Advanced Gasoline Components for Latin America: Production and Blending Properties of MTBE and ETBE
Daniel B. Pourreau, Ph.D. LyondellBasell Industries
Advanced Gasoline Components for Latin America: Production and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Advanced Gasoline Components for Latin America: Production and Blending Properties of MTBE and ETBE Daniel B. Pourreau, Ph.D. LyondellBasell Industries Mexico Energy Reform Driving Change Gasoline market opens to competition in 2017
Advanced Gasoline Components for Latin America: Production and Blending Properties of MTBE and ETBE
Daniel B. Pourreau, Ph.D. LyondellBasell Industries
– Low sulfur will cost 1-2 octane points from hydrotreatment – Push to reduce aromatics (main contributors to ozone and PM) – Engine technology moving towards higher compression and efficiency
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Where should PEMEX invest its capital to meet these challenges?
– Air quality benefits – The norm in most countries around the world
– 10 years of experience in the US with corn Ethanol
– Introduced ETBE in the US in 1992 – Supplying Japan with ETBE since 2009 – A superior alternative to ethanol to meet renewable mandates – PEMEX has used ETBE and can develop the capacity to produce it in-house
– MTBE, as we have for >20 years – ETBE – Licensing of technology for campaigning assets between MTBE & ETBE
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Continued use of Ethers is the best option for PEMEX & Mexico
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86%
53%
32%
Source: RAMA database: http://www.aire.df.gob.mx/default.php?opc='aKBh‘
MTBE helped to clean up the air after Mexico city had the most polluted air in the ‘80s
Further Improvement Needed
O3 and PM10 IMECA NOMs reduced to 95 ppb and 75 μg/m3
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Poor Very Poor Poor
Very Poor Mexico City Air Exceeded IMECA Standards for Ozone and PM10 >163 days in 2014
Source: RAMA database, REFORMA, December 27, 2014; COFEPRIS.
Exceptions are the US, Brazil & Australia
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Ethers Ethanol MTBE is commonly used around the world to improve gasoline specifications
10 years of Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS)
numerous bankruptcies
– At same RVP, C4-C5 hydrocarbons must be removed, increasing cost of CBOB
– Swells elastomers and increases fugitive emissions – Increases tailpipe VOC and PM emissions vs. gasoline and MTBE
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US corn ethanol has failed to meet the objectives set in 2005
Source: Report Institute of Agriculture, The University of Tennessee, dated October 14, 2015
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Mexico DF vehicular fleet estimated from Journal of Transport Geography 43 (2015) 171–180 VOC emissions and atmospheric reactivity from CRC E-65 final report (2004) for CARB
Introducing ethanol would reverse Mexico’s air quality improvements
Sources: CRC E-65 report 2004
Which Reduces PM Emissions
vaporize and form PM precursors (SOAs)
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Ethers improve cold-start combustion, deliver more energy than alcohols
While Boosting Fuel Efficiency
10 Sources: International Journal of Automotive Technology, Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 829-836 (2013); SAE Int. J. Fuels. Lubr. 5(2):2012
MTBE improves overall fuel combustion, reducing PM and improving fuel efficiency
– New sulfur specs will increase demand for clean-burning octane
– Engines are smaller and more fuel efficient but require higher octane – 2 point increase in CR requires 7 points more octane and provides 10% more fuel efficiency
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Ethers offer clean-burning octane for improved fuel efficiency
Automotive trend
Additive Octane Index BP °C Oxygen content wt% Blending Vapor Pressure (kPa) Fuel Sensitivity RON - MON Water Tolerance Gasoline 85 35-220 0.0 60 10 Excellent MTBE ETBE TAME 110 111 105 55 67 86 18.2 15.7 15.7 55 28 10 17 16 14 Excellent Excellent Excellent Ethanol 115 78 34.7 138 34 Very Poor
