decomposing coordination c & Uli Sauerland Moreno Mitrovi north - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

SLIDE 1

decomposing coordination

Moreno Mitrovi´ c & Uli Sauerland

north east linguistic society #44 · UConn · 19 October, 2013

SLIDE 2

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

1 introduction: expression of coordination and quantification Japanese (and Hungarian, Malayalam, ...) vs. English (and German, ...)

• Japanese: multifunctional mo and ka
• English: many distinct morphemes

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 3

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

(1) The μ-series (mo) a. Bill B () mo μ

• Mary

M

• mo

μ ‘(both) Bill and Mary. ’ b. Mary M

• mo

μ ‘also Mary’

• c. 誰

dare who

• mo

μ ‘everyone’ d. dono indet

学生

gakusei student

• mo

μ ‘every student’ (2) The κ-series (ka) a. Bill B () ka κ

• Mary

M

• ka

κ ‘(either) Bill or Mary. ’

• b. 分

wakaru understand

• ka

κ ‘Do you understand?’

• c. 誰

dare who

• ka

κ ‘someone’ d. dono indet

学生

gakusei student

• ka

κ ‘some students’

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 4

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

Our Contribution:

• Arguments against a homophony analysis (cf. Szabolcsi 2013, Slade 2011, Shimoyama 2007, Yat-

sushiro 2002, int. al.)

• conjunction universally has two morphemes, and and mo, and one tends to be silent
• disjunction universally involves two morphemes too, and and ka, but the pronunciation is more vari-

able 2 the argument against homophony Hagstrom (1998) and others: mo (‘and’) and mo (‘every’) are homophonous in Japanese. Two counterarguments:

• 1. within Japanese: coordinated quantifiers
• 2. historical: disappearance of Japanese-style (mo) coordination in Indo-European

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 5

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

Argument against Homophony within Japanese Mo and ka can simultaneously express coordination and quantification: (3) a.

• dono

indet

学生

gakusei student

• mo

mo

• dono

indet

先生

sensei teacher

• mo

mo

話

hanashita talked ‘Every student and every teacher talked. ’ b.

⋆

dono indet

学生

gakusei student

• mo

mo

• mo

mo

• dono

indet

先生

sensei teacher

• mo

mo

• mo

mo

話

hanashita talked ‘Every student and every teacher talked. ’ (4) a.

• dono

indet

学生

gakusei student

• ka

ka

• dono

indet

先生

sensei teacher

• ka

ka

• ga

nom

話

hanashita talked ‘Some student

• r

some teacher talked. ’ b.

⋆

dono indet

学生

gakusei student

• ka

ka

• ka

ka

• dono

indet

先生

sensei teacher

• ka

ka

• ka

ka

話

hanashita talked

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 6

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

3 the structure of conjunction Lexical Entries for ⟦and/J⟧ & ⟦mo⟧ (5)

• a. ⟦μ0⟧(R⟨et⟩)(S⟨et⟩) = R ⊆ S
• b. ⟦J0⟧ = (Q⟨et,t⟩

1

)(Q⟨et,t⟩

2

) = Q1 ∩ Q2

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 7

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

Conjunction (6) . . . . . . . . μ . . . . .

⟳eet

. . . Marye . . . and/J . . . . . μ . . . . .

⟳eet

. . . Marye Universal quantification (7) . . . μ . . . studentet

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 8

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

Additive particle (8) . . . μ . . . . .

⟳

. . . Johne (9)

• Mary

Mary

• mo

mo

元気

genki well

• desu

is ‘Also Mary is well. ’ (10) Deriving additivity with double exhaustification: i. Single exhaustification: Alternatives(Mary-mo is well) = ‘Mary is well’ Exh(Mary-mo is well) = ‘Mary is well’ . ii. Double exhaustification: Alternatives(Exh(Mary-mo is well)) = ‘Exh(Mary is well)’ Exh(Exh(Mary-mo is well)) = ‘Mary and not only Mary is well’

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 9

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

4 indo-european & the evidence for the J-μ system . . . . . . . μ . . . . .

⟳eet

. . . Marye . . . and/J . . . . . μ . . . . .

⟳eet

. . . Marye

⇐ ⇒

. . . . JP . . . . . . . . . . . μP . . . YP . . . μ0 . . . . . J0 . . . . . μP . . . . . . . XP . . . . . μ0

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 10

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

• Indo-European (IE) shows a syntax (and semantics) of coordination that is consistent with (6)
• Earliest IE languages show that there existed two types of coordinate structure:

– one in which the coordinator occupies the initial (first), – and another in which the coordinator occupies the peninitial (second) position with respect to

the second conjunct.

