De mo c ra tic e q ua lity o r Co nfuc ia n hie ra rc hy? Jo se - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
De mo c ra tic e q ua lity o r Co nfuc ia n hie ra rc hy? Jo se ph Cha n Sympo sium in L e g a l T he o ry, NUS L a w Sc ho o l 2 Hie ra rc hy a nd e q ua lity Hie ra rc hy a nd e q ua lity pe r se a re ne ithe r pro b le ma tic
Jo se ph Cha n Sympo sium in L e g a l T he o ry, NUS L a w Sc ho o l
Hie ra rc hy a nd e q ua lity pe r se a re ne ithe r
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So c ia l e q ua lity o r so c ia l e g a lita ria nism:
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So c ia l e g a lita ria ns ha ve a ime d the ir
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Hie ra rc hie s o f do minatio n o r c o mmand
“tho se o c c upying infe rio r po sitio ns a re
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Hie ra rc hie s o f e ste e m,
“tho se o c c upying infe rio r po sitio ns a re
b e ing tre a te d a s “o b je c ts o f disho no r,
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Hie ra rc hie s o f standing
g ive spe c ia l we ig ht to the inte re sts o f tho se
the supe rio rs e njo y g re a te r rig hts, privile g e s,
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So c ia l hie ra rc hie s a re unjust b y d e finitio n –
But the re is no re a so n why hie ra rc hy must
A ne utra l d e finitio n: “a so c ia l re la tio nship
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info rma l o r fo rma l g ro up dura b le inte ra c tio n a mo ng the pa rtic ipa nts ra nking o f pa rtic ipa nts ma y b e implic it o r
the va lue d fe a ture re fe rs to c e rta in
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An une q ua l distrib utio n o f e ste e m a s suc h is
A b e ne vo le nt e ste e m hie ra rc hy:
tho se in the hig he r ra nks a re c o mmitte d to the
b e tte rme nt o f tho se in the lo we r ra nks.
re c ipro c ity and mutual c o mmitme nt to
e xc e lle nc e s a s c o mmo n g o o ds
Co nfuc ia n hie ra rc hie s pre suppo se two
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So c ie ty a nd po litic s e xist fo r the g o o d life
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In re a lity, it is ine vita b le tha t so me pe o ple a re
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So c ie ty is vie we d a s a c o mmunity o f le a rne rs
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ma rke d b y re c ipro c ity a nd mutual c o nc e rn
the mo re a dva nc e d c a re fo r (ai) the le ss
a dva nc e d, he lp the m le a rn, a nd sho w a ppre c ia tio n o f the le ss a dva nc e d’ s ta le nts a nd e ffo rts
the le ss a dva nc e d re spe c t a nd a dmire (jing )
the mo re a dva nc e d a nd le a rn fro m the m
A hie ra rc hic a l re la tio nship b a se d o n this mutua l
c o mmitme nt c a n b e de e ply satisfying a nd c o nduc ive to e a c h pa rtic ipa nt’ s g o o d life
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Inte rna l e le me nts tha t pre ve nt Co nfuc ia n
(1) Virtue – the virtuo us will no t se e k to
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(3) Upwa rd Ine q ualitie s: Ine q ua litie s o f sta tus a nd po we r inte g ra l
(1) e mb e dde d in re la tio nships o f
(2) c o nduc ive to the le ss a dva nc e d’ s
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Ra wls: e c o no mic e q ua lity is the no rma tive
Co nfuc ia nism, whe n it c o me s to le a rning ,
A Co nfuc ia n me nto r do e sn’ t simply wa nt his
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stag nant e q uality and ine q uality in
upward ine q uality (i.e . pro g re ss tha t
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In re a lity, no t a ll o f the mo re a d va nc e d in a
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Co mpla ints rig hts E
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no t a im to pro vide e q ua l po we rs, e q ua l
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So c ia l e g a lita ria ns: Co nfuc ia n hie ra rc hie s
But wo uld sure ly o b je c t if yo u e xte nd
de mo c ra tic e q ua lity is the o nly a c c e pta b le
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“De mo c ra tic e q ua lity d e no te s a kind o f
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Cla ims a s po we r
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Po litic a l po we r o r rig hts a s a tta c he d to this
Se rvic e c o nditio n E
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A c o ro lla ry o f the se rvic e c o nd itio n:
a ll po litic a l rig hts a nd o ffic e s must me e t the
No c itize n is e ntitle d to a ny “se lf-o rig ina ting ”
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A pe rso nal rig ht pro je c ts the rig ht-ho lde r’ s
A po litic al rig ht g ive s the rig ht-ho lde r the
Pe rso na l rig hts: pro te c tive Po litic a l rig hts: dire c tive
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Co nfuc ia nism re je c ts de mo c ra tic e q ua lity a s a
princ iple o f mo ral rig htne ss
A de mo c ra tic re g ime unde r fa vo ra b le c o nditio ns
c a n b e justifie d b y the two c o nditio ns
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he rig ht to vo te a s pa rt o f this o ve ra ll po litic a l a rra ng e me nt
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s a no n-de mo c ra tic , hie ra rc hic a l po litic a l syste m ne c e ssa rily wro ng o r una c c e pta b le ?
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Co mpe te nt a nd fully virtuo us a nd trustwo rthy
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Pe o ple trust tha t the mo na rc h will liste n,
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1. De mo c ra tic e q ua lity a vo id s the e vils in
the c rue lty, a b use o f o the rs, humilia tio n T
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2. De mo c ra tic e q ua lity pro mo te s pe o ple ’ s
Whic h is po ssib le o nly in a so c ie ty o f e q ua ls
No t true : po ssib le in milita ry unit, a wo rk
Co mmo n pa rtic ipa tio n
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So c ia l e g a lita ria ns typic a lly re spo nd b y
But if the y a re fa ir, the y sho uld a lso
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Pa rtic ipa tio n d o e s no t ne c e ssa rily b re e d
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Po litic a l re la tio nships, whe the r e q ua l o r
Whe n the re is no virtue , d e mo c ra tic
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Co nfuc ia nism a nd re pub lic a nism
Co nfuc ia nism e mpha size s the ne e d fo r
witho ut virtue , le a de rs will fa il to g o ve rn a nd
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Re pub lic a nism stre sse s the ne e d fo r c itize ns
if pe o ple ha ve no virtue , no re pub lic a n o r a ny
Ja me s Ma diso n
We must c o mb ine the insig hts o f C a nd R.
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So c ia l e q ua lity o r hie ra rc hy is no t g o o d o r
It is g o o d a nd rig ht to the e xte nt tha t it
If the re is no virtue in the pa rtic ipa nts, to
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