Dr. Stuart W. Styles Outline Introduction Irrigation system - - PDF document

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Driscoll’s Strawberry and Water Management Global Conference 2016

• Dr. Stuart W. Styles

Irrigation Systems and Hydraulic Concepts

Outline

• Introduction
• Irrigation system performance

– Distribution Uniformity – Irrigation Efficiency

• Irrigation scheduling
• Salinity management
• Certification for Irrigators
• Questions

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Irrigation Training and Research Center

California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo

ITRC Water Resources Facility

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Technical Areas

 Innovative research  Pragmatic training  Cutting-edge technical support  Supports Cal Poly BS and MS academic I&D programs  Irrigation district modernization  On-farm irrigation  Water balances  Automation/SCADA  Energy conservation  Water conservation  Flow Measurement  Crop Water Consumption

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Location

• f ITRC Contracts

California – 75% Other States – 20% International – 5% International – 5%

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• 1

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Drip and Micro Irrigation Design and Management

for Trees, Vines, and Field Crops

Practice plus Theory 4th Edition – 2009 Charles M. Burt, Ph.D., P.E. Stuart W. Styles, D.E., P.E.

Irrigation Training and Research Center (ITRC) BioResource and Agricultural Engineering (BRAE) Dept. California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) San Luis Obispo, California 93407-0730

Note: 5th edition in 2016

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California Agricultural Irrigation Dealers examining drip filters

Outline

• Introduction
• Irrigation system performance

– Distribution Uniformity – Irrigation Efficiency

• Irrigation scheduling
• Salinity management
• Certification for Irrigators
• Questions

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Basic Irrigation Performance

Distribution Uniformity (DU)

• Measure of how uniformly the water is

distributed throughout a field

• Always less than 1.00
• Always a decimal value
• 0.80 is a typical DU

DU

(NEVER PERFECT)

GOOD UNIFORMITY

Depth of Water

(NEVER PERFECT)

GOOD UNIFORMITY

Depth of Water

GOOD UNIFORMITY

Depth of Water Depth of Water Depth of Water

POOR UNIFORMITY

Depth of Water

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Efficiency

• Measure of water beneficially used in

the root zone compared to the water applied

• Always less than 100%
• Always a percentage value
• If perfect scheduling, then

Efficiency = DU * 100

Basic Irrigation Performance

Efficiency

Efficient

Depth of Water

Efficient

Depth of Water Depth of Water Depth of Water

Not Efficient

Depth of Water

Note: Uniformity is GOOD!

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Water Destination Diagram

7.7 in Net 8.5 in Avg = Net/DU 4% Losses 0% 50% 100% Gross Gross = Avg / (1 – Losses) = 8.9 in DU = 0.90

Water Destination Diagram

7.7 in Net 15.4 in Avg = Net/DU 4% Losses 0% 50% 100% Gross Gross = Avg / (1 – Losses) = 16.4 in DU = 0.50

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Outline

• Introduction
• Irrigation system performance

– Distribution Uniformity – Irrigation Efficiency

• Irrigation scheduling
• Salinity management
• Certification for Irrigators
• Questions

ET Definitions

• Transpiration: liquid movement of water from

the soil, into the roots, up the plant stems, and finally out of the plant leaves into the air as vapor

• Evaporation: conversion of liquid to vapor

from the soil or plant surface--this water does not move through the plant

• Evapotranspiration (ET): combination of

evaporation and transpiration

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Water Potential: Force for water transport in plants

To Atmosphere 50,000 cb Leaves 3,000 cb Roots 1,000 cb Soil 6 - 200 cb

http://www.freelearningchannel.com/l/Content/Materials/Sciences/Bi

• logy/textbooks/OpenStax_College_Biology/html/ch30.html

Transpiration Water moving out of the stomata as water vapor

Osmotic Potential: Force for water transport in plants

Roots 20 dS/m Soil 0.5 – 10 dS/m

Osmotic Potential Pure Water Semi-permeable membrane Salty Water

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How water moves through a “wall”

