Designing Streets to Designing Streets to Increase Bicycling - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Designing Streets to Designing Streets to Increase Bicycling Increase Bicycling Los Angeles County Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority Metropolitan Transportation Authority June 2, 2010 June 2, 2010 Bicycle Bicycle
Bicycle Bicycle Solutions Solutions
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Census - Journey To Work data
SCAG 2010 travel survey
– – 12% of all trips are by bicycling and walking 12% of all trips are by bicycling and walking
MTA off-model analysis
– – 2.4% of all 2001 trips in LA County are by bicycle 2.4% of all 2001 trips in LA County are by bicycle – – Orange Line and Rail Counts Orange Line and Rail Counts – – results in June 2010 results in June 2010
LACBC – – City of LA Bike Counts 2009 City of LA Bike Counts 2009
Alta - National counting methodology
Emerging counting technologies – – Automated counters (for paths) Automated counters (for paths) – – Automated video analysis Automated video analysis
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City of Portland
Black lines indicate bikeways Bike Commute Mode Split
(by Census Tract)
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– – Greenhouse Gas (GHG) reduction Greenhouse Gas (GHG) reduction – – Travel (VMT) reduction Travel (VMT) reduction – – Compact development / infill / TOD Compact development / infill / TOD – – SRTS / Active SRTS / Active & Healthy Commutes & Healthy Commutes – – Health & Activity - CDC / RWJF Health & Activity - CDC / RWJF
– – US DOT US DOT – – State State – – Local Local
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http://www. http://www.fhwa fhwa.dot. .dot.gov/environment/bikeped/design gov/environment/bikeped/design. .htm htm
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Complete Complete Streets - Integrating the Transportation System Streets - Integrating the Transportation System Accommodating all modes = moving people, not just vehicles Accommodating all modes = moving people, not just vehicles
The California Department of Transportation (Department) provides for the needs of travelers of all ages and abilities in all planning, programming, design, construction, operations, and maintenance activities and products on the State highway system. The Department views all transportation improvements as opportunities to improve safety, access, and mobility for all travelers in California and recognizes bicycle, pedestrian, and transit modes as integral elements of the transportation system. The Department develops integrated multi modal projects in balance with community goals, plans, and values. Addressing the safety and mobility needs of bicyclists, pedestrians, and transit users in all projects, regardless of funding, is implicit in these objectives. Bicycle, pedestrian, and transit travel is facilitated by creating "complete streets" beginning early in system planning and continuing through project delivery and maintenance and operations. POLICY
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Act
– – ARB: Prepare and approve ARB: Prepare and approve Scoping Plan for maximum Scoping Plan for maximum feasible and cost effective feasible and cost effective GHG reductions GHG reductions – – Identify Identify 1990 baseline GHG 1990 baseline GHG level for setting 2020 limits level for setting 2020 limits – – Require GHG reporting by largest industrial sources Require GHG reporting by largest industrial sources – – Identify and adopt regulations for discrete early actions Identify and adopt regulations for discrete early actions
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Signed in late 2008
First US legislation to link transportation and land use planning with global warming planning with global warming
Compels local planning agencies to foster development foster development patterns that reduce driving (VMT) patterns that reduce driving (VMT)
Benefits beyond GHG reduction
– – Lower per capita transportation infrastructure cost Lower per capita transportation infrastructure cost – – Better health and fitness (more walking and bicycling) Better health and fitness (more walking and bicycling) – – Reduced air and water pollution Reduced air and water pollution – – Economic vitality Economic vitality – – Protection of agricultural land from development Protection of agricultural land from development
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– – Wider age range Wider age range – – Wider range of Wider range of motor motor traffic tolerance traffic tolerance – – Females Females – – Families (parents and young kids Families (parents and young kids biking together) biking together) – – Children and teens (school and personal trips) Children and teens (school and personal trips) – – Social Social bicyclists (who value side-by-side riding) bicyclists (who value side-by-side riding)
– – Complete Streets: Plan and design for all roads to Complete Streets: Plan and design for all roads to accommodate bicycling and walking accommodate bicycling and walking – – New tools in the New tools in the “ “toolbox toolbox” ”
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A standards manual, not a design guidebook
Based on FHWA 2003 MUTCD
New version based on FHWA 2009 MUTCD due January 2012; due January 2012; Caltrans Caltrans may may issue earlier issue earlier
An introductory design guidebook
1999 edition is current;
2010 edition imminent
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Section 1A.02 Principles of Traffic Control Devices Section 1A.02 Principles of Traffic Control Devices … …. . Guidance: Guidance: To be effective, a traffic control device should To be effective, a traffic control device should meet five basic requirements: meet five basic requirements:
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Section 9C.04 Markings For Bicycle Lanes Guidance: Longitudinal pavement markings should be used to define bicycle lanes. Support: Pavement markings designate that portion of the roadway for preferential use by bicyclists. Markings inform all road users of the restricted nature of the bicycle lane. Examples of bicycle lane markings at right-turn lanes are shown in Figures 9C-1, 9C-3, and 9C-4. Examples of pavement markings for bicycle lanes on a two-way street are shown in Figure 9C-5. Pavement symbols and markings for bicycle lanes are shown in Figure 9C-6. Standard: If used, the bicycle lane symbol marking (see Figure 9C-6) shall be placed immediately after an intersection and at other locations as
be white. If the bicycle lane symbol marking is used in conjunction with other word or symbol messages, it shall precede them.
