Don Ritter School of Creative Media sustainability noun 1. the - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Don Ritter School of Creative Media

sustainability noun

• 1. the ability to be sustained, supported, upheld.
• 2. Environmental Science. the quality of not being harmful to the environment or depleting

natural resources, and thereby supporting long-term ecological balance dictionary.com

ecology noun

• 1. the branch of biology dealing with the relations and interactions between organisms

and their environment, including other organisms. (ie. plants and humans exchange oxygen and C02)

• 2. Also called human ecology. the branch of sociology concerned with the spacing and

interdependence of people and institutions. dictionary.com In ecology, sustainability is the property of biological systems to remain diverse and productive indefjnitely. wikipedia.com

sustain verb

• 1. to support, hold, or bear up from below; bear the weight of, as a structure.
• 3. to undergo, experience; endure without giving way or yielding.
• 5. to keep up or keep going, as an action or process: to sustain a conversation.
• 6. to supply with food, drink, and other necessities of life.

dictionary.com

synonyms of sustainability continual: repeatable, frequently viable: able to live and grow feasible: capable of being done unceasing: never ending imperishable: enduring, cannot be destroyed liveable: suitable for living renewable: can be restored, can be recovered supportable: capable of being supported, maintainable unending: never ending green: symbolizes concern for the environment

Sustainability: a state of continual and acceptable survival for the Earth and for the diversity of its living organisms and non-living entities

Environmental Concerns for Sustainability Components of the natural environment, including:

• the physical earth: inner earth, rocky crust, soil
• water: oceans, rivers, streams, lakes, glaciers
• atmosphere: stratospheric layers, climate, weather
• life: all living organisms, including humans, animals, sea life, plants, etc.
• wilderness: natural environments not modifjed by humans
• ecosystem: interrelated system comprised of all living and non-living factors
• biome: an specifjc ecosystem comprised of specifjc living and non-living factors
• biogeochemical cycle: exchange of chemicals between living organisms and the

physical world (clouds>rain>rivers>condensation>clouds) a healthy natural environment is required for the survival of humans and other organisms

Some Environmental Concerns for Sustainability: atmosphere atmospheric layers: the various layers of gases (air) surrounding the earth that are held in position by gravity

• fjve main layers in the atmosphere: exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere,

stratosphere, and the troposphere (closest to the Earth)

• other layers contained within the fjve main layers: ozone layer, ionosphere, homosphere,

heterosphere, and the planetary boundary climate: the temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, and other meteorological elements in a specifjc region over long periods of time weather: the temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, and other meteorological elements in a specifjc region at a specifjc time

Some Environmental Concerns for Sustainability: global warming greenhouse gas: a gas in the atmosphere that absorbs and produces radiation that causes heat; green house gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. greenhouse effect: the warming of the earth’s surface caused by green house gases global warming or climate change: “an increase in the earth’s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect.” Global warming can damage ecosystems (ie. melting glaciers can cause fmooding of coastal citys: Hong Kong, New York, etc. ) scientists are 95% certain that global warming is caused by human activities that are producing large amounts of CO2 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014)

Some Environmental Concerns for Sustainability: global warming

Some Economic Concerns for Sustainability economics: the science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption

• f goods and services, or the material welfare of humankind. dictionary.com
• a nation’s wealth
• how economic wealth is distributed within a society and throughout the world
• minimum wages for employment
• how human activities today will affect future people’s ability to live at the same

degree of prosperity and comfort

• sustainable consumption of good and services
• safe products
• sale of banned products
• customer privacy
• legal business practices

Some Economic Concerns for Sustainability: Gini coeffjcient Gini coeffjcient/index: measurement indicating income distribution within a nation map showing 2014 data: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coeffjcient higher numbers indicate more inequality red = high inequality (most of a country’s wealth is held by small group of people) green = low inequality (a country’s wealth is more evenly distributed)

Some Social Concerns for Sustainability social: relating to human society, especially as a body divided into classes according to status; of or relating to the life, welfare, and relations of human beings in a community: dictionary.com

• peace (not war)
• personal safety
• justice for everyone
• poverty
• discrimination
• urbanism (living in large cities)
• child labour
• forced labour
• indigenous rights
• labour practices

Ethics : an area of philosophy concerned with human values and with which human behaviours are considered good and which are not. Is sustainability a value or not? Is sustainability important or not?

