Corresponding member of RAS, , Corresponding member of RAS - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Enviromis – – 2008 2008 Enviromis Corresponding member of RAS, , Corresponding member of RAS professor V V. .V. V. Zuev Zuev professor Institute of atmospheric optics SB RAS, Tomsk Tomsk Institute of atmospheric optics SB RAS, 1 1

Chronology of ozonosphere study Chronology of ozonosphere study ö nbein Sh ö 1840 – – discovery discovery of ozone by Swiss chemist of ozone by Swiss chemist Sh nbein 1840 1881 – – detection of ozone in the upper atmosphere by the Ireland detection of ozone in the upper atmosphere by the Ireland 1881 chemist Hartley Hartley chemist 1920 – – first exact measurements of total ozone (TO) content, first exact measurements of total ozone (TO) content, 1920 performed by Fabri Fabri and and Buisson Buisson performed by 1926 – – beginning of regular measurements by Dobson in beginning of regular measurements by Dobson in Arosa Arosa 1926 1957 – – organization of world organization of world ozonometric ozonometric network within network within 1957 International Geophysical Year ( (YGY YGY) ) International Geophysical Year 1960 60s s – – beginning of episodic measurements of vertical ozone beginning of episodic measurements of vertical ozone 19 distribution distribution 1970s – 1970s – beginning of use of beginning of use of lidars lidars for for ozonometry ozonometry 1979 – 1979 – beginning of satellite monitoring of global TO field beginning of satellite monitoring of global TO field with with use of TOMS instrumentation use of TOMS instrumentation 2 2

Trends of global TO according to according to Trends of global TO TOMS data (1979 (1979 - - 1991 1991 ) ) TOMS data Color scale: % : % over over 10 10 years years Color scale 3 3

“Freon Freon” ” concept of concept of “ ozonosphere destruction ozonosphere destruction Photochemistry Photochemistry TO, DU of stratosphere: of stratosphere: Arosa h ν ( λ <225nm ) Cl CFC Cl + O 3 → ClO + O 2 CFCs (freons) ClO + O → Cl + O 2 Total: O 3 + O → 2O 2 Years TO series in Arosa Arosa ( (Switzerland Switzerland) ) TO series in 4 4

Creation and collapse Creation and collapse of freon technologies of freon technologies 1928 – Thomas Thomas Midgley Midgley discovered a new class of substances discovered a new class of substances CFCs CFCs 1928 – (freons freons) ) ( 1930 30s s – – Thomas Thomas Midgley Midgley invented invented freons freons in the in the Dupon Dupon concern instead of concern instead of 19 existing, but less effective, existing, but less effective, refrigerating refrigerating medium medium 1960 60s s – – Leadership in production of cheap freon passed to USSR Leadership in production of cheap freon passed to USSR 19 1970 70s s – – Dupon Dupon concern developed a new class of CFC substances and concern developed a new class of CFC substances and 19 initiated campaign toward substitution of cheap CFCs by more initiated campaign toward substitution of cheap CFCs by more expensive HFC around the world : : expensive HFC around the world 1985 1985s s – – Farman Farman’ ’s s paper in paper in “ “Nature Nature” ” is published about ozone hole in is published about ozone hole in Antarctic in the presence of the elevated ClO ClO x content Antarctic in the presence of the elevated x content 1985s s – – Vienn Vienna a Convention Convention on on Protection Protection of of the the Ozone Ozone Layer Layer is signed is signed 1985 1987 1987 – – Montreal protocol, forbidding the freon technologies, is signed Montreal protocol, forbidding the freon technologies, is signed 1995 – – A Nobel prize is awarded to A Nobel prize is awarded to Krutzen Krutzen, , Molina, Molina, and and Rawland Rawland for for 1995 hypothesis on destruction of ozonosphere by anthropogenic hypothesis on destruction of ozonosphere by anthropogenic freons freons 5 5

Mythology of of “ “freon freon” ” concept concept Mythology Myths Reality Myths Reality Ozone holes over Antarctic Ozone holes over Antarctic Ozone holes over Antarctic Ozone holes over Antarctic are discovered only in discovered only in were observed in in 1957/1958 1957/1958; ; are were observed 1983, i.e., in period of i.e., in period of analysis of these data is 1983, analysis of these data is intensive freon emissions published by Dobson in 1961 1961. . intensive freon emissions published by Dobson in Natural freons freons are emitted are emitted Natural Occurrence of of freons freons in in Occurrence during volcanic eruptions in during volcanic eruptions in the atmosphere is the atmosphere is amounts, three orders of amounts, three orders of associated only with associated only with magnitude larger than magnitude larger than anthropogenic emissions anthropogenic emissions anthropogenic freon emissions anthropogenic freon emissions 6 6