Typical text Typical text
(Standard=shall, (Standard=shall, Guidance=should, Option=May Guidance=should, Option=May… …) )
Typical figure Typical figure
(Blue markups = California differences from US) (Blue markups = California differences from US)
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– – Volunteer experts (NCUTCD Technical Committees) Volunteer experts (NCUTCD Technical Committees) meet twice yearly for 2 days + email between* meet twice yearly for 2 days + email between* – – FHWA rulemaking process FHWA rulemaking process (>1 (>1 year)* year)* – – Requests To Experiment ( Requests To Experiment (RTEs RTEs)* )* – – Interim Approvals ( Interim Approvals (IAs IAs) ) – – FHWA MUTCD: Every 6 years or so (2003, 2009, FHWA MUTCD: Every 6 years or so (2003, 2009, … …)* )* – – CA ( CA (Caltrans Caltrans) MUTCD: 18-24 months later ) MUTCD: 18-24 months later
– – Tends to follow MUTCD, but not every MUTCD Tends to follow MUTCD, but not every MUTCD – – Over 20 years since last update* Over 20 years since last update*
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Many European European innovations await US innovations await US evaluation and evaluation and adaptation adaptation
Federal process
– – MUTCD timeline MUTCD timeline – – NCUTCD limitations NCUTCD limitations – – Federal experimentation funding and resources Federal experimentation funding and resources
Few cities have resources and willingness to conduct have resources and willingness to conduct well-structured, multi-stage experiments well-structured, multi-stage experiments
California process
– – Requests to Experiment Requests to Experiment – – California Bicycle Advisory Committee California Bicycle Advisory Committee
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– – Presumption of motorist fault when a bicyclist or Presumption of motorist fault when a bicyclist or pedestrian is injured pedestrian is injured – – Severity of penalties (loss of license) Severity of penalties (loss of license) – – US Right Turn On Red culture US Right Turn On Red culture
Different intersection details details
– – Near-side Near-side vs
. far-side signals
Different urban realities urban realities
– – Political feasibility of parking removal for Political feasibility of parking removal for bikeway installation bikeway installation – – Some things work at high bike mode shares Some things work at high bike mode shares
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OLD Designated Bike Routes NEW All roads open for public use should be considered for their potential to improve bicycling, based on need and road characteristics. LIMITATIONS Designated routes are chosen mainly to minimize impact on motor vehicle traffic Users typed by trip type: (recreation, commuting, touring, racing) or skill level: (high, moderate, child/novice) Facilities should safely accommodate the majority of
accommodate cyclists with moderate skills will meet needs of most riders; near school areas provide facilities designed specifically for children. Routes sometimes tied to trip types or skill levels. As a result, adequate route networks may not be developed
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CVC 21200. (a) Every person riding a bicycle upon a highway CVC 21200. (a) Every person riding a bicycle upon a highway has all the rights and is subject to all the provisions has all the rights and is subject to all the provisions applicable to the driver of a vehicle.... applicable to the driver of a vehicle.... A bicyclist may leave the right edge (CVC 21202) or bike lane A bicyclist may leave the right edge (CVC 21202) or bike lane (CVC 21208) if as fast as normal traffic, to prepare for a left (CVC 21208) if as fast as normal traffic, to prepare for a left turn, to pass, and to avoid obstacles and right-turn areas turn, to pass, and to avoid obstacles and right-turn areas
… …except toll crossings and posted freeway segments except toll crossings and posted freeway segments
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– – All drivers position laterally by speed All drivers position laterally by speed – – Enable or deter passing using your position in the lane Enable or deter passing using your position in the lane
– – Drivers position laterally by where they Drivers position laterally by where they’ ’re going re going – – Bicyclists choose the rightmost lane or space that goes Bicyclists choose the rightmost lane or space that goes where they where they’ ’re going (rightmost due to lower speed) re going (rightmost due to lower speed)
– – Transition from Transition from Speed Speed to to Destination Destination positioning positioning
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Driving Driving Your Bicycle Your Bicycle in Traffic in Traffic
Chris Chris Quint Quint, Long Beach resident and League Cycling Instructor , Long Beach resident and League Cycling Instructor YouTube YouTube: http://www. : http://www.youtube youtube.com/user/carrigan88 .com/user/carrigan88