Questions on Being Sustainable Which human actions are enhancing (improving) sustainability today? Which other human actions could enhance sustainability more? Which human actions are diminishing (reducing) sustainability? Which human actions could diminish (reduce) sustainability even more? Are people aware their actions are diminishing sustainability? Are people aware their actions are enhancing sustainability?

Sustainable Development “sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” from the 1987 Brundtland Report, United Nations United Nations (UN): an international organization of sovereign free states (free countries) that promotes international co-operation.

Sustainable Development Goals On 1 January 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted by world leaders at the UN

• 1. Poverty – End poverty in all forms everywhere
• 2. Food – End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote

sustainable agriculture

• 3. Health – Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
• 4. Education – Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong

learning opportunities for all

• 5. Women – Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
• 6. Water – Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

• 7. Energy – Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
• 8. Economy – Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and

productive employment and decent work for all

• 9. Infrastructure – Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable

industrialization and foster innovation

• 10. Inequality – Reduce inequality within and among countries
• 11. Habitation – Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and

sustainable

• 12. Consumption – Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
• 13. Climate – Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

• 14. Marine-ecosystems – Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine

resources for sustainable development

• 15. Ecosystems – Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,

sustainably manage forests, combat desertifjcation, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

• 16. Institutions – Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,

provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

• 17. Sustainability – Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global

partnership for sustainable development

http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/

Visual Semiotics semiotics: “the study of signs and symbols as elements of communicative behaviour; the analysis of systems of communication, as language, gestures, or clothing.” dictionary.com linguistics: “the science of language, including phonetics (sounds in words), phonology (arrangement of sounds), morphology (formation of words and relationships), syntax (arrangement of words), semantics (meaning of words), pragmatics (relationship between context and meaning), and historical linguistics.” dictionary.com visual semiotics: an area of semiotics that analyses how visual images (non-linguistic signs) communicate a message components of a sign: a) signifjer: the sound, image, or word within a sign (ie. a photograph) b) signifjed: the concept or meaning represented by the sign (ie. a person’s interpretation of the photograph)

Propaganda propaganda defjnition: “information, ideas, or rumours deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc.” “...it remains a fact that in almost every act of our daily lives, whether in the sphere of politics or business, in our social conduct or our ethical thinking, we are dominated by the relatively small number of persons...who understand the mental processes and social patterns of the masses.” Edward Bernays, Propaganda, 1928 Bernays--the pioneer of propaganda and public relations-- discovered that any medium can be used to infmuence people’s beliefs and behaviour; this idea is the basis of the advertising industry

SUSTAINED SIGNAGE

Sustained Signage is a series of contemporary prints and animations that convey concepts pertaining to sustainability, including destruction through war, overuse of the earth’s natural resources, polluting the environment, and exploitation of humanity. show signs and animation http://aesthetic-machinery.com/sustained-signage.html https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSH0bbHsqKWsBba6IbBpMQA

Framing

• using certain signs (images or text) that encourage an audience to have a certain

interpretation; framing exploits people’s stereotypes and beliefs Promoting Sustainability with Images

• show an image (signifjer) showing sustainability as desirable (signifjed)
• show an image (signifjer) showing a lack of sustainability as undesirable (signifjed)
• attempt to persuade people into acting sustainably

Fort McMurray, a great place for your children to play!

Fort McMurray, a great place for your children to play!

