E4 E4 E4 E4 - Energy Efficient Energy Efficient Elevators and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

ISR ISR -

• University of Coimbra

University of Coimbra

E4 E4 E4 E4 - Energy Efficient

Energy Efficient Elevators and Escalators Elevators and Escalators Elevators and Escalators Elevators and Escalators

C l P t ã J ã F L Ri t A ib l d Al id C l P t ã J ã F L Ri t A ib l d Al id

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Carlos Patrão, João Fong, Luc Rivet, Anibal de Almeida Carlos Patrão, João Fong, Luc Rivet, Anibal de Almeida

adealmeida@isr.uc.pt adealmeida@isr.uc.pt

E4 E4 -

• Energy Efficient Elevators and Escalators
• The aim of this project is to characterize people conveyors (elevators

p j p p y ( and escalators) electricity consumption in the tertiary sector and in residential buildings in the EU, and promote the efficient use of electricity in this type of loads through the application of the best available technologies in the market.

• , The countries directly involved in the project are:
• Germany – Fraunhofer Institute

y

• Italy – ENEA
• Poland - KAPE
• ISR – University of Coimbra Portugal,

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E4 E4 -

• Energy Efficient Elevators and Escalators
• The European Lift Association (ELA) with agencies in most EU

p ( ) g countries also participates in the project, providing market characterization and together with other partners allowing a large replication potential in other countries;

• Project website

4 j t www.e4project.eu

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Introduction Introduction

• In the EU-25
• 4,3 million elevators and 85 thousand escalators / moving walks.
• 125 thousand new elevators and 5 thousand new escalators and

moving walks are installed each year.

• New technologies and best practices namely EE motors and drives,

regeneration converters, better controllers (hardware & software),

• ptimisation of counterweights, direct drives versus rope traction

elevators, cabin lighting, etc. can yield significant savings.

• Within a drive class the best performing elevators can use up to 80%

less electricity than the least efficient ones.

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Electricity consumption breakdown Electricity consumption breakdown in tertiary sector buildings in the EU in tertiary sector buildings in the EU in tertiary sector buildings in the EU in tertiary sector buildings in the EU

Source EC Source EC-

• JRC

JRC

• Electricity consumption in the tertiary sector in EU-25 by 2020 is foreseen to be 950TWh.

Elevators and escalators now represent 4% of the total electricity consumption in the tertiary sector, with a trend for a significant increase of this share. Since potential savings of over 50% ibl th i t f thi j t i th d ti f 20 25TWh t l ti i t th

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E4 Project Objectives E4 Project Objectives

• Main objectives :
• Main objectives :

– to contribute to the market transformation by improving the to contribute to the market transformation, by improving the awareness of best practice solutions to provide vertical mobility; – to provide recommendations and guidelines to promote those practices; – to promote the improvement of energy performance of elevators and escalators in the tertiary sector (hotels, hospitals, schools, shopping t ffi b ildi t ) d i ltif il id ti l b ildi centres, office buildings, etc.) and in multifamily residential buildings.

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E4 Project Monitoring Surveys E4 Project Monitoring Surveys

Very limited field data on lifts and escalators. Monitoring surveys are y g y being carried out in the four main countries directly involved.

• In total, between the partners of the project, monitoring of over 60

elevators and or escalators will be performed elevators and or escalators will be performed.

• This paper presents the preliminary results of the first 30 audits

preformed in Portugal by ISR-UC (7 hydraulic elevators, 19 traction elevators and 4 escalators).

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Basic components of hydraulic Basic components of hydraulic elevators elevators elevators elevators

• This type of elevator uses a hydraulic cylinder to move the car. An electric motor

drives a pump which forces a fluid into the cylinder moving the car up. When d di l t i l d th fl id i ll d t d i ( l l ) descending, an electric valve opens and the fluid is allowed to drain (slowly) from the cylinder into the tank;

• Hydraulic elevators are available for lifts up to a rated speed of 1m/s The

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• Hydraulic elevators are available for lifts up to a rated speed of 1m/s. The

maximum travel distance for this type of elevators is around 18m.