• Fresh water moves “INTO” the potato slice
• Salty water moves “OUT OF” the potato slice

Osmotic Potential

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Hourly Weather Data

• Air temperature
• Solar radiation
• Soil temperature
• Precipitation
• Wind speed
• Wind run
• Dew point temperature
• Relative humidity
• Vapor Pressure

Penman-Monteith Equation

∆(Rn – G) (ρa)(cp) λET = (es – ea) ∆+γ(1 + rs / ra) ra +

( )

Most important variable = Net Radiation

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• Different plants/varieties transpire water a

different rates

• Need the “kc” = Crop coefficient
• Different plants/varieties transpire water a

different rates

• Need the “kc” = Crop coefficient

Weather Station: We have ETo... How do we get ETc???? basic equation…

ETc = kc x ETo Crop Water Use - ETc

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k Calculation:

c

Generalized Crop Curve

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1

K c K cb K c

Planting Emergence Rapid Growth Effective Full Cover Maturation

Recommended ETo Zones

• Zone 1 (Z1) –

Oxnard CIMIS and FCGMA Etting Road Station

• Zone 2 (Z2) –

Camarillo CIMIS and FCGMA Camarillo Airport Station

• Zone 3 (Z3) – Santa

Paula CIMIS and FCGMA Moorpark Station

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Irrigation Allowance

Annual Irrigation Allowance* (Inches) Oxnard (Z1) Camarillo (Z2) Santa Paula (Z3) Typical Dry Wet Typical Dry Wet Typical Dry Wet Crop Category Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Avocado ‐ 20% Cover 22 25 21 25 28 23 28 30 25 Avocado ‐ 50% Cover 32 36 30 37 41 33 40 44 37 Avocado ‐ 70% Cover 44 49 42 50 56 48 54 61 52 Blueberries ‐ 50% Cover 32 33 31 36 37 35 39 41 38 Blueberries ‐ 70% Cover 44 46 42 49 52 47 54 57 52 Celery ‐ Fall 12 13 10 13 14 12 14 16 13 Celery ‐ Spring 20 21 18 23 24 20 25 26 22 Citrus ‐ 20% Cover 23 25 21 26 29 24 28 31 26 Citrus ‐ 50% Cover 31 32 28 35 36 32 38 40 35 Citrus ‐ 70% Cover 41 43 38 47 48 43 51 53 47 Lima Beans 12 13 12 14 15 14 15 16 15

• Misc. Veg Greenhouse ‐ Fall

10 10 10 11 11 11 13 13 13

• Misc. Veg Greenhouse ‐ Spr

16 16 16 18 18 18 20 20 20

• Misc. Veg Greenhouse ‐ Summer

15 15 15 17 17 17 18 18 18

• Misc. Veg Single Crop ‐ Fall

11 12 9 12 14 11 13 15 12

• Misc. Veg Single Crop ‐ Spr

19 20 18 21 23 20 23 25 22

• Misc. Veg Single Crop ‐ Summer

24 25 23 27 28 26 29 30 29 Nursery Container 53 56 51 60 64 58 66 69 63 Nursery ‐ Flowers 54 56 52 62 63 59 67 69 64 Raspberries ‐ Tunneled 54 54 54 61 61 61 67 67 67 Sod 48 51 47 54 57 53 59 63 58 Strawberries ‐ Main Season 29 30 29 33 33 32 36 37 35 Strawberries ‐ Summer 15 15 15 17 17 17 19 19 19 Tomatoes – Peppers (Summer) 27 27 26 31 31 30 34 34 32

*add 0.5 inches per frost event.

Allowance Values Compared to Progressive Strawberry Grower Applied Water Values

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 Allowed Water Estimate Grower 1 Grower 2 Grower 3 Applied Irrigation (Inches)

ETo Zone 1 Strawberry Water Application Comparison

Dry Typical Wet

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• METRIC – Using Satellite Images to

directly compute instantaneous ETc

• Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) is

an equation that takes into account the amount of infrared reflected by plants. Live green plants absorb solar radiation, which they use as a source of energy in the process of photosynthesis.

