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Design of Wireless Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Design of Multi-tier Wireless Mesh Issues in Wireless Network Design Networks Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs Raghuraman Rangarajan

  1. Design of Wireless Outline Mesh Networks Introduction Outline Issues in Wireless Network Design Introduction Multi-tiered Wireless Network Design Issues in Wireless Network Design Solution Approach Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-Client Association Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Stage 2: WLAN Topology Design Generic Framework Topology Construction Generic Framework WIND wlan Tool Topology Construction Stage 3: WMN Topology Design WIND wlan Tool Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation Stage 3: WMN Node Locationing and Topology Design WIND wmn Tool Mesh Network Design Problem Summary Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool 14 / 112

  2. Design of Wireless Solution Approach Mesh Networks Outline Stage 1 Introduction Issues in Wireless Network AP-assignment Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: ◮ Analyse heterogeneous AP-assignment application deployments Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem ◮ Prioritise applications to Stage 2: WLAN Topology improve system utilisation Generic Framework ◮ Validate with simulation Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Summary 15 / 112

  3. Design of Wireless Solution Approach Mesh Networks Outline Stage 2 Introduction Issues in Wireless Network WLAN topology design Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: ◮ Framework for deploying AP-assignment WLANs from simple Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem network input parameters Stage 2: WLAN Topology ◮ Construct topology using Generic Framework Topology Construction AP-assignment solutions WIND wlan Tool as input Stage 3: WMN Topology Design ◮ Validate with simulation Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Summary 15 / 112

  4. Design of Wireless Solution Approach Mesh Networks Outline Stage 3 Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Mesh network design Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach ◮ Framework for deploying Stage 1: AP-assignment WMNs from simple Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem network input parameters Stage 2: WLAN ◮ Optimisation problem for Topology Generic Framework Node locationing and Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool topology construction Stage 3: WMN ◮ Minimise network Topology Design Mesh Network Design deployment cost using Problem Problem Formulation node and link costs WIND wmn Tool Summary 15 / 112

  5. Design of Wireless Outline Mesh Networks Introduction Outline Issues in Wireless Network Design Introduction Multi-tiered Wireless Network Design Issues in Wireless Network Design Solution Approach Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-Client Association Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Stage 2: WLAN Topology Design Generic Framework Topology Construction Generic Framework WIND wlan Tool Topology Construction Stage 3: WMN Topology Design WIND wlan Tool Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation Stage 3: WMN Node Locationing and Topology Design WIND wmn Tool Mesh Network Design Problem Summary Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool 16 / 112

  6. Design of Wireless Associating Clients with APs Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach AP-assignment Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs Given client nodes AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Compute APs required Topology Subject to capacity Generic Framework Topology Construction constraints WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN While minimizing |APs| Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Summary 17 / 112

  7. Design of Wireless Capacity of WLANs Mesh Networks Outline Aim Introduction ◮ Study single application Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design scenario Solution Approach ◮ Analyse 802.11 DCF Stage 1: AP-assignment mechanism Capacity of WLANs ◮ Realtime applications (voice AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN and video codecs) Topology ◮ Theoretical vs Simulation Generic Framework Topology Construction results WIND wlan Tool ◮ Capacity of system (in number Stage 3: WMN Topology Design of flows) Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation ◮ Base case for analysis of WIND wmn Tool heterogeneous deployments Summary 18 / 112

  8. Design of Wireless System Setup Mesh Networks DCF schemes Outline Scheme Data rate (in Mbps ) Introduction 802.11b 1, 5.5, 11 Issues in Wireless Network Design 802.11g 1, 11, 54 Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: Codec parameters AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology ↓ Parameters / Codecs → G.711 G.723.1 G.729 GSM Generic Framework Bit rate (in kbps) 64 6.4 8 13.2 Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Framing interval (in ms) 20 20 20 20 Stage 3: WMN Payload (in bytes) 160 24 20 33 Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation MAC parameters and Stack overheads WIND wmn Tool Summary 19 / 112

  9. Design of Wireless Theoretical Calculation Mesh Networks Terms Outline Term Definition Introduction pkt Packet size (at MAC, in bytes) Issues in Wireless Network ACK Size of ACK packet (14 bytes for 802.11) Design Multi-tier Wless Design r Data rate (in Mbps ) Solution Approach DIFS DIFS time (in µ S ) Stage 1: AP-assignment SIFS SIFS time (in µ S ) Capacity of WLANs slot Slot time (in µ S ) AP-assignment problem backoff Backoff Stage 2: WLAN Topology PHY PHY overhead (in µ S ) Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Throughput ( T ) Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Payload Problem T = Problem Formulation t total WIND wmn Tool pkt ∗ 8 Summary = DIFS + SIFS + 2 ∗ PHY + backoff ∗ slot + t pkt + t ack 2 Where, t pkt = ( pkt + MAC ) ∗ 8 , t ack = ACK ∗ 8 r r 20 / 112

  10. Design of Wireless Simulation Setup Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Implementation details Stage 3: WMN ◮ Opnet Modeler Topology Design Mesh Network Design ◮ Voice scenarios modeled as application definition Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool ◮ Number of flows increased until constraints failed Summary Constraints ◮ Throughput satisfaction ◮ Delay ≦ 75 msec 21 / 112

  11. Design of Wireless Results: G.711 Codec Mesh Networks Theoretical vs Simulation Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation Scheme 802.11b 802.11g WIND wmn Tool − → Summary Data rate (r) 1 5.5 11 1 11 54 Theoretical 3 8 10 4 25 39 Simulation 3 8 10 4 18 34 22 / 112