• diachronically, only the initial structure survives (lost across all branches)

– {a,b}

t

− − − → b

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 11

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

(11) Homeric Greek:

[cca. 8th c. bce

a.

ἀσπίδας

aspidas shields

εὐκύκλους

eukuklous round

λαισήϊά

lais¯ eia pelt

τε

te and

πτερόεντα.

pteroenta feathered ‘The round shields and fluttering targets. ’ (Hom., Il., M: l. 426) b.

κεῖσ’

ke¯

ıs’

there

εἶμι

e¯

ımi

go

καὶ

kai and

ἀντιόω

anti¯

• meet

πολέμοιο

polemoio battle ‘Go thither, and confront the war. ’ (Hom., Il., M: l. 368)

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 12

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

(12) Vedic Sanskrit:

[cca. 16th c. bce

a. वाय॒िवनॎि ॑ ँछ v´

¯

ayav-¯

ındra´

s-ca Vayu-Indra-and चेतथः cetathah

.

rush.2.dl सुतानां ॑ sut´

¯

an¯ am

.

rich वािजनीवसू v¯ ajin¯

ıvas¯

u strength-bestowing ‘Vayu and Indra, rich in spoil, rush (hither). ’ (R

. gveda, 1.002.5a)

b. पिष॒रॎ p´ ars

.i

save.imp.2.sg तःया॑ t´ asy¯ a this उ॒त ut´ a and िद्श॒षः dvis

.´

ah

.

enmity ‘Save us from this and enmity. ’ (R

. gveda, 2.007.2c)

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 13

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

(13) Old Avestan:

[cca. 16th c. bce

• a. atu

uta and

ldzam

mazd˚ a wisdom.m.sg.gen

amQuruh

huruθma increase.m.sg.nom

amoah

haoma haoma.m.sg.voc

esoar

raose grow.2.subj.mid

arag

gara mountain.sg.m.loc

itiap

paiti toward ‘And [thus] may you grow upon that mountain, O Haoma, [bringing] the increase of wisdom, [...]. ’ (YH, 10.4)

• b. mVZUY

y¯ uˇ z e e m you.2.sg.nom

OiibiEa

a¯ eibii¯

• them.pl.dat

Aruha

ahur¯ a lord.m.sg.voc

OJoa

aog¯

• strength.n.sg.acc

AtAd

d¯ at¯ a give.2.pl.aor.imp

ACa

aˇ s

.¯

a truth.n.sg.inst

mvrQaCx

xˇ s

.aθr

e m power.n.sg.acc

Ac

c¯ a and ‘O Lord, may you give strength to them2 through Truth and that power [...]’ (YH, 29.10)

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 14

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

(14) Classical Latin: a. ad to summam utmost rem weal p¯ ublicam common atque and ad to

• mnium

all nostrum

• f us

[...] ‘to highest welfare and all our [lives]’ (Cic., Or., 1.VI.27-8) b. v¯

ıam

life sam¯ utem safety que and ‘the life and safety’ (Cic., Or., 1.VI.28-9)

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 15

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

(15) Hittite:

[cca. 16th–13th c. bce

• a. 𒉢

nu and

𒆎𒀮

k´ an prt

𒈭𒌩𒋜𒇸𒅕

Mursilin Mursilis.acc

𒆫𒂘𒉫

kuennir they.killed

𒉢

nu and

𒂋𒊭

eˇ sar blood

𒅀𒂋𒅖

ieir shed.3.pl

𒉢

nu and

𒄪𒀮𒋿𒇸𒄒

Hantilis Hantilis

𒈿𒄵𒊔𒊒𒅁𒋬𒋿

nahsariyatati feared.3.sg.m ‘And they killed Mursilis and they shed blood and Hantilis was afraid. ’ (2BoTU. 23.1.33-35)

• b. 𒀮𒋘𒆴𒊐𒈩𒌎

anˇ su.kur.ra.meˇ s charioteers

𒇾𒈩𒌎𒄒𒄗𒍒𒆦

l´ u.meˇ

sis.guˇ

skin grooms.golden

𒅁

ya and

𒄸𒈡𒀮𒁖𒀮

humandan all ‘Charioteers and all the golden grooms. ’ (StBoT. 24.ii.60-61)

• c. 𒅘

kass this.nom

𒊔

a and

𒍞

za ptc

𒌸𒊎

uru-az city.nom

𒉻𒅉𒈿𒀮𒍞

parnanzass house.nom

𒊔

a and

𒌸𒀁𒈞

[ud]u.a.lum ram

𒁻𒊓

d` u-ru become.3sg.imp ‘and let (both) this city and house become the ram’ (KUB 41.8 iv 30.)

