ISR ISR - - University of Coimbra University of Coimbra E4 E4 E4 E4 - Energy Efficient Energy Efficient Elevators and Escalators Elevators and Escalators Elevators and Escalators Elevators and Escalators C Carlos Patrão, João Fong, Luc Rivet, Anibal de Almeida Carlos Patrão, João Fong, Luc Rivet, Anibal de Almeida C l l P t ã P t ã J ã J ã F F L L Ri Ri t A ib l d Al t A ib l d Al id id adealmeida@isr.uc.pt adealmeida@isr.uc.pt ISR – University of Coimbra 1
E4 E4 - - Energy Efficient Elevators and Escalators • The aim of this project is to characterize people conveyors (elevators p j p p y ( and escalators) electricity consumption in the tertiary sector and in residential buildings in the EU, and promote the efficient use of electricity in this type of loads through the application of the best available technologies in the market. • , The countries directly involved in the project are: -Germany – Fraunhofer Institute y -Italy – ENEA -Poland - KAPE - ISR – University of Coimbra Portugal, ISR – University of Coimbra 2
E4 E4 - - Energy Efficient Elevators and Escalators • The European Lift Association (ELA) with agencies in most EU p ( ) g countries also participates in the project, providing market characterization and together with other partners allowing a large replication potential in other countries; • Project website www.e4project.eu 4 j t ISR – University of Coimbra 3
Introduction Introduction • In the EU-25 -4,3 million elevators and 85 thousand escalators / moving walks. -125 thousand new elevators and 5 thousand new escalators and moving walks are installed each year. • New technologies and best practices namely EE motors and drives, regeneration converters, better controllers (hardware & software), optimisation of counterweights, direct drives versus rope traction elevators, cabin lighting, etc. can yield significant savings. • Within a drive class the best performing elevators can use up to 80% less electricity than the least efficient ones. ISR – University of Coimbra 4
Electricity consumption breakdown Electricity consumption breakdown in tertiary sector buildings in the EU in tertiary sector buildings in the EU in tertiary sector buildings in the EU in tertiary sector buildings in the EU Source EC Source EC- -JRC JRC Electricity consumption in the tertiary sector in EU-25 by 2020 is foreseen to be 950TWh. • Elevators and escalators now represent 4% of the total electricity consumption in the tertiary sector, with a trend for a significant increase of this share. Since potential savings of over 50% are possible, the impact of this project is the reduction of 20-25TWh, translating into the 50% ibl th i t f thi j t i th d ti f 20 25TWh t l ti i t th reduction of 9-11 Mtons of CO2 emissions. ISR – University of Coimbra 5
E4 Project Objectives E4 Project Objectives • Main objectives : • Main objectives : – to contribute to the market transformation by improving the to contribute to the market transformation, by improving the awareness of best practice solutions to provide vertical mobility; – to provide recommendations and guidelines to promote those practices; – to promote the improvement of energy performance of elevators and escalators in the tertiary sector (hotels, hospitals, schools, shopping centres, office buildings, etc.) and in multifamily residential buildings. t ffi b ildi t ) d i ltif il id ti l b ildi ISR – University of Coimbra 6
E4 Project Monitoring Surveys E4 Project Monitoring Surveys Very limited field y data on lifts and escalators. Monitoring surveys are g y being carried out in the four main countries directly involved. • In total, between the partners of the project, monitoring of over 60 elevators and or escalators will be performed elevators and or escalators will be performed. • This paper presents the preliminary results of the first 30 audits preformed in Portugal by ISR-UC (7 hydraulic elevators, 19 traction elevators and 4 escalators). ISR – University of Coimbra 7
Basic components of hydraulic Basic components of hydraulic elevators elevators elevators elevators • This type of elevator uses a hydraulic cylinder to move the car. An electric motor drives a pump which forces a fluid into the cylinder moving the car up. When descending, an electric valve opens and the fluid is allowed to drain (slowly) d di l t i l d th fl id i ll d t d i ( l l ) from the cylinder into the tank; • • Hydraulic elevators are available for lifts up to a rated speed of 1m/s The Hydraulic elevators are available for lifts up to a rated speed of 1m/s. The maximum travel distance for this type of elevators is around 18m. ISR – University of Coimbra 8