  12. Design of Wireless Results: Voice Codecs Mesh Networks Scheme 802.11b 802.11g Outline − → Data rate (r) 1 5.5 11 1 11 54 Introduction Issues in Wireless Network G.711 3 8 10 4 25 39 Design Multi-tier Wless Design G.723.1 6 10 11 8 33 42 Solution Approach G.729 6 10 12 9 33 42 Stage 1: GSM 5 10 11 8 32 42 AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs Table: Maximum number of voice calls: theoretical results. AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Scheme 802.11b 802.11g Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool − → Stage 3: WMN Data rate (r) 1 5.5 11 1 11 54 Topology Design G.711 3 8 10 4 18 34 Mesh Network Design Problem G.723.1 7 11 11 7 23 36 Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool G.729 6 11 11 7 22 36 Summary GSM 6 10 11 7 22 35 Table: Maximum number of voice calls: simulation results. Detailed calculation and graphs 23 / 112

  13. Design of Wireless Observations Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network ◮ Simulation results closely follow theoretical results Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach ◮ Theoretical results form upper bound Stage 1: ◮ 802.11g vs 802.11b: Effect of shorter timings seen in AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs 11 Mbps case AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN ◮ Delay ≪ Delay constraint (Max delay ≤ 18 µ S ) Topology Generic Framework ◮ Minimal variation in number of calls between codecs Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool ◮ CSMA/CA mechanism is main limitation Stage 3: WMN Topology Design ◮ Results well known [Anurag Kumar, Comm Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation Networking, 2005] WIND wmn Tool Summary 24 / 112

  14. Design of Wireless Results: Video Capacity Mesh Networks Scheme 802.11b 802.11g Outline − → Introduction Data rate (r) 1 5.5 11 1 11 54 Issues in Wireless Network Design SQCIF 128x96, 30fps 4 13 16 5 34 59 Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach QCIF 176x144, 15fps 3 13 20 3 31 83 Stage 1: CIF 352x286, 10fps 1 6 10 1 13 46 AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs Table: Maximum number of video flows: theoretical results. AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction Scheme 802.11b 802.11g WIND wlan Tool − → Stage 3: WMN Data rate (r) 1 5.5 11 1 11 54 Topology Design Mesh Network Design SQCIF 128x96, 30fps 4 13 16 5 29 76 Problem Problem Formulation QCIF 176x144, 15fps 3 13 20 3 27 94 WIND wmn Tool CIF 352x286, 10fps 1 6 10 1 14 52 Summary Table: Maximum number of video flows: simulation results. Detailed calculation and graphs 25 / 112

  15. Design of Wireless Comments Mesh Networks ◮ Homogeneous applications can be provisioned in Outline DCF Introduction Issues in Wireless Network ◮ Realtime applications can be provided QoS Design Multi-tier Wless Design guarantees - voice and video Solution Approach Stage 1: ◮ AP bottleneck: Equal opportunity CSMA/CA leads to AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP starvation AP-assignment problem ◮ Heterogeneous deployment difficult Stage 2: WLAN Topology ◮ Single FTP flow breaks delay constraint (G.711 max Generic Framework Topology Construction calls scenario) Extending DCF WIND wlan Tool ◮ 802.11e standard for QoS provisioning Stage 3: WMN Topology Design ◮ Complex standard, difficult to implement Mesh Network Design Problem ◮ Not widely adopted Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool ◮ Wireless MultiMedia (WMM) uses parts of 802.11e Summary Homogeneous analysis forms base case for analysis of heterogeneous deployments 26 / 112

  16. Design of Wireless Outline Mesh Networks Introduction Outline Issues in Wireless Network Design Introduction Multi-tiered Wireless Network Design Issues in Wireless Network Design Solution Approach Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-Client Association Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Stage 2: WLAN Topology Design Generic Framework Topology Construction Generic Framework WIND wlan Tool Topology Construction Stage 3: WMN Topology Design WIND wlan Tool Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation Stage 3: WMN Node Locationing and Topology Design WIND wmn Tool Mesh Network Design Problem Summary Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool 27 / 112

  17. Design of Wireless Problem Statement: Recap Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Given heterogeneous client nodes Stage 2: WLAN Compute APs required Topology Generic Framework Subject to capacity constraints Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool While minimizing |APs| Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Summary 28 / 112

  18. Design of Wireless Deploying Heterogeneous Applications I Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Issues with homogeneous capacity analysis Stage 3: WMN ◮ Network utilisation is not maximal (On average, Topology Design Mesh Network Design number of flows less than maximum flows) Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool ◮ Homogeneous capacity unrelated to heterogeneous Summary capacity ◮ WLAN capacity usually evaluated as maximum capacity 29 / 112

  19. Design of Wireless Deploying Heterogeneous Applications II Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Heterogeneous capacity analysis Stage 3: WMN Topology Design ◮ Capacity in terms of heterogeneous applications Mesh Network Design Problem ◮ Analysis of realtime applications with non-realtime Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool applications Summary ◮ Example: VoIP and FTP deployment 30 / 112

  20. Design of Wireless Deploying Heterogeneous Applications III Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Sub-optimal heterogeneous application deployment Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Deploy restricted number of priority applications Mesh Network Design Problem ◮ Implement priority mechanism Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool ◮ Number of flows = k ( < n , where n = homogeneous Summary capacity) 31 / 112

  21. Design of Wireless Deploying Heterogeneous Applications IV Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction Sub-optimal heterogeneous application deployment WIND wlan Tool Deploy additional non-prioritised applications Stage 3: WMN Topology Design ◮ Best effort service Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation ◮ Applications can be of same class as priority WIND wmn Tool Summary applications Use restricted number of flows to set ACL policies 32 / 112