Other Methods to Assess Evapotranspiration

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• Soil Probe – checks for moisture depth

Other Methods to Assess if Irrigation is Adequate Outline

• Introduction
• Irrigation system performance

– Distribution Uniformity – Irrigation Efficiency

• Irrigation scheduling
• Salinity management
• Certification for Irrigators
• Questions

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2008 Climate Change Conference

Ref: CaDWR

Warmer temperatures

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Sierra Snow Pack

Dry Year Wet Year

Less stored water

3/23/2017 21 Ag Demand

Changes in the timing of the runoff

New Runoff

Solutions

• More storage

– Capture more rain and early runoff

• Improve water delivery systems

– Reduced spill – Better flexibility to growers – Better monitoring and measurement

• Facilitate adoption of new technologies

– Drip irrigation – Reduced Nitrogen-based fertilizer applications – Improve pumping operations with better efficiencies – Reduce conversions to diesel engines for irrigation pumps

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Current Storage: 4,493,000 af Add 6.5 ft = 290,000 af about $500M Add 102.5 ft = 3,920,000 af about $6B

More stored water

Why do strawberry growers use sprinklers on strawberries?

Dana Wisehardt – General Manager United Water Conservation District

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10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Production in CFS Time of the Day

Problem with Capacity - Hourly Demand on October 23, 2008

Dry Year Flow Capacity

United Water Conservation District

Problems with Sprinklers: Irrigation Runoff

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5 Year Study: Primary Objectives

• Keep strawberry transplants healthy
• Switch to drip irrigation as early as possible

Primary Issues

• Salinity near the plant
• Soil moisture/nutrient management
• Santa Ana Winds (hot, dry east winds in Oct/Nov)

Santa Ana Winds

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Conventional Protocol

• Sprinkler Irrigation for about 6-8 weeks

and then switch to Drip

• Sprinkler Irrigate for “events”, then switch

to Drip

• Start on Drip, stay on Drip

Partial Sprinkler Drip Only Salinity Sensor Decagon 5TE Soil Moisture Sensors -Hortau

3/23/2017 26 EC Sensor Sprinkler water movement Drip water movement

Sammis 11/13/08

Drip Only Note: Salinity problems showed up in less than one month

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Sammis 11/13/08

Conventional Note: Runoff problems with the sprinklers

Sammis 3/13/09

Drip Only

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Sammis 3/13/09

Conventional Note: Very little visual difference between Drip and Conventional

Conventional Protocol

• Sprinkler Irrigation for about 6-8 weeks and then

switch to Drip

• Sprinkler Irrigate for “events”, then switch to Drip
• Start on Drip, stay on Drip

Use Partial Sprinkler Drip Only

Recommendations

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10 20 30 40 50 60 Oct‐08 Jan‐09 Apr‐09 Jul‐09 Oct‐09 Jan‐10 Apr‐10 Jul‐10 Oct‐10 Jan‐11 Apr‐11 Jul‐11 Oct‐11 Jan‐12 Apr‐12

Sammis 4‐Year Total Water Use Comparison ‐Drip

Applied Water Precipitation

2008‐2009 Dry

Total Precip: 8.1" Total Applied: 30.0" Total Water: 38.1"

2009‐2010 Dry

Total Precip: 12.1" Total Applied: 24.4" Total Water: 36.5"

2010‐2011 Wet

Total Precip: 19.1" Total Applied: 17.2" Total Water: 36.3"

2011‐2012 Dry

Total Precip: 8.4" Total Applied: 33.7" TotalWater: 42.1"

Yield +10% Water Use -10%

3/23/2017 30 Data from California Central Coast Study Yield - 5,400 crates/ac Water Use – 2.2 AF/a Converting to metric: 120 liters/kg Using 7,000 crates/ac Projected: 93 liters/kg

• 600
• 400
• 200

200 400 600 Distance Across Bed (mm)

• 600
• 400
• 200

Depth (mm) 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 DripTape

• 600
• 400
• 200

200 400 600 Distance Across Bed (mm)

• 600
• 400
• 200

Depth (mm)

• 600
• 400
• 200

200 400 600 Distance Across Bed (mm)

• 600
• 400
• 200

Depth (mm) 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 DripTape

Example soil salinity (ECe) pattern for drip tape. ECw = .34 dS/m. Processing tomatoes, Westland Water District,

• California. Courtesy Dr. Blaine Hanson,

retired UC Davis irrigation specialist.