Fort McMurray is located in northeast Alberta, Canada, in the middle of the Athabasca oil sands, surrounded by boreal forest. It has played a signifjcant role in the development of the international petroleum industry.

Terminology for Digital Photographic Images digital cameras can create images using lossy or lossless image formats

• lossy formats use less storage, but they are technically inferior to lossless formats
• lossless formats can be edited in software (Photoshop) without degrading the quality

lossy format: JPG lossless formats: TIFF (can also have a lossless LZW compression) CR2 RAW (Canon, proprietary format) NEF RAW (Nikon, proprietary format) DNG (Digital Negative, open format) image resolution: the number of pixels within an image, 640x480 is very low resolution, 5760x3840 is high bit depth: the number of bits used to indicate the colour of a pixel 8,16, 32: number of bits per R,G, or B channel 8 bit = 256 grey levels, 16.8 million colours, 16 bit = 65537 grey levels, 281,474,976,710,656 colours

Basic Components of a digital photo/video camera such as a DSLR (digital single lens refmex camera) image sensor

• 3. SUBJECT
• 2. CAMERA

aperture (F = focal length/aperture) focal length (mm) depth of fjeld (area in focus)

• 1. LIGHT SOURCE

lens shutter digital storage

Auto vs Manual exposure in photo camera auto: convenient, but limited or no control of certain compositional features (depth of fjeld) manual: convenient, slower, but more control of certain compositional features (depth of fjeld, capturing fast motion, focus, maximizing quality with ISO) manual camera apps for smartphones can permit the following:

• white balance control
• ISO selection
• shutter speed
• manual/auto focus
• uncompressed image format

Apps for Android (some free some require payment):

http://www.androidauthority.com/best-camera-apps-for-android-188148/

various for iPhone (some free some require payment):

http://www.imore.com/best-manual-camera-apps-iphone http://www.cultofmac.com/408415/best-manual-camera-apps-for-iphone/

AZ Camera Manual Pro for Android

Lens

lens defjnition: camera lens: an optical device that focuses light onto the image sensor within a camera. A camera lens will typically contain an adjustable aperture and a mechanism that enables proper focusing of light onto the image sensor. Lenses vary in their focal length, indicated in mm’s, and the maximum amount of light they carry to an image sensor, indicated as 1:max aperture. (eg. 50mm 1:1.4) focus: the focal point of a lens where rays converge or from which they deviate; the position of an object or the adjustment of an optical device necessary to produce a clear image of that object through a lens lens focal length: refers to the magnifjcation characteristic, or fjeld-of-view, of a lens. A short focal length lens, such as 20mm, has a wide fjeld-of-view and a long focal length lens, such as 200mm, has a narrow fjeld-of-view.

Lenses 50mm F/1.4 prime 24-70mm F/2.8 zoom 70-200mm F/2.8 zoom 20mm F/2.8 prime

Distortion caused by focal length of a lens

Exposure defjnition: refers to the amount of light that falls on each area of the image sensor Correct exposure: refers to the amount of light striking the image sensor that will create the desired visual image. A correct exposure is subjective, but it will typically contain a wide range of exposure levels from black to white. A correct exposure is dependent on the following variables: lighting, characteristics of the image sensor, ISO, aperture, and exposure/shutter speed. Less expensive cameras are typically unable to get correct exposure under low light conditions.

• 1. light source/lighting: amount and colour of light in a scene. A camera typically has

a white balance setting for indicating the colour of light in a scene, such as sunlight, tungsten, or fmuorescent,

• 2. ISO: refers to the light sensitivity of a camera’s image sensor. A higher ISO number,

such as ISO 1600, indicates that the sensor is more sensitivity to light, and a smaller ISO number, such as ISO 100, indicates less sensitivity to light. A lower ISO setting provides higher quality imagery than a higher setting.