  22. Design of Wireless Deploying Heterogeneous Applications V Mesh Networks Example Sub-optimal G.711 Calls Outline ◮ 802.11b 11 Mbps, G.711 codec Introduction Issues in Wireless Network ◮ Theoretical capacity Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Payload Stage 1: = T AP-assignment t total Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem pkt ∗ 8 = Stage 2: WLAN DIFS + SIFS + 2 ∗ PHY + backoff Topology ∗ slot + t pkt + t ack 2 Generic Framework Topology Construction 200 ∗ 8 WIND wlan Tool = DIFS + SIFS + 2 ∗ PHY + 31 Stage 3: WMN 2 ∗ slot + 170 . 18 + 10 . 18 Topology Design Mesh Network Design 1600 Problem = 934 . 36 = 1 . 712 Mbps Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Summary ◮ G.711 bandwidth b = 0 . 16 Kbps ◮ Maximum theoretical calls = ⌊ T / b ⌋ = 10 calls 33 / 112

  23. Design of Wireless Deploying Heterogeneous Applications VI Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach ◮ Sub-optimal capacity Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs ⌊ k . T / b ⌋ = ⌊ 1 . 73 k /. 16 ⌋ AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology ◮ Example: 30 % bandwidth reservation for voice calls Generic Framework Topology Construction ⌊ 1 . 73 k /. 16 ⌋ = ⌊ 1 . 73 ∗ 0 . 3 /. 16 ⌋ = 3 calls WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Summary 34 / 112

  24. Design of Wireless Sub-optimal Capacity: G.711 deployment Mesh Networks Outline Number of calls: ⌊ kT / b ⌋ Introduction k 802.11b 802.11g Issues in Wireless Network ↓ Design (in mbps) (in mbps) Multi-tier Wless Design 1 5.5 11 1 11 54 Solution Approach T b → Stage 1: 3.805 9.135 10.818 4.781 25.782 39.651 AP-assignment 1.0 3 9 10 4 25 39 Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem 0.9 3 8 9 4 23 35 Stage 2: WLAN 0.8 3 7 8 3 20 31 Topology 0.7 2 6 7 3 18 27 Generic Framework Topology Construction 0.6 2 5 6 2 15 23 WIND wlan Tool 0.5 1 4 5 2 12 19 Stage 3: WMN Topology Design 0.4 1 3 4 1 10 15 Mesh Network Design 0.3 1 2 3 1 7 11 Problem Problem Formulation 0.2 0 1 2 0 5 7 WIND wmn Tool 0.1 0 0 1 0 2 3 Summary Table: k vs Number of voice calls for G.711 codec. Sub-optimal capacity calculations 35 / 112

  25. Design of Wireless Sub-Optimal Application Deployment Mesh Networks Problem definition Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Application classes Problem Problem Formulation ◮ Alpha ( α ): Prioritised applications under ACL WIND wmn Tool Summary ◮ Beta ( β ): Applications with normal priority ◮ Gamma ( γ ): Applications of same class as Alpha running un-prioritised 36 / 112

  26. Design of Wireless Sub-Optimal Application Deployment Mesh Networks Problem definition Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design SOAP1 Problem Problem Formulation Given k Alpha flows ( | α | = k ) WIND wmn Tool Summary Compute number of Beta flows ( | β | ) Subject to constraints R SOAP2 37 / 112

  27. Design of Wireless Sub-Optimal Application Deployment Mesh Networks Implementation details Outline ◮ Contention-window based service differentiation Introduction mechanism Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design ◮ Impose ACL mechanism on α flows Solution Approach ◮ Add additional β andor γ flows as best effort service Stage 1: AP-assignment ◮ Extension of DCF MAC in OPNET Modeler Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem ◮ Constraints R : Stage 2: WLAN Topology ◮ α : Throughput and delay constraints Generic Framework Topology Construction ◮ β, γ : Throughput constraint WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Application CWmin CWmax Problem Problem Formulation VoIP (priority) 15 31 WIND wmn Tool FTP 31 1023 Summary Table: Contention window parameters for SOAP . 38 / 112

  28. Design of Wireless Sub-Optimal Application Deployment Mesh Networks Simulation setup Outline Introduction ◮ 802.11g mechanism Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design ◮ G.711 codec Solution Approach Stage 1: ◮ Application classes AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Application class Application Stage 2: WLAN α VoIP - G.711 Topology Generic Framework β FTP - 250 & 500 Kbps Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool γ VoIP - G.711 Stage 3: WMN Topology Design ◮ Constraints R : Mesh Network Design Problem ◮ For all classes: Throughput satisfaction Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool ◮ α : α k < 75 ms Summary Other simulation parameters 39 / 112

  29. Design of Wireless Sub-Optimal Application Deployment Mesh Networks Results Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design k | α k | α k delay | β k | β k throughput β k delay Solution Approach (in s) (in bps) (in s) Stage 1: AP-assignment 1.0 18 0.086 1 101247 0.008 Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem 0.9 16 0.070 2 758230 0.105 Stage 2: WLAN Topology 0.8 14 0.073 4 1481418 0.013 Generic Framework 0.7 12 0.073 5 2229776 0.015 Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool 0.6 10 0.072 7 2969675 0.015 Stage 3: WMN Topology Design 0.5 9 0.071 9 3386316 0.016 Mesh Network Design Problem 0.4 7 0.038 12 4293402 0.022 Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool 0.3 5 0.011 15 5179227 0.021 Summary Other results 40 / 112