Basic components of traction Basic components of traction elevators elevators elevators elevators

• There are two main types of traction elevators: geared and gearless

(direct drive);

• Geared elevators use a reduction gear between the motor and the

sheave to reduce the speed of the cab, while gearless elevators the

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sheave is directly coupled to the motor.

Basic components of an escalator Basic components of an escalator

• Escalators are moving steps design to transport people, over a short distance,

between two landings. The escalator is supported by a truss which contains all th h i l t h th d i it b k d h i the mechanical components, such as the drive unit, brakes and chain;

• Escalators typically travel at speeds of around 0,5 m/s – fast enough to provide

rapid displacement while not disregarding comfort and safety

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rapid displacement, while not disregarding comfort and safety.

Elevator Technologies Summary Elevator Technologies Summary

Type of elevator Typical applications Advantages Disadvantages L i Slow high energy Hydraulic Low rise 2-6 floors Low cost Slow, high energy use, maintenance issues T ti Mid i Low cost for li ti Speed energy Traction Geared Mid rise 3-25 floors application Speed, energy consumption Traction Low Mid rise Easy installation Traction Machine room- less Low-Mid rise 2-10 floors Easy installation, energy savings, Higher cost than hydraulic option Traction G l (di t High rise Energy savings Hi h t t Gearless (direct drive) High rise

• ver 25 floors

Energy savings High speed Highest cost

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Elevator market Elevator market

• Until 1998, hydraulic elevators were the most commonly

y y installed solution, l t

• low cost,
• security
• very easy installation.

In the 1990s hydraulic elevators sales in Europe represented about 60% of total market share. In 1995, with p , the appearance of the machine room-less traction elevator this tendency begun to decrease

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this tendency begun to decrease

Elevator market statistics Elevator market statistics

Country Existing elevators in

• peration (2005)

Estimated market (2005)

Source: ELA Source: ELA-

• Elevator market

Elevator market statistics statistics

• peration (2005)

(2005) Austria 72.148 2.855 Belgium 77.000 2.722 CH (*) 164 220 6 791 CH (*) 164.220 6.791 Germany 631.000 11.450 France 475.000 11.604 Denmark 26.800 855 Fi l d(*) 50 000 840 Finland(*) 50.000 840 Italy 790.000 17.900 Luxemburg 7.500 500 Norway 28.500 1.051 77 800 Netherlands 77.800 3.373 Portugal (*) 106.700 4.737 Spain 680.873 27.322 Sweden (*) 108.300 1.328 Greece (*) 308.000 8.475 Polland 70.000 2.000 Czech Republic 77.500 1.314 Hungary 32.950 1.000 ISR – University of Coimbra

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UK 240.000 9.499 Total 4.189.191 115.616

Estimated market share by country Estimated market share by country

Source: ELA Source: ELA-

• Elevator market statistics

Elevator market statistics

It l b i th t ith th hi h t b f i t ll d l t f ll d b

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Italy being the country with the highest number of installed elevators followed by Spain and Germany.

Barriers to Overcome by E4 Barriers to Overcome by E4

• Lack of awareness of building owners, investors and managers
• Large transaction costs, which generally include costs of gathering, and

applying information on energy savings potentials and measures, as well as t t ti t ith t ti l li lt t i t ll costs to negotiate with potential suppliers, consultants or installers;

• Lack of information about energy consumption patterns
• Split-incentives in building energy conservation, i.e. owners of

buildings who do not pay the energy costs, are typically interested in low first cost solutions;

• Lack of sufficient market structures and access to energy service

companies, energy consultancies, energy agencies, etc;

• High cost of advanced emerging technologies due to lack of

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g g g g economies of scale in their production.

