ECEEE 2007 Summer Study La Colle sur Loup New challenge for - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

New challenge for residential building energy efficiency standards in Japan

• unify energy efficiency of envelope and housing

appliances - 8 June 2007

Chiharu MURAKOSHI,Hidetoshi NAKAGAMI and Mikiko NAKAMURA Jyukankyo Research Institute

ECEEE 2007 Summer Study La Colle sur Loup

Overview of Presentation

• Composition of housing EE Standard
• Development of a new method to evaluate EE

performance  Framework for evaluation of appliance EE  Evaluation method for space heating  Evaluation method for water heater

• Results of Energy Consumption Calculation
• Conclusion

Composition of housing EE Standard

 Performance standard  Standard of annual heating and cooling load  Standard of heat loss coefficient  Standard of coefficient of solar heat gain  Standard of equivalent leakage area per unit floor area  Proper ventilation  Ventilation, elevators, and lighting energy consumption in common areas of buildings with floor area 2000 m2 or greater  Prescriptive standards  Thermal transmittance of envelope & shading measure & airtight measure  Specification of insulation elements

2.7 2.4 1.9 1.6 2.51 1.26 1.17 3.7 1.56 1.94 2.69 2.99 2.48 1.61 1.49 1.78 2.01 1.78 1.66 1.3 1.63 1.26 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Degree day !deg.day " Heat loss coefficient #W/m2K$

%&'&( )*+*

)*,* U.K.(-05year draft) ./(0&1234556/(7 ./(0&1230&85(197 :514&9 ;<(=&(6 ;1&(>/ ?/10&(9 @&(&6& Source: Tomoyuki Karatsu, 2006, Comparison of world housing energy efficiency standards, The Kenchiku Gijutsu, No.679, August 2006 Note: estimated from U value standards of each parts based on 120 m2, general housing plan in Japan.

Comparison standards by estimated heat loss coefficient

• Present standard

 Evaluate energy efficiency of envelope.  TRS evaluate energy consumption or EE for a fixed condition.

• New method of evaluate EE performance

 Evaluate every end-use together, comprehensively.  For space conditioning, evaluate energy efficiency of the envelope and appliances at the same time.  Evaluate the efficiency during actual operation.

New method of evaluate EE performance

• Subdivide some regions.
• Calculate annual heating, cooling and water heating load

based on standard usage patterns by region.

• Perform measurements in the laboratory for air

conditioners and floor heating, to analyse the relation between load and efficiency.

• Perform laboratory measurements of energy consumption

for water heating boilers, heat pump water heaters, and co-generation,to analyse the efficiency of each appliance.

• From the set heat load and the results of analyses of

equipment efficiency characteristics, we obtain a model for calculating whole house energy consumption.

Develop a method of calculating energy consumption

E<=E0

 E: calculated results of energy consumption for an actual house  E0: calculated results of energy consumption for a standard house

• r appliance

E=Eh+Ec+Ew+Ev+El-Es E0=Eh0+Ec0+Ew0+Ev0+El0

 Eh: heating energy consumption  Ec: cooling energy consumption  Ew: water heating energy consumption  Ev: ventilation energy consumption  El: lighting energy consumption  Es: reduction in energy consumption from solar electric power generation and others

Framework for evaluation of appliance energy efficiency

Setting space conditioning loads

 Regional divisions: 8 cases  Housing types: detached and multifamily; 2 cases  Space conditioning mode: whole house continuous

• peration, and room by room (called partial) intermittent
• peration; 2 cases; for partial, intermittent operation we

calculate loads for the living room (LDK, or living, dining and kitchen), and for each other room  envelope energy efficiency: meets 1999 standards and meets 1992 standards; 2 cases Performing heat load simulations for standardized living conditions : we calculated 64 cases We estimated frequency distribution for space conditioning load.

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?@+;61+ABC.16+D6-61E ?FG+ ;61+ ABC.16+ D6-61+ ;61+ .//C.HE

Frequency distributions for heat load for living room of a wooden, detached house

Region No. 4b: The envelope efficiency meets 1999 standards, and the heating mode is partial, intermittent. type A=intermittent heating of the living area type B=whole house, continuous heating

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:. :9 :#

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,!081#$&0$95$%/0!%$

:. :9 :#

Characteristics of air-conditioner efficiencies

Lh: half of rated output Ld: the design, or rated output Lm: the maximum output <Heating> <Cooling>

10 20 30 40 50 60 0!20 20 !40 40 !60 60 !80 80 ! 100 100 ! 120 120 ! 140 140 ! 160 160 ! 180 180 ! 200 200 ! 220 220 ! 240 240 ! 260 260 ! 280 280 ! 300 300 ! 320 320 ! 340 340 ! 360 360 ! 380 380 ! 400 400 ! 420

"W/m2 #

$%&'%()* +,&-* " MJ/m2#

0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0

COP

under 2degC 2<7degC 7<12degC

• ver 12degC

$. &'%( )*+, &-

/&'.-*0&1&0%'23*45678 /&'.-*9:;3<56<

COP => ? > under 2degC => @A > 2<7degC => BC > 7<12degC => DE > over 12degC

/&'.-*0&1&0%'23**F5G78 /&'.-*9:;345HI

Actual COP:2.20(56%)

A ctual COP:4.76(73%)

Living room:27.7m2 / Region: No.4b(Tokyo)