Salinity – dS/m

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Key Recommendation: Evaluate the Soil Salinity

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Evaluate the salt and water distribution

2 Tapes – High Flow 4 Tapes – Low Flow

Crop Threshold ECe (ECe at initial yield decline) dS/m Yield decrease per unit increase in salinity beyond Threshold

(% Yield

dS/m ) Crop Threshold ECe (ECe at initial yield decline) dS/m Yield decrease per unit increase in salinity beyond Threshold

(% Yield

dS/m ) Alfalfa 2.0 7.3 Lovegrass 2.0 8.4 Almond 1.5 19.0 Meadow foxtail 1.5 9.5 Apricot 1.6 24.0 Onion 1.2 16.0 Avocado 1.3 21.0 Orange 1.7 16.0 Barley (grain) 8.0 5.0 Orchardgrass 1.5 6.2 Bean 1.0 19.0 Peach 1.7 21.0 Beet, garden 4.0 9.0 Peanut 3.2 29.0 Bermudagrass 6.9 6.4 Pepper 1.5 14.0 Blackberry 1.5 22.0 Plum 1.5 18.0 Boysenberry 1.5 22.0 Potato 1.7 12.0 Broadbean 1.6 9.6 Radish 1.2 13.0 Broccoli 2.8 9.2 Rice, paddy 3.0 12.0 Cabbage 1.8 9.7 Ryegrass, perennial 5.6 7.6 Carrot 1.0 14.0 Sesbania 2.3 7.0 Clover;ladino red, strawberry 1.5 12.0 Soybean Spinach 5.0 2.0 20.0 7.6 Clover, berseem 1.5 5.7 Strawberry 1.0 33.0 Corn (forage) 1.8 7.4 Sudangrass 2.8 4.3 Corn (grain) 1.7 12.0 Sugarbeet 7.0 5.9 Corn, sweet 1.7 12.0 Sugarcane 1.7 5.9 Cotton 7.7 5.2 Sweet potato 1.5 11.0 Cowpea 1.3 14.0 Tomato 2.5 9.9 Cucumber 2.5 13.0 Trefoil, Big 2.3 19.0 Date Fescue, tall 4.0 3.9 3.6 5.3 Trefoil, Birdsfoot narrow 5.0 10.0 Flax 1.7 12.0 Wheat 6.0 7.1 Grape 1.5 9.6 Wheatgrass, crested 3.5 4.0 Grapefruit 1.8 16.0 Wheatgrass, fairway 7.5 6.9 Harding grass 4.6 7.6 Wheatgrass, tall 7.5 4.2 Lettuce 1.3 13.0

Tolerancia a la Sal

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Funciones de Producción

COTTON APRICOT

Relative yield, % ECe, dS/m

100 1.6 5.8 7.7 26.9 Threshold ECe Threshold ECe

5.2% 1 dS/m

1.0 4.0 Strawberry

Salinity Management

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Key Point: Chloride salts are BAD Key Point: Sulfate salts are NOT as BAD Key Point: Chloride salts are BAD Key Point: Sulfate salts are NOT as BAD

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Reiter Brothers Matthews 12”, 2 Step July 11, 2008 Reiter Brothers Matthews Ranch Well Water + Amendments – November 19, 2008

Na+ CaCo3 ppt Clay Colloid (negatively charged) Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Fe++ K+ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Mg++ Ca++ CO3

• NO3
• NH4

+

SO4

• Cl -

PO4

• OH -

K+ K+ H+ Fe++ Fe++ H+H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ SO4

• SO4
• SO4
• K+

K+ K+ K+ OH - OH - NH4

+

NH4

+

NH4

+

NO3

• NO3
• NO3
• NO3
• CO3
• CO3
• CO3
• Mg++

Mg++ Mg++ Mg++ Ca++ H+ CaCo3 ppt

Clay colloid with surrounding soil water and precipitates in the soil water.