Policies and Regulation Policies and Regulation

• In 2005, the European Commission issued the Directive 2005/32/EC on

, p the eco-design of Energy-using Products (EuP);

• The building sector is responsible for 40% of Europe's energy demand

The building sector is responsible for 40% of Europe s energy demand and presents a large potential for savings which is estimated at 28%, and which in turn can reduce the total EU final energy use by around 11%. With the purpose

• f

realizing this potential the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) was adopted;

• These directives do not yet cover people’s conveyors which represent

an estimated 4% of the energy consumption of buildings in the tertiary sector.

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Policies and Regulation Policies and Regulation

• In Germany, the Association of German Engineers (VDI) is working on a

guideline, VDI-Guideline 4707, “Lifts – Energy Efficiency”, which will be released in 2009;

• The guideline aims at the specification and representation of the energy

demand and consumption of lift systems using harmonized criteria based on the determination of energy demand and consumption; determination of energy demand and consumption;

• An energy-efficiency certificate including a classification is emitted by the

manufacturer following the rules set in the guidelines The energy class of the manufacturer, following the rules set in the guidelines. The energy class of the elevator is to be publicly affixed in the elevator, as a label, similar to other electrical products;

• The regulation is expected to further improve the penetration of energy efficient

technologies in Germany. Similar regulation is currently being discussed on

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European and International standardization organizations.

Monitoring Methodology Monitoring Methodology

• All E4 project partners follow the same methodology when performing their

measurements in elevators or escalators. For this purpose a methodology for the monitoring campaigns was developed, based on the following documents: D ft I t ti l St d d ISO/DIS 25745 1 E P f f Lift – Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 25745-1 Energy Performance of Lifts and Escalators – Part 1: Energy Measurement and conformance, 2008; – EN 60359:2002 Electrical and electronic measurement equipment - E i f th f Expression of the performance; – Nipkow J. Elekrizitaetsverbrauch und Einspar-Potenziale bei Aufzuegen, Schlussbericht November 2005, Im Auftrag des Bundesamtes fuer Energie; – Lindegger Urs, Energy estimation: Document for E4, ELA, VDI & ISO, 11 June 2008; – Gharibaan Esfandiar, Load Factor for Escalators, EG (09/05/2008).

, , ( )

• A detailed description of the methodology can be found in project’s website

(www.e4project.eu).

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Lifts Monitored in Portugal Lifts Monitored in Portugal g

Description Control Type of building Year of instalation Velocity (m/s) Nominal load (kg) Motor nominal power (kW) Nº of stores

A geared traction elevator Electro‐ mechanic Residential 1982 0,6 300 3,3 3 B geared traction with VSD Electronic Residential 2000 1 430 5,5 9 C geared traction elevator Electro‐ Residential 1988 1 450 6 4 13 C geared traction elevator mechanic Residential 1988 1 450 6,4 13 D geared traction elevator Electro‐ mechanic University 1997 1 630 11 9 E geared traction elevator with VSD Electronic Office 2005 1 385 5,5 3 F gearless traction elevator with permanent magnet motor with VSD Electronic Shopping center 2006 1 1600 16 4 G geared traction elevator with VSD Electronic Residential 2008 1 480 5,5 9 d t ti l t ith H geared traction elevator with VSD Electronic Industrial 2008 1 1000 9,2 2 I gearless traction elevator with VSD Electronic Other 2009 1 630 4,4 3 J geared traction elevator Electro‐ mechanic Residential 2002 0,8 450 5,5 6 mechanic K gearless traction elevator with permanent magnet motor with VSD Electronic Hotel 2006 2,5 975 20 22 L geared traction with VSD Electronic Hotel 1985 1,6 750 22 23 ISR – University of Coimbra

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M geared traction elevator Electro‐ mechanic Hotel 1985 2 800 8,8 18