Relation between heating load and air conditioner heating efficiency

5 10 15 20 25 30 0!20 20!40 40!60 60!80 80!100 100!120 120!140 140!160 160!180 180!200 200!220 220!240 240!260 260!280

"W/m2# $%%&'()* &%+,* " MJ/m

2#

0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0

COP

under 25degC 25<30degC

• ver 30degC

$%%&'()*&%+,

Rated capacity-2.8kW Rated COP-6.51

COP../ 01/ 25degC!../ 23/ 25degC!= and 30degC4./ 56/ 30degC !=

7+89,*:+;+:'8<-=>?@A 7+89,*$BC-D>?= Actual COP:2.28(72%) Actual COP:6.24(96%)

Living room:27.7m2 / Region: No.4b(Tokyo)

Relation between cooling load and air conditioner cooling efficiency

Annual water heater loads(MJ/year):17.0 Water heater efficiencies gas on-demand water heater:0.73 latent heat recovery gas on-demand water heater:0.86 kerosene on-demand water heater:0.79 kerosene tank water heater:0.77 electric water heater:0.74 CO2 heat pump water heater:3.12 Energy saving rate for water heating energy efficiency measures kitchen, sprayer water column:4% bath room,water-conserving showerhead:4% piping, small diameter piping:5%

Annual water heater load & water heater efficiencies in region No.4b(Tokyo)

Results of Energy Consumption Calculations

Notes: Normal case=normal appliances; Efficient case No.1=most efficient air-conditioner + condensing boiler + efficient ventilation and lighting; Efficient case No.2=most efficient air-conditioner + CO2 heat pump hot water supply + efficient ventilation and lighting; Electricity conversion rate=9,760kJ/kWh.

Standard case

! "! #! $! %! &! '! (! )!

*+,-./01/.-2340./.5+613/ 789:-2340./.5+613/ 8;;12.1/6-2+,.-<3=#- 8;121./6-2+,.-<3=" ">>>-?6+/@+5@-A-<35B+C-2+,.- 8;;12.1/6-2+,.-<3=#- ">>#-?6+/6+5@-A-<35B+C-2+,.-

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E*NOJ.+5F ')=' &#=% &(=# %)=' %%=( %$=# %>=(

Conclusion

• Energy efficiency standards of many countries address a house's

envelope and appliances with separate standards.

• Japanese building energy efficiency standards were not made

mandatory, construction of housing meeting the standards has not progressed.

• Many experts proposed Government to change the standard as
• mandatory. And Government began to examine it.
• Because residential energy efficiency varies greatly depending
• n the performance of appliances, we developed a method to

evaluate performance of both the envelope and the appliances.

• The evaluation method we developed will have a major impact
• n future Japanese standards for residential energy efficiency.

Thank you!!

For more information Murakoshi@jyuri.co.jp

Back ground slides

Performance codes Case A Case D Case C Case B Perscriptive codes Standards of annual heating and cooling load Standards of heat loss coefficient correction factor for solar heat gain(passive solar) Standard of equivalent leakage area per unit floor area Other aspects (condensation prevention, protection, ventilation, air conditioning and cross ventilation) Standard of energy consumption in common areas of buildings with area over 2000 m2 Specific codes of design and construction Division of regions

Examination process of the energy efficiency codes

Region No.1 Region No.2 Region No.3 Region No.4 Region No.5 Region No.6

Regional divisions

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, *-,,, )-,,, (-,,, &-,,, %-,,,

./012"3454610121"37 /812913:4$4610121"37 ;/'913:46/:.//46'<4=>??*5@*5A

0.67 0.67 Other Oil Heater 0.69 0.67 Oil Conventional Flue 0.83 0.83 Oil Balanced Flue 0.86 0.85 Oil Forced Draught Balanced Flue 0.82 0.8 Gas Forced Draught Balanced Flue Top Runner Standard Efficiency of appliance Heating appliance

<Efficiency of radiant heating>

E=1/eb*(Qr/ep+Cp*Lp)

E: radiant heating rate of energy consumption (W) eb: heat source efficiency Qr: radiation from the radiant panel to the room (W) ep: ratio of panel radiation up and down (for floor heating this depends on the insulation properties beneath the panel) Cp: rate of heat loss by distribution pipes (W/m) Lp: length of distribution pipes (m)

Qr=L*A*0.9

L: heat load per unit area (W/m2) A: living room area (m2)

<Efficiency of other heating appliances>

Efficiency of radiant heating & other heating appliances

3.41 3.15 3.12 2.92 2.85

• CO2 heat pump

water heater 0.72 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.76 electric water heater 0.79 0.76 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.75 0.74 kerosene tank water heater 0.82 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.76 kerosene on- demand water heater 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.88 latent heat recovery gas on-demand water heater 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.71 gas on-demand water heater 12.4 14.5 17.0 18.8 19.8 20.8 22.0 22.5 Annual water heater loads(MJ/year) No.6 No.5 No.4b No.4a No.3 No.2 No.1b No.1a

Annual water heater load & water heater efficiencies by region

Et=C1Ee+C2Lw+C3

 Et: energy consumption of the co-generation system (GJ/year)  Ee: electricity supplied by the co-generation system for heating , cooling, lighting, and ventilation (GJ/year)  Lw: heat load supplied by the co-generation system for water and space heating (GJ/year)  C1, C2, C3: coefficients shown below gas engine co-generation/ fuel cell co-generation C1 0.999 0.995 C2 1.098 0.261 C3 0.70 5.35

Evaluation method for co- generation