  30. Design of Wireless Sub-Optimal Application Deployment Mesh Networks Observations Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem ◮ α = G.711 voice codec and β = FTP 500 Kbps Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool ◮ At k = 0 . 4 effect of β on α negligible Summary ◮ System utilisation improves from 30 % to 50 % ◮ Table used to set ACL - operating point of AP 41 / 112

  31. Design of Wireless Stage Summary Mesh Networks Outline Introduction ◮ Theoretical and simulation study of homogeneous Issues in Wireless Network Design and heterogeneous deployments Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach ◮ Joint deployment of realtime and non-realtime Stage 1: AP-assignment applications Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem ◮ Application prioritisation for sub-optimal application Stage 2: WLAN Topology deployment Generic Framework Topology Construction ◮ System utilisation improvement ∼ 75% over normal WIND wlan Tool DCF (with SOAP1 ) Stage 3: WMN Topology Design ◮ Access control limit mechanism for AP management Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool SOAP improves system utilisation Summary 42 / 112

  32. Design of Wireless Problem Definition Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach WLAN topology design problem Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs Given client nodes & deployment area, AP-assignment problem Construct WLAN topology, Stage 2: WLAN Topology Subject to capacity constraints, Generic Framework Topology Construction While minimizing nw infrastructure (num of APs). WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Summary 43 / 112

  33. Design of Wireless Outline Mesh Networks Introduction Outline Issues in Wireless Network Design Introduction Multi-tiered Wireless Network Design Issues in Wireless Network Design Solution Approach Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-Client Association Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Stage 2: WLAN Topology Design Generic Framework Topology Construction Generic Framework WIND wlan Tool Topology Construction Stage 3: WMN Topology Design WIND wlan Tool Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation Stage 3: WMN Node Locationing and Topology Design WIND wmn Tool Mesh Network Design Problem Summary Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool 44 / 112

  34. Design of Wireless Generic Framework Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Advantages Summary ◮ Allows planning for capacity at design stage ◮ Automate design process ◮ Eases validation with simulation 45 / 112

  35. Design of Wireless Outline Mesh Networks Introduction Outline Issues in Wireless Network Design Introduction Multi-tiered Wireless Network Design Issues in Wireless Network Design Solution Approach Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-Client Association Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Stage 2: WLAN Topology Design Generic Framework Topology Construction Generic Framework WIND wlan Tool Topology Construction Stage 3: WMN Topology Design WIND wlan Tool Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation Stage 3: WMN Node Locationing and Topology Design WIND wmn Tool Mesh Network Design Problem Summary Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool 46 / 112

  36. Design of Wireless Example I Mesh Networks Outline Office layout: (a) floor plan, (b) corresponding Introduction deployment layout Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Summary 47 / 112

  37. Design of Wireless Example II Mesh Networks Topology construction Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Summary 48 / 112

  38. Design of Wireless Outline Mesh Networks Introduction Outline Issues in Wireless Network Design Introduction Multi-tiered Wireless Network Design Issues in Wireless Network Design Solution Approach Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-Client Association Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Stage 2: WLAN Topology Design Generic Framework Topology Construction Generic Framework WIND wlan Tool Topology Construction Stage 3: WMN Topology Design WIND wlan Tool Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation Stage 3: WMN Node Locationing and Topology Design WIND wmn Tool Mesh Network Design Problem Summary Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool 49 / 112

  39. Design of Wireless Composite Unit I Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Definition Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Virtual network element constructed for aggregating Stage 1: nodes, or branch of network, and their properties AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN CU = ( CU ′ | NU ) + Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Where, Stage 3: WMN Topology Design CU = Composite Unit Mesh Network Design Problem NU = Node Unit (any network element) Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Summary 50 / 112

  40. Design of Wireless Composite Unit II Mesh Networks Class definition Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Summary 51 / 112

  41. Design of Wireless Wireless Infrastructure Network Deployment Mesh Networks Tool (WIND) Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Summary ◮ Implemented using C++ ◮ Input and output descriptions correspond with OPNET Modeler XML formats(for validation) Pseudo code for WIND 52 / 112

  42. Design of Wireless Validation I Mesh Networks Deployment layout Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Example parameters Summary ◮ 5 PDAs running a VoIP call (Load 100 Kbps) ◮ 5 Workstations running FTP client (Load 1000 Kbps) Information base and affinity factor 53 / 112

  43. Design of Wireless Validation II Mesh Networks Constructed topology Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Summary Simulation results ◮ Average VoIP throughput ∼ 100 Kbps ◮ Average FTP throughput ∼ 1000 Kbps 54 / 112

  44. Design of Wireless Stage summary Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach ◮ Framework for deploying WLANs from simple Stage 1: network input parameters AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs ◮ Inputs and Outputs modeled on simulator formats for AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN integration Topology Generic Framework ◮ Validation with simulation Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology construction tool for WLANs Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Summary 55 / 112

  45. Design of Wireless Outline Mesh Networks Introduction Outline Issues in Wireless Network Design Introduction Multi-tiered Wireless Network Design Issues in Wireless Network Design Solution Approach Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-Client Association Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Stage 2: WLAN Topology Design Generic Framework Topology Construction Generic Framework WIND wlan Tool Topology Construction Stage 3: WMN Topology Design WIND wlan Tool Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation Stage 3: WMN Node Locationing and Topology Design WIND wmn Tool Mesh Network Design Problem Summary Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool 56 / 112

  46. Design of Wireless Example Campus Mesh Network Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation ◮ Each building represents a WLAN WIND wmn Tool Summary ◮ APs connected to mesh with AP-mesh links ◮ Mesh nodes provide routes to gateway (through mesh links) ◮ AP-mesh forms a two-tier architecture 57 / 112