Lifts Monitored in Portugal Lifts Monitored in Portugal g

Y f V l it N i l M t i l Nº f Description Control Type of building Year of instalation Velocity (m/s) Nominal load (kg) Motor nominal power (kW) Nº of stores N geared traction elevator Electro‐ mechanic Hotel 1985 1 450 8,8 5 O geared traction elevator Electronic Residential 2007 0 63 300 3 5 7 O geared traction elevator Electronic Residential 2007 0,63 300 3,5 7 P geared traction elevator with VSD Electronic Supermarket 2007 0,6 630 5,3 2 Q geared traction elevator Electro‐ mechanic University 1976 0,6 450 8,9 6 R geared traction elevator with VSD Electronic Residential 2009 0,7 450 5,5 6 S geared traction elevator with VSD Electronic Office 2008 0,97 375 5,9 6 T hydraulic elevator Electronic Hotel 2006 0 63 600 14 7 3 T hydraulic elevator Electronic Hotel 2006 0,63 600 14,7 3 U hydraulic elevator Electronic Office 2008 0,63 630 7,7 3 V hydraulic elevator Electronic Residential 2008 0,63 480 9,5 4 X hydraulic elevator Electronic Industrial 2008 0,6 570 11 2 y Y hydraulic elevator Electronic Office 2005 0,63 640 14,7 5 Z hydraulic elevator Electronic Health clinic 2007 0,63 950 16 6 AA hydraulic elevator Electronic Office 2008 0,6 630 9,5 3

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Escalators Monitored in Portugal Escalators Monitored in Portugal g

Description Control Type of building Year of instalation Velocity (m/s) Motor nominal power (kW) Distance A escalator with VSD Electronic Shopping center 2006 0,5 9 10 m B escalator with VSD Electronic Supermarket 2006 0,5 5,8 18 m C escalator with VSD Electronic Supermarket 2006 0,5 7,5 18m D escalator without VSD Electronic Supermarket 2006 0,5 7,5 18m

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Lifts (All) Lifts (All) Running VS StandBy Running VS StandBy Running VS StandBy Running VS StandBy

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Lifts Lifts -

• One cycle energy consumption

One cycle energy consumption

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Lifts Lifts -

• Per floor energy consumption

Per floor energy consumption

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Traction lift typical Traction lift typical cycle cycle

Description Control Type of building Year of instalation Velocity (m/s) Nominal load (kg) Motor nominal power (kW) Nº of stores geared traction elevator Electronic University 1997 1 630 11 9 geared traction elevator Electronic University 1997 1 630 11 9 ISR – University of Coimbra

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Hydraulic lift typical Hydraulic lift typical cycle cycle

Description Control Type of building Year of instalation Velocity (m/s) Nominal load (kg) Motor nominal power (kW) Nº of stores h d li l El i Offi 2005 0 63 640 14 7 5 hydraulic elevator Electronic Office 2005 0,63 640 14,7 5 ISR – University of Coimbra

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Escalators Escalators Running VS Standby (lower speed+off) Running VS Standby (lower speed+off) Running VS Standby (lower speed+off) Running VS Standby (lower speed+off)

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Escalators B Escalators B

Description Control Type of building Year of instalation Velocity (m/s) Motor nominal power (kW) Distance B escalator with VSD Electronic Supermarket 2006 0,5 5,8 18 m p , , ISR – University of Coimbra

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Monitoring Conclusions Monitoring Conclusions

• The measured consumption in standby mode in elevators represents from 4,2%

t 90 3% (257 t 6001kWh/ ) f th ll ti to 90,3% (257 to 6001kWh/year) of the overall consumption.

• In

escalators this percentage goes from 1,3% to 54,25% (112 to 3017kWh/year); 3017kWh/year);

• Most of the building owners contacted during the monitoring campaign were not

fully aware of the technical achievable solutions for energy savings on elevator fully aware of the technical achievable solutions for energy savings on elevator installations and its impact on the overall energy costs of the building;

• Elevator associations and manufacturers should contribute to inform

the Elevator associations and manufacturers should contribute to inform the market.

• When

improving the energy efficiency

• f

elevator and escalators two When improving the energy efficiency

• f

elevator and escalators two approaches are considered: conceptual and functional. This means that it is not sufficient to consider energy efficient components (e.g. motors and drives,

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lighting, power supplies, etc) at the design phase, but also to take into account the way they are integrated and used;