• 3. shutter speed/exposure time: indicates the amount of time that the shutter is open to

permit light from the lens to fall onto the image sensor. A shorter exposure time provides less light to the image sensor than a longer exposure time. When shooting video, the shutter speed cannot be longer than the duration of one frame. For example, if a video frame rate is 25 fps, the shutter speed can be 1/25 second or faster, it cannot be longer than 1/25 second. Longer shutter speeds will provide slightly blurred imagery for moving

• bjects. A shutter is the physical device in a camera that controls the duration of light that

will fall onto the image sensor.

• 4. Aperture/iris: the opening within a lens that controls the amount of light which passes

through the lens

Exposure: Aperture defjnition: the aperture, or iris, is an opening within a lens that controls the amount of light which passes through the lens onto the image sensor. A large iris passes more light and a small iris passes less light. The size of the iris opening is indicated with an f-stop number, such as f/4. f-stop(f/#): a measurement indicates the amount of light passing through an iris. An f-stop number is calculated from the focal length of lens(f) divided by the size of the iris. A smaller f-stop provides more light to the sensor than a large number, such as f/2 passing more light than f/4 standard f-stop series: f/1, f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, f/22, f/32, f/45, f/64, f/90, f/128 moving one item left in the series passes twice as much light

lens speed: the speed of a lens indicates its maximum aperture size (its minimum f-stop). Lenses are usually designated according to their lens speed and focal length, such as a lens being labeled as 50mm 1:1.8, meaning its minimum f-stop is f/1.8 and its focal length is 50mm. A lens with a small f-stop is called a fast lens because correct exposures can be achieved with less light or shorter exposure times relative to slower lenses, such as 50mm, 1:5.6 depth of fjeld: the depth of fjeld indicates the range of distances between the lens and the subject that are in sharp focus. The depth of fjeld is primarily determined by the f-stop; a large iris (small f-stop) will create a small depth of fjeld and a small iris (larger f-stop) will create a larger depth of fjeld

underexposed correct exposure wrong white balance (white cup is slightly blue)

• verexposed

shallow depth of fjeld large depth of fjeld Exposure: Depth of Field

large (deep) depth of fjeld

small (shallow) depth of fjeld

Exposure: Depth of Field the depth of fjeld indicates the range of distances between the lens and the subject that are in sharp focus. The depth of fjeld is determined by the following 3 factors:

• 1. aperture (f-stop of the lens)

large aperture(small f-stop) : smaller depth of fjeld small aperture(large f-stop) : larger depth of fjeld

• 2. the focal length of the lens:

longer focal length : smaller depth of fjeld shorter focal length: larger depth of fjeld

• 3. distance between lens and subject in focus: focal distance

shorter distance to subject : smaller depth of fjeld longer distance to subject : larger depth of fjeld

Depth of Field example

Depth of Field (DOF)

calculator for depth of fjeld: http://www.dofmaster.com/dofjs.html table for calculator for depth of fjeld: http://www.dofmaster.com/doftable.html

many smartphone DOF apps available

smaller aperture : larger DOF shorter focal length : larger DOF larger focal distance : larger DOF

Lighting

Basic Three-Point Lighting Setup:

painting by Georges de la Tour (1645-1648) Chiaroscuro (high contrast lighting)

Portrait Lighting

http://digital-photography-school.com/6-portrait-lighting-patterns-every-photographer-should-know/

Lighting for objects

http://www.diyphotography.net/21-photographs-and-lighting-setups/

Framing, Point of View, Field of View, and Shot Types

Framing: what is contained within a shot as determined by the point of view and the fjeld of view

low POV eye level POV high POV (crane shot) close up medium shot wide shot

Point of view(POV): the position that is used by the camera to create a shot, including:

• 1. vertical location of the camera relative to the subject
• 2. the distance between the camera and subject

Field of view (FOV) or Angle of view: the extent of what is captured by the camera as determined by the focal length of the lens on the camera (long lens: small FOV; short lens: large FOV) Shot Types (close up, medium, wide): refers to the amount of the subject that is being framed