  47. Design of Wireless Mesh Network Design Problem Mesh Networks Outline Mesh network design problem Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Given deployment layout, AP nodes and their Design Multi-tier Wless Design characteristics Solution Approach Stage 1: Construct backhaul topology, AP-assignment Subject to demand constraints Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem While minimizing network infrastructure (mesh Stage 2: WLAN Topology nodes and links) Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Constraints Stage 3: WMN ◮ Capacity: Satisfy demand placed by APs (& their Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem underlying networks) Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool ◮ Cost: Minimise mesh nodes and links Summary ◮ Connectivity: Connect all APs 58 / 112

  48. Design of Wireless Example Deployment: 6 APs, 5 Mesh Nodes Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Deployment details Mesh Network Design Problem ◮ Potential mesh nodes = 5 Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool ◮ Transmission range AP = 1.5 and mesh = 2 Summary ◮ Upper bound on mesh links (G) = 4 ◮ Demands (100 Kbps) = < 1 − 2 >, < 2 − 5 >, < 2 − 6 >, < 3 − 4 >, < 3 − 6 >, < 4 − 6 > & < 5 − 2 > 59 / 112

  49. Design of Wireless Outline Mesh Networks Introduction Outline Issues in Wireless Network Design Introduction Multi-tiered Wireless Network Design Issues in Wireless Network Design Solution Approach Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-Client Association Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Stage 2: WLAN Topology Design Generic Framework Topology Construction Generic Framework WIND wlan Tool Topology Construction Stage 3: WMN Topology Design WIND wlan Tool Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation Stage 3: WMN Node Locationing and Topology Design WIND wmn Tool Mesh Network Design Problem Summary Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool 60 / 112

  50. Design of Wireless Network Model Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation Requirements WIND wmn Tool ◮ Determine potential links (Mesh and Mesh-AP) Summary ◮ Node and link costs ◮ Objective function ◮ Constraints 61 / 112

  51. Design of Wireless Computing Potential Links Mesh Networks Outline Introduction ◮ Distance-based: Compute distance between nodes Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design and compare with transmit radius of AP Solution Approach Example: Stage 1: AP-assignment Given AP = ( x , y , r , . . . ) , Mesh = ( x ′ , y ′ , r ′ , . . . ) Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Potential link condition: Stage 2: WLAN Topology � Generic Framework ( x − x ′ ) 2 + ( y − y ′ ) 2 < r Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN ◮ Power-based: Compute distance between nodes Topology Design Mesh Network Design using transmit power Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Calculating potential links using channel conditions Summary 62 / 112

  52. Design of Wireless Node and Link Costs Mesh Networks Outline ◮ ϕ v : cost of installing mesh node v . Introduction ◮ κ e : cost of installing link e . Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Cost of link Stage 1: ◮ Cost of hardware ( σ e ) AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs ◮ Cost of power requirements (determined by transmit AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN power) Topology ◮ Fixed power: κ e = σ e + ceil ( r 2 Generic Framework e /ρ e ) Topology Construction Where, WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN r e is transmit radius of node in link e Topology Design ρ e is a cost factor Mesh Network Design Problem ◮ Variable power: κ e = σ e + ceil ( tx _ dist 2 e /ρ e ) Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Where, Summary tx _ dist e is transmission distance ρ e is a cost factor 63 / 112

  53. Design of Wireless Objective Function Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction Objective function WIND wlan Tool Minimize Stage 3: WMN Topology Design � � Mesh Network Design F = κ e u e + ϕ v s v Problem Problem Formulation e v WIND wmn Tool Summary Where, u e = binary variable specifying whether link e is ON / OFF s v = binary variable specifying whether node v is ON / OFF Mesh topology design formulation 64 / 112

  54. Design of Wireless Constraints Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction Demand constraints WIND wlan Tool ◮ Total demand flowing on each link not to exceed link Stage 3: WMN Topology Design capacity (1,5) Mesh Network Design Problem ◮ Each demand has path from source AP to Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool destination (2,3,4) Summary ◮ Upper bound on number of demands per AP Link constraint ◮ Upper bound on the number of links per node - G (6) Mesh topology design formulation 65 / 112

  55. Design of Wireless Comments Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN ◮ Modeling of nodes and links as binary variables Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem ◮ Mixed-Integer Linear Programmming problem (MILP) Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool ◮ Finds node location and topology Summary ◮ Routing algorithm computes all pairs shortest path Routing algorithm 66 / 112

  56. Design of Wireless Outline Mesh Networks Introduction Outline Issues in Wireless Network Design Introduction Multi-tiered Wireless Network Design Issues in Wireless Network Design Solution Approach Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-Client Association Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Stage 2: WLAN Topology Design Generic Framework Topology Construction Generic Framework WIND wlan Tool Topology Construction Stage 3: WMN Topology Design WIND wlan Tool Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation Stage 3: WMN Node Locationing and Topology Design WIND wmn Tool Mesh Network Design Problem Summary Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool 67 / 112

  57. Design of Wireless Extending WIND Mesh Networks WIND wmn tool overview Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Summary Input parameter details Module details 68 / 112

  58. Design of Wireless Implementation Details Mesh Networks ◮ Implemented using PERL and ILOG OPL Outline ◮ CPLEX solver used for MILP formulation Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Summary 69 / 112