12 Source: Handbook of MTBE and Other Oxygenates, Hamid & Ashraf Ali, Marcel Dekker, 2004, p.39.
Ethers provide clean-burning octane without affecting gasoline RVP, distillation properties, sensitivity, water tolerance, or corrosion
Japan Enacted Renewable Fuels Mandate in 2009
– Change in fuel properties (distillation, RVP) – Phase separation from water contamination – Compatibility with vehicle fuel system materials (gaskets, corrosion) – Cost of developing ethanol blending infrastructure
– ETBE demand around 3.7% of gasoline in 2017
infrastructure was estimated at $2.6-4.3 Billion in 2005
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Japan chose ETBE to meet renewable fuel mandate since 2009
PEMEX has own Ethers capacity and can produce ETBE as well if Ethanol is to be used MTBE/ETBE imports
Sonora Chihuahua Sinaloa Jalisco Coahuila Nuevo Leon Nayarit Zacatecas Durango Colima Michoacan Aguas- Calientes San Luis Potosi Tamaulipas Veracruz Guerrero Oaxaca Chiapas Tabasco Campeche Yucatan Mexicali Hermosillo Chihuahua La Paz Culiacan Durango Saltillo Monterrey Ciudad Victoria San Luis Potosi Guadalajara Guanajuato Tepic Morelia Pachula Gutierrez Chetumal Chilpancingo Cuemavaca Toluca Japala Merida Campeche Oaxaca Zacatecas Puebla México
Minatitlán
(MTBE/ETBE?)
Ciudad Madero
(MTBE/TAME/ETBE?)
Cadereyta
(MTBE/ETBE?)
Salina Cruz
(MTBE/TAME)
Tula
(MTBE/TAME)
Salamanca
(MTBE)
Ethanol producing States
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The Lyondell Experience
France, and the Netherlands
the Gulf Coast (2020 startup)
production.
– Cost would be ~1/3 of $58MM required for test ethanol blending project – Conversion would increase ethers production by 31KT – PEMEX would retain flexibility to blend ETBE or MTBE in same base gasoline
ETBE production by PEMEX less costly than ethanol blending
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– However, direct ethanol blending has several drawbacks
– Cost of converting to swing ethers production is low – Provides flexibility to produce MTBE in case of bad crop year
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All information (“Information”) contained herein is provided without compensation and is intended to be general in nature. You should not rely on it in making any decision. LyondellBasell accepts no responsibility for results obtained by the application of this Information, and disclaims liability for all damages, including without limitation, direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, special, exemplary or punitive damages, alleged to have been caused by or in connection with the use of this Information. LyondellBasell disclaims all warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, that might arise in connection with this information. This presentation includes industry data that we obtained from third party consultants. We have made no independent verification of, and we make no representations regarding, the accuracy of these data. This presentation contains time sensitive information that is accurate only as of the time hereof. Information contained in this presentation is unaudited and is subject to change. We undertake no obligation to update the information presented herein except to the extent required by law. Before using a product sold by a company of the LyondellBasell family of companies, users should make their own independent determination that the product is suitable for the intended use and can be used safely and legally. LYONDELLBASELL MAKES NO WARRANTY; EXPRESS OR IMPLIED (INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR ANY WARRANTY) OTHER THAN AS SEPARATELY AGREED TO BY THE PARTIES IN A CONTRACT. MTBE and ETBE are volatile, partially water soluble, and have only a minimal tendency to adhere to soil particles. Even small volumes can pose a threat to the environment and nearby water resources, if released. Surface spills can reach groundwater through porous soil or cracked surfaces. Underground releases may occur from leaking underground storage tanks. Underground storage tanks should meet all current regulatory requirements (for example, 40 CFR Parts 280 and 281). All efforts should be made to prevent any leaks or spills, and to protect water resources. Where spills are possible, a comprehensive spill response plan should be developed and implemented. If a leak or spill reaches the groundwater, the groundwater may become contaminated. If the groundwater is a source of drinking water, the associated drinking water well(s) could become contaminated. These substances can impart an unpleasant taste and odor to water at very low concentrations. 17
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– Volatile components (e.g. butanes) must be removed with ethanol
– Ethanol gasoline more sensitive to temperature
Source: Tanaka, H., Kaneko, T., Matsumoto, T., Kato, T. et al., "Effects of Ethanol and ETBE Blending in Gasoline on Evaporative Emissions," SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3382
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MTBE and ETBE produced from Raffinate or HPIB in the same equipment
* Mixed butenes from olefin cracker ** High Purity Isobutylene from PO/TBA process
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Reactor Reactor Debutanizer Water wash Alcohol Recovery C5 column Dryer Dryer Raffinate 2 ETBE or MTBE C5 Raffinate Raffinate 1
Recycle alcohol Make-up alcohol
The Lyondell Experience
– Larger pumps for ethanol and ETBE – Larger reboiler for ethers product (C5) tower – Change metallurgy due to higher corrosivity of ethanol – Possibly increase trays in product tower – Dryer for ethanol recycle and make-up streams to reduce corrosion and DP in reactors
– Product tower reboiler is prone to fouling in ETBE mode, requiring more frequent cleaning – Drying ethanol is recommended to reduce corrosion and reactor plugging – Drying ethanol also reduces TBA production – ETBE azeotropes with ethanol but not isobutylene – Anti-oxidant added to ETBE to improve storage stability (20 ppm
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