Dr. Julian Berengut SSP2012, Groningen 20 June 2012 Motivation Do - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Dr. Julian Berengut SSP2012, Groningen 20 June 2012 Motivation Do - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Dr. Julian Berengut SSP2012, Groningen 20 June 2012 Motivation Do the laws of physics change over space-time? Do the fundamental constants change? Around 25 dimensionless fundamental constants: Coupling constants, dimensionless

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  • Dr. Julian Berengut

SSP2012, Groningen 20 June 2012

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Motivation

Do the laws of physics change over space-time? Do the fundamental constants change?

¤ Around 25 dimensionless “fundamental constants”:

Coupling constants, dimensionless mass ratios, mixing angles. e.g.

¤ ...plus some for General Relativity and Cosmology.... ¤ Cannot be predicted by theory and must be measured. ¤ ∴ Should not assume constancy or homogeneity.

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Light from Distant Quasars Δ𝛽<0 ¡ ¡Negative-shifted Spectra Δ𝛽>0 ¡ ¡Positive-shifted Spectra Δ𝛽=0 ¡ ¡Lab-Observed Spectra ∆α ¡< ¡0 ∆α ¡= ¡0 ∆α ¡> ¡0

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α-variation from quasar absorption spectra Webb, King, Murphy, Flambaum et al., PRL 107, 191101 (2011); King et al. MNRAS 422, 3370 (2012)

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Generated α-dipole data

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Berengut & Flambaum, EPL 97, 20006 (2012)

Terrestrial α-variation

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α-­‑sensitivity of single-electron transitions

Hydrogen-like ions Relativistic corrections

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α-­‑sensitivity of single-electron transitions

Effective principal quantum number s-wave Stronger relativistic effects in heavier atoms

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Optical atomic clocks

¤ Required limit : ¤ Best current limit (Hg+ vs Al+) :

Rosenband et al., Science 319, 1808 (2008) Dzuba, Flambaum, Webb, PRL 82, 888 (1999); Dzuba & Flambaum, PRA 77, 012515 (2008)

¤ Hg+ clock :

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Optical atomic clocks

¤ Required limit : ¤ Best current limit (Hg+ vs Al+) :

Rosenband et al., Science 319, 1808 (2008) Dzuba, Flambaum, Webb, PRL 82, 888 (1999); Dzuba & Flambaum, PRA 77, 012515 (2008)

¤ Hg+ clock :

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10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 Fe+ Hg+

Clock q-values (cm-1)

Fe Fe+ Hg Hg+ 1600 52000

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Where to find two orders of magnitude?

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Relative enhancement : Dy clock

Dzuba, Flambaum, Webb, PRL 82, 888 (1999); Dzuba & Flambaum, PRA 77, 012515 (2008)

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Relative enhancement : Dy clock

Cingöz et al., PRL 98, 040801 (2007)

Problem:

natural linewidths are not small

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Absolute Enhancement

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Absolute Enhancement

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Ag isoelectronic sequence

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Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, PRL 105, 120801 (2010)

Ag isoelectronic sequence

Pm14+

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Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, PRL 105, 120801 (2010)

Ag isoelectronic sequence

Pm14+

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50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 Fe+ Hg+ Sm14+

Clock q-values (cm-1)

1600 260,000 52,000 Fe Fe+ Hg Hg+ Sm Sm14+

14+

Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, PRL 105, 120801 (2010)

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Holes in highly charged ions

¤ Use highly charged ions ¤ Electrons in filled shells have maximal In ¤ Electron spends half time closer to nucleus

than other electrons in the same shell

Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, Ong, PRL 106, 210802 (2011)

Z 70 85

¤ Use holes in otherwise filled shells

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Holes in highly charged ions

¤ Use highly charged ions ¤ Electrons in filled shells have maximal In ¤ Electron spends half time closer to nucleus

than other electrons in the same shell

Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, Ong, PRL 106, 210802 (2011)

Z 70 85

¤ Use holes in otherwise filled shells

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Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, Ong, PRL 106, 210802 (2011)

Sm isoelectronic sequence

Ir15+

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Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, Ong, PRL 106, 210802 (2011)

Sm isoelectronic sequence

Ir15+

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100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 Fe+ Hg+ Sm14+ Ir17+

Clock q-values (cm-1)

1600 730,000 260,000 Fe Fe+ Hg Hg+ Sm Sm14+

14+

Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, Ong, PRL 106, 210802 (2011)

52,000 Ir Ir17+

17+

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Holes in highly charged ions : Ir17+

Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, Ong, PRL 106, 210802 (2011)

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Periodic Table Filling

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d

Finding optical transitions in highly charged ions

Coulomb Filling

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s

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Finding optical transitions in highly charged ions

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Tl isoelectronic sequence

Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, Ong, arXiv: 1204.0603 (2012)

Cf 17+

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Tl isoelectronic sequence

Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, Ong, arXiv: 1204.0603 (2012)

Cf 17+

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200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000 1400000 Fe+ Hg+ Sm14+ Ir17+ Cf16+

Clock q-values (cm-1)

1600 1,200,000 260,000 Fe Fe+ Hg Hg+ Sm Sm14+

14+

Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, Ong, arXiv: 1204.0603 (2012)

52,000 Ir Ir17+

17+

730,000 Cf Cf16+

16+

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HCI Clock Scaling Laws and Systematics

¤ 2nd order Stark shift ¤ Blackbody shift ¤ 2nd order Zeeman shift ¤ Electric quadrupole shift ¤ Fine-structure ¤ Hyperfine A coefficient

~ 1/(Zion+1)4 ~ 1/(Zion+1)4 ~ suppressed as 1/ΔE ~ 1/(Zion+1)2 ~ Z 2 (Zion+1)2/ν3 ~ Z (Zion+1)2/ν3

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Thank you

Collaborators: Victor Flambaum, Vladimir Dzuba, Andrew Ong, Samuel Bladwell, Lisa Kava, Mikhail Kozlov, Sergey Porsev, Vladimir Dmitriev, John Webb, Julian King, Michael Murphy, Steve Curran, Elliot Koch