  59. Design of Wireless Experiment Details Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Parameter Value Issues in Wireless Network Design Area 100mx100m Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach AP/Mesh Tx Range 70m Stage 1: Mesh node cost ϕ 1000 AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs Mesh link cost factor ρ 10 AP-assignment problem Max. Links G 4 Stage 2: WLAN Topology Link capacity 10 Mbps Generic Framework Topology Construction Demand 1 Mbps WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design ◮ Mesh and AP nodes deployed randomly Problem Problem Formulation ◮ 11 artificially generated loads for each network WIND wmn Tool Summary scenario 70 / 112

  60. Design of Wireless Results Mesh Networks AP Potential mesh Exec time (s) Mesh nodes (min,max) Links (min,max,avg) Outline 8 5 < 1 2, 3 8, 10, 10 Introduction 10 7 50.93 3, 4 10, 13, 12 Issues in Wireless Network Design 10 8 69.86 3, 4 10, 13, 12 Multi-tier Wless Design 12 7 178.12 3, 6 12, 16, 15 Solution Approach 12 8 854.51 3, 5 12, 16, 15 Stage 1: AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs ◮ Average number of links: avg = ceil(average of all scenarios) AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN Topology Generic Framework Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Summary 71 / 112

  61. Design of Wireless Stage Summary Mesh Networks Outline Introduction Issues in Wireless Network Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach ◮ Framework for deploying WMNs from simple network Stage 1: input parameters AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs ◮ Node locationing and topology construction AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN ◮ Minimise network deployment cost using node and Topology Generic Framework link costs Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool Stage 3: WMN Node locationing and topology construction tool for WMNs Topology Design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation WIND wmn Tool Summary 72 / 112

  62. Design of Wireless Summary Mesh Networks Outline Contributions Introduction Issues in Wireless Network ◮ Provisioning 802.11 WLANs in homogeneous and Design Multi-tier Wless Design Solution Approach heterogeneous scenarios. Stage 1: ◮ Capacity-constrained design of wireless networks. AP-assignment Capacity of WLANs ◮ WIND tool for design of local area and backhaul AP-assignment problem Stage 2: WLAN wireless networks. Topology Generic Framework Possible extensions Topology Construction WIND wlan Tool ◮ Include coverage as constraint in design problem Stage 3: WMN Topology Design ◮ Scheduling and routing issues in WMN design Mesh Network Design Problem Problem Formulation ◮ Use of tool in other areas: Sensor networks (lifetime WIND wmn Tool constraint), Sparse networks (reachability) Summary 73 / 112

  63. Design of Wireless Mesh Networks Appendix Appendix Publications Capacity of WLANs Publications WLAN Design Mesh Network Design Capacity of WLANs WLAN Design Mesh Network Design 74 / 112

  64. Design of Wireless Publications Mesh Networks ◮ Automatic topology generation for a class of wireless networks. IEEE Appendix International Conference On Personal Wireless Communications , 2005. Publications Joint work with: Sridhar Iyer. ◮ Automated design of VoIP-enabled 802.11g WLANs. OPNETWORK , Capacity of WLANs 2005. Joint work with: Sridhar Iyer and Atanu Guchhait. ◮ Designing multi-tier wireless mesh networks: Capacity-constrained WLAN Design placement of mesh backbone nodes. World Wireless Congress , 2006. Mesh Network Joint work with: Sridhar Iyer. Design ◮ Capacity-constrained design of resilient multi-tier wireless mesh networks. IEEE Infocom Student Workshop , 2006. Joint work with: Sridhar Iyer. ◮ WIND: A Tool for capacity-constrained design of resilient multi-tier wireless mesh networks. IEEE Infocom Poster Session , 2006. Joint work with: Sridhar Iyer. ◮ Bridging the gap between reality and simulations: An Ethernet case study. IEEE International Conference on Information Technology , 2006. Joint work with: Punit Rathod and Srinath Perur. ◮ VoIP-based intra-village teleconnectivity: An architecture and case study. First annual workshop on Wireless Systems: Advanced Research and Development (WISARD) , 2006. Joint work with: Janak Chandarana, K. Sravana Kumar, Srinath Perur, Sameer Sahasrabuddhe and Sridhar Iyer. 75 / 112

  65. Design of Wireless MAC Parameters and Stack Overheads Mesh Networks 802.11 DCF MAC parameters Appendix Parameter (in µ S ) 802.11b 802.11g Publications Slot time 20 9 Capacity of SIFS 10 10 WLANs DIFS (= SIFS + 2 * Slot time) 50 28 WLAN Design PHY preamble 192 20 Mesh Network Signal extension - 6 Design Table: 802.11 b and g MAC parameters: timing, preamble transmission time and signal extension. Stack overheads Overhead Value (in bytes) RTP 12 UDP 8 IP 20 MAC 34 Table: RTP , UDP , IP and MAC stack overheads. Go back 76 / 112

  66. Design of Wireless Voice Capacity: Maximum Calls I Mesh Networks Appendix Publications Capacity of WLANs WLAN Design Mesh Network Design Figure: Maximum G.723.1 voice calls: theoretical vs simulation results. 77 / 112

  67. Design of Wireless Voice Capacity: Maximum Calls II Mesh Networks Appendix Publications Capacity of WLANs WLAN Design Mesh Network Design Figure: Maximum G.729 voice calls: theoretical vs simulation results. 78 / 112

  68. Design of Wireless Voice Capacity: Maximum Calls III Mesh Networks Appendix Publications Capacity of WLANs WLAN Design Mesh Network Design Figure: Maximum GSM voice calls: theoretical vs simulation results. 79 / 112

  69. Design of Wireless Voice Capacity: Maximum Calls IV Mesh Networks Appendix Publications Capacity of WLANs WLAN Design Mesh Network Design Figure: Delay for voice schemes in 802.11b/g. Go back 80 / 112