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 16

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

(16) Old Church Slavonic:

[10th c. ad

• a. съвҍтъ

s˘ uv˘ et˘ u counsel.m.sg.acc

сътвори

s˘ utvori took.3.sg.aor

съ

s˘ u with

кнѧзи

kn˛ ezi princes.pl.inst

своими

svoimi poss.refl.inst

и

i and

с

s with

Моравлѧнь

Moravl˛ eny the Moravians.pl.inst

посла

posla sent.3.sg.aor

къ

k˘ u to

царйу

carju tsar.sg.dat

Михаилу

Mixailu M.sg.dat ‘the Prince of Moravia took counsel with his Moravian princes and appealed to Emperor Michael, [...]. ’ (Vita Constantini, 142)

• b. Азъ

Az˘ u I

же ˇ

ze but

глѭ

gljo

¸

tell.1.sg.pres

вамъ

vam˘ u you.dat ... ‘But I tell you ... ’ (Codex Marianus, Mat. 5:28)

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 17

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

(17) Old Irish:

[8th c. ad

a. bo´

ı

was.3.sg.aor Conchu˙ bur C.m.nom.sg

• cus

and maithi the nobles.pl.nom Ula˙ dN Ulstermen.m.pl.gen iN in nE ˙ muin Emain Macha ‘Conchobar and the nobles of the Ulstermen were in Emain Macha. ’ (Compert Con Culainn, 1.1) b. ba cop ch and ri king Temrach Tara.gen ‘And he was king of Tara. ’ (Laws, 4.179) (18) Lepontic:

[2th c. ad

• a. iuramutal

Latumarui Latumarus.dat

iatuspas

Sapsutai Sapsuta.dat

ep

• pe

and ‘To Latumarus and Sapsuta. ’ (LT. D, S. 128)

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 18

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

(19) Gothic:

[4th c. ad

a. ak neither ana

• n

lukarnastaþin candle.dat.sg jah and liuteiþ light.ind.3.sg allaim all.dat.pl þaim it.dat.pl in in þamma that.m.dat.sg garda. house.m.dat.sg ‘Neither do men light a candle, and put it under a bushel. ’ (ca, Mat. 5:15) b. (galaiþ came.pret.3.sg in in praitauria judgement hall.acc.sh aftra again Peilatus P.nom jah) and wopida called.pret.3.sg Iesu J.acc qaþ said.pret.3.sg uh and imma. him.m.dat.sg ‘(Then) Pilate entered into the judgment hall again, and called Jesus, and said unto him. ’ (ca,

• Joh. 18:33)

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 19

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

• Difference beyond position: initial coordinators are bimorphemic (see Dunkel 1982 & references

therein) (20) a.

• Ved. ut´

a, Gr. aute, Lat. aut = ⋆h2u + ⋆-te b.

• Ved. u ca = ⋆h2u + ⋆-kwe

c.

• Goth. jau = ⋆y´
• + ⋆-h2u

d.

• Hit. takku, OIr. toch = ⋆t´
• + ⋆-kwe

e. initial coordinators in IE = .

⋆&0

. . J0 + .

⋆&0

. . μ0

• Double-layered structure in line with den Dikken (2006)
• Prediction:

– μP may be morpho-syntactically (and semantically) independent

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 20

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44 dependent / composed independent

⋆kwe ⋆te ⋆h2u ⋆yo ⋆nu

[+ε] [−ε]

⋆kwe

• Gr. kai

— — —

• IIr. ca
• Lat. que
• OIr. ch
• Goth. uh
• Gaul. cue
• Ven. ke
• Celtib. ku

—

⋆te

• OIr. to-ch
• Hit. tak-ku

— — —

• Gr. te, de
• Alb. dhe
• Skt. tu
• Sl. ˇ

ze

• Sl. to

⋆h2u

• Skt. u ca
• Lat. at-que
• IIr. u-ta
• Gr. au-te
• Lat. au-t

—

• Sl. i-no
• IIr. u
• Gr. au
• CLuw. h

ˇa

• Sl. i

⋆yo

• Goth. ja-h

—

• Goth. j-au

—

• Hit. ya
• TochA. yo
• Myc. jo

—

⋆nu

• OIr. na-ch
• OIr. na-de

— — —

• Hit. nu
• OIr. no
• Sl. n˘

u

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 21

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

Lower structure: independent μP (21) Vedic & Classical Sanskrit: a. ूत॒ीदं

⟨pr´

at⟩¯

ıd´

am

.