Point of View

high POV low POV

wide shot medium shot close up shot extreme close up shot

Shot Types

Grounds foreground, mid-ground, and background

http://www.trustedreviews.com/opinions/photography-tutorial-landscape-photography-part-3_Page-2

Relationships between Lighting, Subject Distance, Focal length, Aperture, Shutter Speed, ISO, Perspective Distortion, and Depth of Field (page 1) No universally correct settings exist for lighting, subject distance, iris, shutter speed and ISO because different combinations of settings can provide various acceptable results. Greater amounts of light enable the following:

• use of a smaller aperture -> larger depth of fjeld
• use of lower ISO settings -> higher quality image
• use of higher shutter speed -> ability to capture fast motion without a blur

Lower amounts of light enable the following:

• ability to create mood associated with low light
• option to use large aperture -> small depth of fjeld

Greater focal distance (distance to in focus subject) enables the following:

• larger depth of fjeld
• option to use long focal length lens -> less perspective distortion (fmattening of image)

Smaller focal distance (distance to in focus subject) enables the following:

• smaller depth of fjeld
• option to use short focal length lens -> more perspective distortion

Relationships between Lighting, Subject Distance, Focal length, Aperture, Shutter Speed, ISO, Perspective Distortion, and Depth of Field (page 2) Long focal length of the lens enables the following:

• ability to magnify the image in the shot
• reduction in perspective distortion (straight lines appear straight not curved)
• a smaller depth of fjeld at a particular focal length compared to a shorter lens

Short focal length of the lens enables the following:

• ability for a larger point-of-view (fjsh eye and rectilinear lens)
• Purposely distort imagery (fjsh eye lens)
• distances exaggerated (fjsh eye and rectilinear lens)
• a larger depth of fjeld at a particular focal length compared to a longer lens

http://farm4.static.fmickr.com/3298/3411054616_5420afaa91.jpg Smaller aperture (larger F stop setting) enables the following:

• larger depth of fjeld
• ability to shoot in bright settings

Larger aperture (small F stop setting) enables the following:

• smaller depth of fjeld
• ability to shoot in low light settings

Relationships between Lighting, Subject Distance, Focal length, Aperture, Shutter Speed, ISO, Perspective Distortion, and Depth of Field (page 3) Fast shutter speed enables the following:

• capture fast motion without blur
• ability to use large aperture -> smaller depth of fjeld

Slow shutter speed enables the following:

• capture fast motion with blur
• ability to shoot under low light
• ability to use smaller aperture -> larger depth of fjeld

High ISO setting enables the following:

• lower quality imagery (more noise/grain) than possible with high ISO
• ability to obtain proper exposure under low light
• ability to use small iris -> larger depth of fjeld
• ability to use fast shutter speed -> less blur

Low ISO setting enables the following:

• higher quality imagery (less noise/grain) than possible with low ISO
• ability to obtain proper exposure under bright light
• ability to use large iris -> small depth of fjeld

Tshering Tobgay: Sustainability in Bhutan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Lc_dlVrg5M

Sustainability Photo Task create as many photographs as you want that promote issues of sustainability related to:

• environmental concerns
• economic concerns
• social concernss

Please bring up to 5 of your best photos to part 2 of the workshop on October 14 @ 2pm (on a USB drive or any other storage device)

• we will discuss your photos at that time.
• we will print one of your photos (33x48 cm colour),

which you can pick up the following week

• your photos will be placed on a City U web page as part of the workshop

name your photos as follows: lastname_fjrstname_photo-number. extension (jpg, tiff, psd, cr2, etc)

• ie. Chan_Mary_1.jpg, Chan_Mary_2.jpg, etc

indicate the photo you want printed with the word “print” in the fjle name,

• ie. Chan_Mary_3print.cr2

Thank you Don Ritter dfritter@cityu.edu Cleo Song zhengsong2@cityu.edu.hk phone: 3442 2413