  70. Design of Wireless Voice Capacity: Detailed Calculations Mesh Networks Scheme 802.11b 802.11g − → Appendix Data rate (r) 1 5.5 11 1 11 54 Publications pkt G.711 200 200 200 200 200 200 (in bytes) G.723.1 64 64 64 64 64 64 Capacity of G.729 60 60 60 60 60 60 WLANs GSM 73 73 73 73 73 73 DIFS 50 50 50 28 28 28 WLAN Design SIFS 10 10 10 10 10 10 PHY 192 192 192 20 20 20 Mesh Network backoff 31 31 31 31 31 31 Design slot 20 20 20 9 9 9 t pkt G.711 1872 340.364 170.182 1872 170.182 34.667 (in µ s ) G.723.1 784 142.546 71.273 784 71.273 14.519 G.729 752 136.727 68.364 752 68.364 13.926 GSM 856 155.636 77.818 856 77.818 15.852 t ack (in µ s ) 112 20.364 10.182 112 10.182 2.074 Throughput (T) G.711 0.584 1.435 1.712 0.727 4.022 6.293 (in Mbps) G.723.1 0.310 0.558 0.613 0.460 1.713 2.187 G.729 0.297 0.527 0.577 0.444 1.621 2.056 GSM 0.339 0.628 0.694 0.493 1.912 2.481 Bandwidth (b) G.711 0.160 0.160 0.160 0.160 0.160 0.160 (in Mbps) G.723.1 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051 G.729 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 GSM 0.058 0.058 0.058 0.058 0.058 0.058 Number of calls G.711 3 8 10 4 25 39 G.723.1 6 10 11 8 33 42 G.729 6 10 12 9 33 42 GSM 5 10 11 8 32 42 Table: Number of voice calls: voice capacity calculations. Go back 81 / 112

  71. Design of Wireless Voice Capacity: 39 Call Scenario Mesh Networks Simulation: 802.11g - G.711 codec ◮ Maximum 39 voice calls Appendix Publications ◮ Packet drop ≤ 20 % Capacity of ◮ Delay bounded WLANs WLAN Design Mesh Network Design Figure: Load and throughput for G.711, 54 mbps 802.11g - 39 call scenario. Go back 82 / 112

  72. Design of Wireless Video Capacity: Theoretical Calculation Mesh Networks Throughput equation: Extension for large payloads Appendix Publications ◮ Maximum MAC payload size = 2304 bytes Capacity of WLANs ◮ Large packets are fragmented WLAN Design ◮ Depending on codec, video packets may be Mesh Network fragmented Design Payload = T frag backoff ∗ slot + t frag ∗ frag _ num 2 Where, t frag = DIFS + SIFS + 2 ∗ PHY + t pkt frag + t ack t pkt frag = ( pkt frag + MAC ) ∗ 8 r frag _ num = ⌈ pkt / pkt frag ⌉ Go back 83 / 112

  73. Design of Wireless Video Capacity: Maximum Calls I Mesh Networks Appendix Publications Capacity of WLANs WLAN Design Mesh Network Design Figure: Maximum CIF video flows: theoretical vs simulation results. 84 / 112

  74. Design of Wireless Video Capacity: Maximum Calls II Mesh Networks Appendix Publications Capacity of WLANs WLAN Design Mesh Network Design Figure: Maximum QCIF video flows: theoretical vs simulation results. 85 / 112

  75. Design of Wireless Video Capacity: Maximum Calls III Mesh Networks Appendix Publications Capacity of WLANs WLAN Design Mesh Network Design Figure: Maximum SQCIF video flows: theoretical vs simulation results. 86 / 112

  76. Design of Wireless Video Capacity: Maximum Calls IV Mesh Networks Appendix Publications Capacity of WLANs WLAN Design Mesh Network Design Figure: Delay for video schemes in 802.11b/g. Go back 87 / 112

  77. Design of Wireless Video Capacity: Observations Mesh Networks Appendix Publications Capacity of WLANs WLAN Design ◮ Large packet size affects maximum number of flows Mesh Network Design ◮ Maximum number of flows varies with codec (unlike Voice codecs) ◮ Efficient use of channel due to large packet size Go back 88 / 112

  78. Design of Wireless Video Capacity: Detailed Calculations Mesh Networks Scheme 802.11b 802.11g Appendix − → Data rate (r) 1 5.5 11 1 11 54 Publications pkt SQCIF 304 304 304 304 304 304 (in bytes) QCIF 1112 1112 1112 1112 1112 1112 Capacity of CIF 3256 3256 3256 3256 3256 3256 WLANs frag _ size 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 WLAN Design fragments SQCIF 1 1 1 1 1 1 per pkt QCIF 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mesh Network CIF 3 3 3 3 3 3 Design DIFS 50 50 50 28 28 28 SIFS 10 10 10 10 10 10 PHY 192 192 192 20 20 20 backoff 31 31 31 31 31 31 slot 20 20 20 9 9 9 t pkt SQCIF 2704 491.636 245.818 2710 251.818 56.074 (in µ s ) QCIF 9168 1666.909 833.455 9174 839.455 175.778 CIF 12000 2181.818 1090.909 12006 1096.909 228.222 t ack (in µ s ) 1.978 0.36 0.18 7.978 6.18 6.037 Throughput SQCIF 0.681 1.921 2.408 0.799 5.009 8.635 (T) QCIF 0.887 3.644 5.568 0.936 8.290 22.165 (in Mbps) CIF 0.686 3.281 5.267 0.709 7.016 24.065 Bandwidth (b) SQCIF 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 (in Mbps) QCIF 0.267 0.267 0.267 0.267 0.267 0.267 CIF 0.521 0.521 0.521 0.521 0.521 0.521 Number of calls SQCIF 4 13 16 5 34 59 QCIF 3 13 20 3 31 83 CIF 1 6 10 1 13 46 Table: Number of video flows: video capacity calculations. Go back 89 / 112

