weathered E10 Weathered E15 Weathered iB16 Weathered Fresh E0

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SLIDE 16

Conclusions

Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content 18

  • No comprehensive data available in the literature on fuel

weathering behavior of ethanol compared to isobutanol

  • Study was designed to evaluate worst case scenario fuel

property changes due to weathering for E0, E10, E15 and iB16

  • Evaporation loss and evaporation rate reduced with iB16

compared to E10

  • RVP reduction due to weathering is lower for E10/E15, iB16

equivalent to E0

  • Distillation curves shift significantly for all weathered fuels,

changes for ethanol and butanol blends less critical than E0

  • Overall all alcohol blends show improvements in weathering

behavior compared to neat gasoline

  • Oxygen content Wt% of iB16 never reaches E15 O2 content