Volcanic perturbation of of Volcanic perturbation Antarctic stratosphere Antarctic stratosphere Erebus volcano Erebus volcano Height 3794 m m Height 3794 Location Location Antarctic Antarctic Mountains Ross Island Mountains Ross Island Strato Strato Type Type volcano volcano Initiation 1972 Initiation 1972 Erebus Erebus 7 7

Alternative concept Alternative concept of TO behavior in Arosa Arosa of TO behavior in TO, DU TO, DU freons Years " Freon Freon” ” cocept cocept " Volcanoes Natural concept of Natural concept of centennial- -scale long scale long- - centennial period variations of period variations of ozonosphere ozonosphere Years 8 8

Absorption of UV solar radiation Absorption of UV solar radiation by the earth’ ’s atmosphere s atmosphere by the earth Decimal absorption coefficient UV- В UV- С UV- А 350 λ , nm Wavelength, nm Photon influx at the top of the Photon influx at the top of the Ozone and oxygen absorption bands in Ozone and oxygen absorption bands in UV spectral region: : atmosphere (1) (1) and near ground and near ground UV spectral region atmosphere – О О 2 – О О 2 1 – – Schumann , 2 – – Hertzberg Hertzberg, , 1 2 – Schumann , 2 2 – surface (2) (2) surface – О О 3 – О О 3 3 – – Hartley Hartley, 4 , 4 – – Huggins Huggins. . 3 3 – 3 – 9 9

Relation between Relation between UV- - B B radiation and TO radiation and TO UV Correlation coefficients* * Correlation coefficients Wavelength, , Complete Over Over Over Wavelength Complete Over Over Over nm period month year nm period month year 10 days days 10 300 - 0 0. .67 67 - 0 0. .74 74 - 0 0. .7 70 0 - 0 0. .8 82 2 300 - - - - 305 305 - - 0 0. .6 67 7 - 0 - 0. .74 74 - 0 - 0. .68 68 - - 0 0. .8 82 2 310 310 - 0 - 0. .5 55 5 - 0 - 0. .6 64 4 - 0 - 0. .55 55 - - 0 0. .81 81 - 0 0. .3 38 8 - 0 0. .4 46 6 - 0 0. .30 30 - 0 0. .77 77 - - - - 315 315 2896 287 100 8 2896 287 100 8 N N R min min (0.9 (0.99 9) ) R - 0.10 0.10 - 0 0. .15 15 - 0 0. .26 26 - 0 0. .8 81 1 - - - - * * The observation period at the Edmonton (Canada) station is The observation period at the Edmonton (Canada) station is 1996 1996- -2004 2004. . 10 10

Relation between variations of TO Relation between variations of TO and dendrochronologic dendrochronologic parameters parameters and O 3 + h ν → O 2 + O( 1 D), λ <310nm, Solar O( 1 D) + H 2 O → 2OH, Solar radiation radiation RH + OH → RO + H 2 ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● Ozonosphere TO Total: RCOH + 2H 2 O + 2O 3 PAR Correlation of TO indices and fir UV-B λ >400 λ <310 annual ring density nm nm O 3 Y e a r s 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 PSS Arosa 2 T O Plant growth 1 Indices 0 Scheme of influence of - 1 TO variations on plant A R D R=0.585; p < 0.001 - 2 growth 11 11

Correlation of TO and Correlation of TO and dendrochronologic parameters parameters dendrochronologic Correlation coefficient between TO Correlation coefficient between TO and dendrochronologies dendrochronologies near near Arosa Arosa and Parameters Parameters pine fir cedar pine fir cedar 58 points points 58 points points 49 points points 58 58 49 0. .18 18 < 0.01 0.01 0. .31 31 0 < 0 TO / TO / annual annual ring ring width width TO/ / max max. . annual tree annual tree TO - 0 0. .32 32 - 0 0. .58 58 - 0 0. .64 64 - - - density density 12 12