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Deflocculate: To separate or disperse particles of clay dimensions from a flocculated condition.

Granular or Flocculated Platy or Deflocculated

High Water/Soil Salinity Regimen

• Bi-weekly applications of 2-3 gallons +/- 6%

Humic Acid product (Humax-JH Biotech or Premium 6 – BioGro)

• Every 4-6 weeks depending on the fruit cycle: 3-

5 hours of drip leach with 3 gallons of Mixwell – JH Biotech product.

• High EC water source is treated with 93%

Sulfuric Acid and Calcium Thiosulfate by continuous injection to a pH of 6.5-6.7. This system was purchased from Coastal Growers.

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Key Recommendation: Evaluate the Pressure Distribution

DU = 0.52

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DU

Distribution uniformity results of fields along the Central Coast.

Farm Location System DU Manzanita 2 Santa Maria 0.84 Manzanita 7 Santa Maria 0.86 Gamble Ranch Santa Maria 0.80 Los Padres Berry Farm Santa Maria 0.90 Sammis Oxnard 0.67 Eclipse Berry Farm (1) Oxnard 0.73 Eclipse Berry Farm (2) Oxnard 0.74 Peikert Ranch Oxnard 0.76 Corey Ranch Watsonville 0.87

Key Recommendation: Use the Rainfall for Salinity Mgmt

3/23/2017 39 Rain is slightly acidic because carbon dioxide dissolves into it…

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2016

Key Recommendation- Evaluate soils

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Key Recommendation:

Use Sprinklers during Bed Preparation

Key Recommendation:

Use Reduced Sprinklers during transplant establishment or Microsprayers

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Pressure Compensation (PC) Products

Outline

• Introduction
• Irrigation system performance

– Distribution Uniformity – Irrigation Efficiency

• Irrigation scheduling
• Salinity management
• Certification for Irrigators
• Questions

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Certified Irrigators

• Certification I

– Basic Soil Plant and Water – Irrigation Scheduling – Flow Measurement

• Certification II

– Basic Hydraulics – Salinity – Efficiency/ DU – Pumps

Example from Certified Irrigator I

Most popular Saddle-type Propeller Meter

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At least 10 diameters upstream without obstructions At least 4 diameters downstream without

• bstructions

Straightening vanes with open center Propeller flowmeter Air vent/vacuum relief at high point of pipe

Flow Meter 10 4

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Location, location, location

Saddle-type Propeller Meter

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Before After

Volume Applied (in Acre Feet)? For an 80 acre field, how many inches applied? Volume Applied (in Acre Feet)? For an 3 acre block, how many inches applied?

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Volume and Depth

Volume in Acre-Feet Start Reading: 382804 total gallons Stop Reading: 569715 total gallons Volume in Gallons: 186911 gallons (A) Volume in AF (1 AF = 325,850 gallons) 0.57 acre-feet (A/325,850) Applied to Field (Depth) Volume in AF (1 AF = 325,850 gallons) 0.57 acre-feet (same as earlier = C ) Area served (Acres) 3 acres (by meter = D ) Depth in Inches: 2.29 inches ( C / D X 12 )

Concentric Reducer

New: Magnetic Meters

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Example from Certified Irrigator II

Friction

The energy lost as water flows through pipelines is called friction (Hf )

Good Quiz Questions

• a. By doubling the hose length, the friction is ????
• b. By doubling the flow rate (i.e., velocity), the new

friction is ???? times greater than the original friction.

• c. By using half the hose diameter, the new friction is

???? times greater than the original friction.

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Lowering pH using Sulphuric Acid

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Review

• Introduction
• Irrigation system performance

– Distribution Uniformity – Irrigation Efficiency

• Irrigation scheduling
• Salinity management
• Certification for Irrigators
• Questions

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