Basic components of traction Basic components of traction elevators elevators elevators elevators • There are two main types of traction elevators: geared and gearless (direct drive); • Geared elevators use a reduction gear between the motor and the sheave to reduce the speed of the cab, while gearless elevators the sheave is directly coupled to the motor. ISR – University of Coimbra 9
Basic components of an escalator Basic components of an escalator • Escalators are moving steps design to transport people, over a short distance, between two landings. The escalator is supported by a truss which contains all the mechanical components, such as the drive unit, brakes and chain; th h i l t h th d i it b k d h i • Escalators typically travel at speeds of around 0,5 m/s – fast enough to provide rapid displacement while not disregarding comfort and safety rapid displacement, while not disregarding comfort and safety. ISR – University of Coimbra 10
Elevator Technologies Summary Elevator Technologies Summary Type of elevator Typical applications Advantages Disadvantages Slow high energy Slow, high energy L Low rise i Hydraulic Low cost use, maintenance 2-6 floors issues Low cost for Speed energy Speed, energy Traction T ti Mid i Mid rise application li ti consumption Geared 3-25 floors Traction Traction Low Mid rise Low-Mid rise Easy installation Easy installation, Higher cost than Machine room- 2-10 floors energy savings, hydraulic option less Traction High rise High rise Energy savings Energy savings Gearless (direct G l (di t Highest cost Hi h t t over 25 floors High speed drive) ISR – University of Coimbra 11
Elevator market Elevator market • Until 1998, hydraulic elevators were the most commonly y y installed solution, -low cost, l t -security -very easy installation. In the 1990s hydraulic elevators sales in Europe represented about 60% of total market share. In 1995, with p , the appearance of the machine room-less traction elevator this tendency begun to decrease this tendency begun to decrease ISR – University of Coimbra 12
Elevator market statistics Elevator market statistics Source: ELA Source: ELA- -Elevator market Elevator market statistics statistics Existing elevators in Estimated market Country operation (2005) operation (2005) (2005) (2005) 72.148 Austria 2.855 77.000 Belgium 2.722 164 220 164.220 CH (*) CH (*) 6 791 6.791 631.000 Germany 11.450 475.000 France 11.604 26.800 Denmark 855 50 000 50.000 Fi l Finland(*) d(*) 840 840 790.000 Italy 17.900 7.500 Luxemburg 500 28.500 Norway 1.051 77.800 77 800 Netherlands 3.373 106.700 Portugal (*) 4.737 680.873 Spain 27.322 108.300 Sweden (*) 1.328 308.000 Greece (*) 8.475 70.000 Polland 2.000 77.500 Czech Republic 1.314 32.950 Hungary 1.000 240.000 UK 9.499 Total 4.189.191 115.616 ISR – University of Coimbra 13
Estimated market share by country Estimated market share by country Source: ELA Source: ELA- -Elevator market statistics Elevator market statistics Italy being the country with the highest number of installed elevators followed by It l b i th t ith th hi h t b f i t ll d l t f ll d b Spain and Germany. ISR – University of Coimbra 14
Barriers to Overcome by E4 Barriers to Overcome by E4 - Lack of awareness of building owners, investors and managers - Large transaction costs, which generally include costs of gathering, and applying information on energy savings potentials and measures, as well as costs to negotiate with potential suppliers, consultants or installers; t t ti t ith t ti l li lt t i t ll - Lack of information about energy consumption patterns - Split-incentives in building energy conservation, i.e. owners of buildings who do not pay the energy costs, are typically interested in low first cost solutions; - Lack of sufficient market structures and access to energy service companies, energy consultancies, energy agencies, etc; - High cost of advanced emerging technologies due to lack of g g g g economies of scale in their production. ISR – University of Coimbra 15
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