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– – Handling skills clinics (off-street) Handling skills clinics (off-street) – – Neighborhood Neighborhood teaching rides teaching rides – – Tailored classes (women, parents, Tailored classes (women, parents, middle school kids middle school kids… …) )
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A Collection of Cycle Concepts, Danish Road Directorate, 2000
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– – Adequate width (8 Adequate width (8’ ’-10
’) ) – – Modify stripe to Modify stripe to correctly correctly guide bicyclists at exits and guide bicyclists at exits and right turns, as with bike lanes right turns, as with bike lanes
– – Provide through interchanges Provide through interchanges
– – Essential if multi-lane exits Essential if multi-lane exits and merges are present and merges are present
Topanga Canyon Road Topanga Canyon Road
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Are all lanes needed?
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Van Nuys Boulevard Van Nuys Boulevard
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Stadium Way Stadium Way
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Low volume enables a “ “full-width full-width” ” passing passing environment environment
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Hart Street (Van Nuys) Hart Street (Van Nuys)
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Courtesy Wilbur Smith Associates Courtesy Wilbur Smith Associates
START NO GO SHRINK LANE(S) REMOVE A LANE (“ROAD DIET”) REMOVE OR RESTRICT PARKING WIDEN ROADWAY
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NCHRP Report 330: NCHRP Report 330: Effective Utilization of Street Width on Urban Effective Utilization of Street Width on Urban Arterials Arterials
CONCLUSION: CONCLUSION: On urban arterials, 10-foot lanes are as safe as 12-foot lanes On urban arterials, 10-foot lanes are as safe as 12-foot lanes
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Potts, Harwood and Richard: Potts, Harwood and Richard: Relationship of Lane Width to Safety for Urban Relationship of Lane Width to Safety for Urban and and Suburban Arterials Suburban Arterials, , TRB 2007 Annual Meeting TRB 2007 Annual Meeting
CONCLUSION: CONCLUSION: On urban arterials, 10-foot lanes are as safe as 12-foot lanes On urban arterials, 10-foot lanes are as safe as 12-foot lanes
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Florida Department of Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) Transportation (FDOT) Conserve by Bicycle Conserve by Bicycle Program Study Program Study Phase I Report Phase I Report June 2007 June 2007 Appendix P: Appendix P: The Effect of Lane Width on The Effect of Lane Width on Urban Street Capacity Urban Street Capacity
CONCLUSION: CONCLUSION: On urban arterials, 10-foot lanes carry as much traffic as 12-foot lanes On urban arterials, 10-foot lanes carry as much traffic as 12-foot lanes
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“ “4-to-3 4-to-3” ” Road Diet, Road Diet, Valencia Street, Valencia Street, San Francisco San Francisco
Before Before After After
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51’ ’-53
’ curb to curb (10.5 curb to curb (10.5’ ’ lanes) lanes)
Rural -- few driveways
Miles of empty center-turn lane
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Street users see: Crosswalk users see:
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Very high motorist yield compliance high motorist yield compliance
FHWA Interim Approval (no need (no need for further experiments) for further experiments)
Can be solar-powered (cost << signal)
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A Local Street that’ ’s a thruway for bikes but not s a thruway for bikes but not cars cars
Parallel and close to a busy motor vehicle street
Serving same major destinations
Goal: A comfortable “ “full-street passing full-street passing” ” environment environment
Target motor vehicle volumes: 1,500 ADT (3,000 max) max)
Stop signs “ “turned turned” ” to side streets (for nonstop pedaling) to side streets (for nonstop pedaling)
Traffic calming as needed to achieve comfort goal comfort goal
Barriers to through motor traffic (natural or artificial)
Speed control measures measures
Possibly volume control measures measures
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A sample Bicycle Boulevard candidate A sample Bicycle Boulevard candidate Parallels Parallels Vanowen Vanowen St and St and Sherman Way for about 4 Sherman Way for about 4 miles, 0.5 miles from miles, 0.5 miles from each each Residential for its entire Residential for its entire length; few stop signs length; few stop signs Slow speeds, Slow speeds, low volume low volume 36 36’ ’ wide, with parking wide, with parking
Too narrow for bike lanes, Too narrow for bike lanes, which aren which aren’ ’t needed anyway t needed anyway
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A sample Bicycle Boulevard candidate A sample Bicycle Boulevard candidate
Van Nuys Airport Van Nuys Airport
School
0.5 mi 0.5 mi 0.5 mi 0.5 mi
School
2-way stop Frontage road enables offset connection Add creek crossing? Supermarket Add creek crossing?
