Diesel Exhaust Particles and Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles Imperial - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Potential Health Effects of Diesel Exhaust Particles and Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles Imperial College London Public Health England Kirsty Meldrum

Effects of Particulate Pollution on Health

Diesel Exhaust Emissions Diesel Fuel Size Particles Number Exhaust CO2 CO PAH Emissions NO2 NOx Aldehyde Emissions

Improving Diesel Emissions Better Diesel going into the engine (10ppm sulphur content from 500ppm in 1996 – Euro 2 standards) Diesel particulate filters installed Catalytic converters Age of the engine (scrappage scheme) Additional catalysts • Adblue • Eloys • Envirox

Envirox (CeO 2 NP) Catalysts • Nanoparticles – Defined as a particle with at least one dimension of less than 100nm – As the size of a particle decreases the potential for it to cause effects increases Since 1999 – Eloys and Envirox – Changes what is expelled in the exhaust • Gaseous • Particles

Diesel Fuel (ultra low CeO 2 NP Catalyst Addition sulphur) Envirox (recommended Size concentration) Mass Particles Fuel Number Tank Good CO2 Bad Exhaust CO Neutral NOx NO2 Fuel Consumption Aldehyde Emissions PAH Emissions

Airway Epithelial Cells • Important exposure point of particles inhaled from the environment • In vitro model of human airway epithelium – Human Primary Bronchial Epithelial (HPBE) cells – Air Liquid Interface (ALI) +/- Diesel Transwell insert Apical chamber HPBE PE membrane Basal chamber Air-Liquid Interface Culture (x20)

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Exposure to DEP and CeO 2 NPs Diesel (NIST 2975) CeO 2 (Sigma <25nm) DEP+CeO 2 24 hours Transwell insert Apical chamber HPBE PE membrane Basal chamber Apical Basal compartment compartment medium medium ELISA CCL20 IL-6

IL-6 Release Following Exposure to DEP, CeO 2 and DEP/ CeO 2 in Concentrations Relevant to Normal Envirox use: Increased Apical and Basal Release at High [DEP/CeO2]

Release of CCL20 (MIP3- α ) Following Exposure to DEP, CeO 2 and DEP/ CeO 2 in Concentrations Relevant to Normal Envirox: Envirox Blocks Basal CCL20 Release *** *** *** ***

IL-33 Expression – Particle Exposure Only IL-33 DEP IL-33 CeO2 2.5 2.5 mRNA Levels FOC mRNA Levels FOC 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 1 0 5 0 8 8 2 4 m m P 1 2 5 0 0 . . 0 0 u E P P P u 0 . 0 e e . i D E E E i 0 e C C d d D D D e C e IL-33 Both e C M M 2.5 mRNA Levels FOC 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Medium DC1+0.008 DC10+0.08 DC25+0.2 DC50+0.4

IL-33 Expression – IL-4 Co-exposure IL-33 IL-33 2.5 2.5 mRNA Levels FOC mRNA Levels FOC 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 Medium DEP1 DEP10 DEP25 DEP50 Medium Ce0.008 Ce0.08 Ce0.2 Ce0.4 IL-33 2.5 mRNA Levels FOC 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 m 8 8 2 4 0 0 . . 0 0 u 0 . 0 + + i . d 0 + 5 0 e + 0 2 5 M 1 1 C C C C D D D D

IL-33 Expression – IL-13 Co-exposure IL-33 IL-33 2.5 2.5 mRNA Levels FOC mRNA Levels FOC 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 Medium Ce0.008 Ce0.08 Ce0.2 Ce0.4 Medium DEP1 DEP10 DEP25 DEP50 IL-33 2.5 mRNA Levels FOC 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Medium DC1+0.008 DC10+0.08 DC25+0.2 DC50+0.4

IL-33 Expression – IL-4/IL-13 Co-exposure IL-33 IL-33 2.5 2.5 mRNA Levels FOC mRNA Levels FOC 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 Medium DEP1 DEP10 DEP25 DEP50 Medium Ce0.008 Ce0.08 Ce0.2 Ce0.4 IL-33 2.5 mRNA Levels FOC 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 m 8 8 2 4 0 0 . . 0 0 u 0 . 0 + + i . d 0 + 5 0 e + 0 2 5 M 1 1 C C C C D D D D

Next steps

Thanks Terry Tetley Martin Leonard Lareb Dean Rachel Smith Tim Gant Sameirah Macchiarulo www.nihr.ac.uk