this िवँशं ॑ v´

ı´

svam world मोदत॒े modate exults यत् y´ at which िक ं च ॑ [k´

ım . -ca]

[what-μ] पृिथ॒व्रामिध ॑ pr

.thivy´ ¯

am´ adhi world.f.acc-upon ‘This whole world exults whatever is upon the earth. ’ (R

. V, 5.83.9c)

b. न na neg यःय yasya whom.gen कँछ [ka´ s-ca] [who.m.sg-μ] ितितरित tititarti able to overcome माया m¯ ay¯ a? illusions.pl ‘No one [=not anyone] can overcome that (=the Supreme Personality of Godhead’s) illusory en- ergy. ’ (Bh¯ agavatapur¯ an

.a,

8.5.30) c. िचनॎतयंँछ [cintayam

. ´

sca] [thinking.pres.part-μ] न na neg पँयािम pa´ sy¯ ami see.1.sg भवतां bhavat¯ am

.

you ूितवैकृतम ् prativaikr

.tam

unto-offence.acc ‘Even after much thinking, I fail to see the injury I did unto you. ’ (M¯ ahabh¯ arata, 2.20.1)

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 22

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

(22) Latin: a. ut, that in in quo who [quis [what que] μ] artificio craft excelleret, excels, is is in in suo his genere family Roscius R diceretur spoken ‘so that he, in whatever craft he excels, is spoken of as a Roscius in his field of endeavor. ’ (Cic., de Or. 1.28.130) (23) Gothic: a. [þishvad [where uh] μ]

(...) gaggis.

go.2.sg.pres.act.ind ‘wherever you go’ (Mat. 8:19) (24) Old Church Slavonic:

• a. посъла

pos˘ ula sent.3.pl.aor

и

[i [μ

того

togo] him.m.sg.acc]

къ

k˘ u to

нимъ

nim˘ u then.pl.dat ‘He sent also him to them. ’ (Mar. 12:6)

• b. съ

s˘ u with

клѧтвоѭ

kl˛ etvoj˛

• ath.f.sg.ins

издрече

izdreˇ ce promised.3.pl.aor

еи

ei her.f.sg.dat

дати

dati give.inf

его

[ego [what

же ˇ

ze] μ]

аште

aˇ ste if

въспроситъ

v˘ usprosit˘ u ask.sg.pres ‘With an oath he promised to give her whatsoever she would ask. ’ (Mat, 14:7)

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 23

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

(25) Classical Armenian:

• a. եթե

et‘e if

ոք

[o-k‘] who-μ ... ‘If anyone [strike (thee) upon thy right cheek ...]’ (Mat., 5.39; Klein 1997: 196)

• b. երպե

[erbe- [time.loc

ք

k‘] μ] ... ‘At any time/ever. ’ (Mat., 5.39; Klein 1997: 191) (26) Tocharian: a. [˜ nemintuyo [jewels.pl.inst ypic full

• lyiyam

.

ship.f.sg.loc s¯ arth caravan.m.sg.obl Jambudvipac Jambudvipa.m.sg.allt pe] μ] y¯ amur¨ as

.,

having been made.supp.abs.m.sg.abl s

.p¨

at seven kom

. s¯

a day.m.pl.perlt k˜ nukac neck.sg.allt wram

.

water.sg.loc ‘With a caravan to Jambudvipa also having been made in a ship filled with jewels [...]’ (tA, Pun

. yavanta-J¯

ataka, 5a)

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 24

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

(27) Hittite:

• a. ⌞a-bu-ya⌝

father.nom-my ku-wa-pi when

MHa-at-tu-si-li-is

Hattusilis.sg.nom

⌞a-na⌝

dat.prep

M´

ur-hi-te-es-su-up-as Urhi-Teshup dumu son.sg.dat

MMu-u-wa-at-ta-al-li

Muwattallis.sg.gen me-na-ah-ha-an-da against ku-ru-ri-ah-ta revolted.3.sg.pret ... wa-as-tul blame.sg.nom

⌞´

u-ul⌝ neg [ku-it [wh

• ki]

μ] a-as-ta attached.3.sg.pret ‘When my father, Hattusilis, revolted against Urhi-Tessup, ..., no blame whatsoever attached (to Kuruntas). ’ (StBoT, treaty of Tuthalijas IV., bronze tablet, l. 2) b. nu-wa and-quot

⌞´

ul⌝ neg [kuit [who ki] μ] sakti know.2.sg.pres ‘You don’t know anything. ’ (KUB XXIV.8.I.36)