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MUTCD R4-11 MUTCD R4-11 (FHWA 2009) (FHWA 2009) Victoria Victoria BC BC (on bridge) (on bridge) Long Beach, Long Beach, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz MUTCD W11-1 MUTCD W11-1 + W16-1 + W16-1
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Suggests bicyclist line of travel to avoid conflicts or hazards
CA MUTCD 2006 (along parking)
FHWA MUTCD 2009 (no restriction)
SF using it on intersection approaches
Not for use in bike lanes or striped shoulders
Parking context Intersection approach context
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Used routinely in northern Europe
Portland “ “Blue Bike Lane Study Blue Bike Lane Study” ” (color in conflict areas): (color in conflict areas): some issues with cyclists scanning less some issues with cyclists scanning less
Examples / experiments include SF, San Jose, Long Beach
Which color? Green: likely standard. Blue: unlikely (ADA).
South Burlington, VT South Burlington, VT Across US-2 freeway interchange Across US-2 freeway interchange Cambridge, MA Cambridge, MA Bicyclist through movement Bicyclist through movement Bend, OR Bend, OR Continuous color Continuous color
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Colored shared lane Colored shared lane
centered on 6’ green band
to avoid the door zone
lanes plus bike lane + parking
2nd Street through Belmont Shores 2nd Street through Belmont Shores
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(Advance (Advance waiting areas) waiting areas)
1-lane: Bike lane on right side 1-lane: Bike lane on right side 1-lane: Bike lane on left side 1-lane: Bike lane on left side
1-lane bike box enables through through bicyclists to avoid bicyclists to avoid turning motorists turning motorists (right and left (right and left “ “hooks hooks” ”) )
Multi-lane bike box enables turning bicyclists to move turning bicyclists to move laterally laterally in front in front of stopped
motorists motorists
Safety issue near end of red phase! phase!
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Figure: John Allen, www. Figure: John Allen, www.bikexprt bikexprt.com .com
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encourages left turning bicyclists arriving on red to move into “lane claiming” position at front of through- and-left option lane
legal advance stop line for motorists and enhances contrast against light concrete
bike box when signal is about to turn green
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from motor traffic, and absorbs excess width
wide for one bicyclist
second bicyclist shares bike lane or rides in buffer
and diverge areas must still be resolved by negotiating with motorists
2nd Street through 2nd Street through Appian Appian Way interchange Way interchange
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Manhattan - 9th Avenue (NYC DOT) Manhattan - 9th Avenue (NYC DOT) Buffered by parking lane with Buffered by parking lane with left-side door / loading area left-side door / loading area Parking becomes left turn lane Parking becomes left turn lane at cross streets that go left at cross streets that go left
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Manhattan - Grand Street (NYC DOT) Manhattan - Grand Street (NYC DOT)
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Based on FHWA 2003 MUTCD
New version based on FHWA 2009 MUTCD due by January 2012 due by January 2012
1999 current
2010 edition imminent
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1999, Dan Burden and Peter Lagerwey Lagerwey
Results from Seattle and elsewhere
July 2009, ibpi ibpi (Portland State University) (Portland State University)
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Caltrans, January 2005 , January 2005
1999, ITE (Reid Ewing)
Still one of the best references on the subject subject
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FHWA, 2001
2000, Contra Costa County
Good reference for path/street intersections
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John John Ciccarelli Ciccarelli Bicycle Solutions Bicycle Solutions (415) 912-6999 (415) 912-6999 johnc@bicyclesolutions johnc@bicyclesolutions.com .com www. www.BicycleSolutions BicycleSolutions.com .com