  79. Design of Wireless Extending DCF to provide guarantees I Mesh Networks Appendix Publications Capacity of WLANs WLAN Design Mesh Network Design Figure: Contention window for ACL scheme - VoIP + FTP flows. Extended DCF ◮ Simple scheme to differentiate traffic flows ◮ Prioritise realtime time applications ◮ Additional flows of best effort service 90 / 112

  80. Design of Wireless Extending DCF to provide guarantees II Mesh Networks Application CWmin CWmax Appendix Publications VoIP (priority) 15 31 Capacity of FTP 31 1023 WLANs WLAN Design Table: Contention window parameters for SOAP . Mesh Network Design Attribute Value Command mix (get/total) 50% Inter-request time (s) exponential(60) File size (bytes) constant(125000) Fragmentation size (bytes) 1500 Type of service Best Effort (AC_BE) Table: FTP simulation parameters. 91 / 112

  81. Design of Wireless Extending DCF to provide guarantees III Mesh Networks Appendix Scheme Load (in bps) Throughput (in bps) Delay (in sec) Publications DCF 81265 73712 0.009 Capacity of Extended DCF 89575 85612 0.019 WLANs Table: Comparison of VoIP plus FTP performance DCF. WLAN Design Mesh Network Design Observations ◮ FTP flows in extended DCF = 4 ◮ VoIP delay in extended DCF ≤ 0.062s ◮ VoIP delay in DCF ≥ 0.1s Go back 92 / 112

  82. Design of Wireless Sub-optimal Capacity: Voice Codecs Mesh Networks Appendix Number of calls: ⌊ kT / b ⌋ Publications k 802.11b 802.11g Capacity of ↓ (in mbps) (in mbps) WLANs 1 5.5 11 1 11 54 WLAN Design T b → 6.494 11.15 12.115 9.966 34.608 43.093 Mesh Network Design 1.0 6 11 12 9 34 43 0.9 5 10 10 8 31 38 0.8 5 8 9 7 27 34 0.7 4 7 8 6 24 30 0.6 3 6 7 5 20 25 0.5 3 5 6 4 17 21 0.4 2 4 4 3 13 17 0.3 1 3 3 2 10 12 0.2 1 2 2 1 6 8 0.1 0 1 1 0 3 4 Table: k vs Number of voice calls for G.723.1 codec. 93 / 112

  83. Design of Wireless Sub-optimal Capacity: Voice Codecs Mesh Networks Appendix Number of calls: ⌊ kT / b ⌋ Publications k 802.11b 802.11g Capacity of ↓ (in mbps) (in mbps) WLANs 1 5.5 11 1 11 54 WLAN Design T b → 6.631 11.222 12.157 10.294 34.96 43.204 Mesh Network Design 1.0 6 11 12 9 34 43 0.9 5 10 10 9 31 38 0.8 5 8 9 8 27 34 0.7 4 7 8 7 24 30 0.6 3 6 7 6 20 25 0.5 3 5 6 5 17 21 0.4 2 4 4 4 13 17 0.3 1 3 3 3 10 12 0.2 1 2 2 2 6 8 0.1 0 1 1 1 3 4 Table: k vs Number of voice calls for G.729 codec. 94 / 112

  84. Design of Wireless Sub-optimal Capacity: Voice Codecs Mesh Networks Appendix Number of calls: ⌊ kT / b ⌋ Publications k 802.11b 802.11g Capacity of ↓ (in mbps) (in mbps) WLANs 1 5.5 11 1 11 54 WLAN Design T b → 6.204 10.989 12.019 9.298 33.841 42.847 Mesh Network 1.0 6 10 12 9 33 42 Design 0.9 5 9 10 8 30 38 0.8 4 8 9 7 27 34 0.7 4 7 8 6 23 29 0.6 3 6 7 5 20 25 0.5 3 5 6 4 16 21 0.4 2 4 4 3 13 17 0.3 1 3 3 2 10 12 0.2 1 2 2 1 6 8 0.1 0 1 1 0 3 4 Table: k vs Number of voice calls for GSM codec. Go back 95 / 112

  85. Design of Wireless Sub-Optimal Application Deployment Mesh Networks Problem definition Appendix Publications Capacity of WLANs WLAN Design Mesh Network Design SOAP2 Given k Alpha flows ( | α | = k ) Compute number of Beta flows ( | β | ) & Gamma flows ( | γ | ) Subject to constraints R SOAP2 results Go back 96 / 112

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Gates and Logic: From Transistors to Logic Gates and Logic Circuits Prof. Anne Bracy CS 3410 Computer Science Cornell University The slides are the product of many rounds of teaching CS 3410 by Professors Weatherspoon, Bala, Bracy, and

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Gates and Logic: From Transistors to Logic Gates and Logic Circuits CS 3410: Computer System

Gates and Logic: From Transistors to Logic Gates and Logic Circuits CS 3410: Computer System

Gates and Logic: From Transistors to Logic Gates and Logic Circuits CS 3410: Computer System Organization and Programming [K. Bala, A. Bracy, E. Sirer, and H. Weatherspoon] Goals for Today From Switches to Logic Gates to Logic Circuits

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