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 25

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

(28) Old Irish: a. [ce [what ch] μ] taibre give.2.subj ‘what[so]ever thou mayst give. ’ (Zu ir. Hss. 1.20.15; Thurneysen 2003: 289) b. [ce [what ch] μ]

• rr

slay.3.m.subj ‘whichever he may slay. ’ (Anecd. ii.63.14.h; Thurneysen 2003: 289) c. Universal μ, ` a la Japanese: i. na adv ei-plet prt-dies.impv.3.pl hua-n prep.def-pro.dat.sg b´ as death.dat.sg coitchen common.dat.sg hua-n-epil prep.def-pro.dat.sg-prt-dies.pres.ind.3.sg [c´ a [wh

• ch]

μ] acht but foir-cniter prt-finish.pass.impv.3.pl hua-sain prep.dat-distinct b´ as death.dat.sg sech prep [c´ a [wh

• ch]

μ] ‘Let them not die by the common death whereby everyone dies, but let them be ended by a special death different to all. ’ (MF, 073d07) ii. hi- in.dat [c´ a [wh

• ch]

μ]

• du

place.dat.sg.f ‘in every place’ (MF, 024c09)

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 26

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

4.1 Synchronic evidence for J: Avar (Ramazanov, p.c.) (29) keto cat gi μ (J) hve dog gi μ ‘cat and dog’ (30) keto cat (μ) va J hve dog (μ) ‘cat and dog’ (31) keto cat gi μ va J hve dog gi μ ‘cat and dog’ (32) . JP . . . . . μP . . . μ0 . . gi . . . DP . . . J0 . . (va) . . . μP . . . μ0 . . gi . . . DP

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 27

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

5 composed disjunction: slavonic & tocharian (33) Tocharian: a. s

.er´

skana sisters.f.pl.voc

˜

ni me ai´ scer give.q.pres.pl.ix ce these.m.obl.sg pintw¯ at alms.m.obl.sg e-pe Q-μ se who.m.sg.nom

˜

n˜ nissa than me

´

sp¯ almem

.

better t¯ akam

.

be.3.pl.subj cwi him.m.sg.gen ai´ scer give.pl.pr.ix ‘Sisters, will you give me these alms or will you give (them) to him who would be better than me?’ (tB, THT, 107.18) b. m¯ a not empeles terrible.m.pl.obl

• mskem

. sac

evil.m.pl.allt m¯ a not pe and tampew¯ atsesac powerful.m.pl.allt ‘Not for the terrible, the evil, and not for the powerful’ (tA, Pun

. yavanta-J¯

ataka, 26b)

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 28

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

c.

. JP . . . . . . . . . . . tj . . . μ0 . .

• pe

. . . Q . . e . . . YPj . . . J0 . . (silent) . . . . . . . . . ti . . . μ0 . .

• pe

. . . Q . . e . . . XPi

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 29

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

(34) (Old Church) Slavonic

• a. или

i-li μ-Q

отца

• tca

father.acc (J)

или

i-li μ-Q

матерь

mater’ mother.acc ‘either father or mother’ (CM. Mar. 7:10)

• b. и

i μ

дшѭ

dˇ so

¸

soul (J)

и

i μ

тҍло

tˇ elo body ‘body and soul’ (CM, Mat. 10:28) c.

. JP . . . . . . . . . YP . . . μ0 . . i . . . Q . .

• li

. . . J0 . . (silent) . . . . . . . XP . . . μ0 . . i . . . Q . .

• li

nels 44 UConn

SLIDE 30

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels44

References

den Dikken, M. (2006), ‘Either-float and the syntax of co-or-dination’ , Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 24(3), 689–749. Dunkel, G. E. (1982), ‘IE conjunctions: pleonasm, ablaut, suppletion’ , Zeitschrift f¨ ur vergleichende Sprachforschung 96(2), 178–199. Hagstrom, P. (1998), Decomposing questions, PhD thesis, MIT. Klein, J. S. (1997), ‘Indefinite pronouns, polarity and related phenomena in Classical Armenian: A study based on the Old Armenian gospels’ , Transactions of the Philological Society 95(2), 189–245. Shimoyama, J. (2007), ‘Indeterminate noun phrase quantification in Japanese.’ , Natural Language Semantics 14(2), 139–173. Slade, B. M. (2011), Formal and philological inquiries into the nature of interrogatives, indefinites, disjunction, and focus in Sinhala and other languages, PhD thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Szabolcsi, A. (2013), What do quantifier particles do? Ms. NYU. Thurneysen, R. (2003), A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. Yatsushiro, K. (2002), ‘The distribution of mo and ka and its implications. ’ , Proceedings of FAJL 3. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 41, 181–198. nels 44 UConn