Corresponding member of RAS, , Corresponding member of RAS - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Enviromis 2008 2008 Enviromis Corresponding member of RAS, , Corresponding member of RAS professor V V. .V. V. Zuev Zuev professor Institute of atmospheric optics SB RAS, Tomsk Tomsk Institute of atmospheric optics SB RAS, 1
1 1
Institute of atmospheric optics SB RAS, Institute of atmospheric optics SB RAS, Tomsk Tomsk
Enviromis Enviromis – – 2008 2008
2 2
1840 1840 – – discovery discovery of ozone by Swiss chemist
Shö önbein nbein 1881 1881 – – detection of ozone in the upper atmosphere by the Ireland detection of ozone in the upper atmosphere by the Ireland chemist chemist Hartley Hartley 1920 1920 – – first exact measurements of total ozone (TO) content, first exact measurements of total ozone (TO) content, performed by performed by Fabri Fabri and and Buisson Buisson 1926 1926 – – beginning of regular measurements by Dobson in beginning of regular measurements by Dobson in Arosa Arosa 1957 1957 – – organization of world
network within International Geophysical Year International Geophysical Year ( (YGY YGY) ) 19 1960 60s s – – beginning of episodic measurements of vertical ozone beginning of episodic measurements of vertical ozone distribution distribution 1970s 1970s – – beginning of use of beginning of use of lidars lidars for for ozonometry
1979 1979 – – beginning of satellite monitoring of global TO field beginning of satellite monitoring of global TO field with with use of TOMS instrumentation use of TOMS instrumentation
3 3
Color scale Color scale: % : % over
10 years years
4 4
CFC
hν (λ<225nm)
Cl Photochemistry Photochemistry
Cl + O3 → ClO + O2 ClO + O → Cl + O2 Total: O3 + O → 2O2
TO, DU
CFCs (freons)
Arosa
TO series in TO series in Arosa Arosa ( (Switzerland Switzerland) )
Years
5 5
1928 1928 – – Thomas Thomas Midgley Midgley discovered a new class of substances discovered a new class of substances CFCs CFCs ( (freons freons) ) 19 1930 30s s – – Thomas Thomas Midgley Midgley invented invented freons freons in the in the Dupon Dupon concern instead of concern instead of existing, but less effective, existing, but less effective, refrigerating refrigerating medium medium 19 1960 60s s – – Leadership in production of cheap freon passed to USSR Leadership in production of cheap freon passed to USSR 19 1970 70s s – – Dupon Dupon concern developed a new class of CFC substances and concern developed a new class of CFC substances and initiated campaign toward substitution of cheap CFCs by more initiated campaign toward substitution of cheap CFCs by more expensive HFC around the world expensive HFC around the world : : 1985 1985s s – – Farman Farman’ ’s s paper in paper in “ “Nature Nature” ” is published about ozone hole in is published about ozone hole in Antarctic in the presence of the elevated Antarctic in the presence of the elevated ClO ClOx
x content
content 1985 1985s s – – Vienn Vienna a Convention Convention on
Protection of
the Ozone Ozone Layer Layer is signed is signed 1987 1987 – – Montreal protocol, forbidding the freon technologies, is signed Montreal protocol, forbidding the freon technologies, is signed 1995 1995 – – A Nobel prize is awarded to A Nobel prize is awarded to Krutzen Krutzen, , Molina, Molina, and and Rawland Rawland for for hypothesis on destruction of ozonosphere by anthropogenic hypothesis on destruction of ozonosphere by anthropogenic freons freons
6 6
Natural Natural freons freons are emitted are emitted during volcanic eruptions in during volcanic eruptions in amounts, three orders of amounts, three orders of magnitude larger than magnitude larger than anthropogenic freon emissions anthropogenic freon emissions Occurrence Occurrence of
freons in in the atmosphere is the atmosphere is associated only with associated only with anthropogenic emissions anthropogenic emissions Ozone holes over Antarctic Ozone holes over Antarctic were observed were observed in in 1957/1958 1957/1958; ; analysis of these data is analysis of these data is published by Dobson in published by Dobson in 1961 1961. . Ozone holes over Antarctic Ozone holes over Antarctic are are discovered only in discovered only in 1983, 1983, i.e., in period of i.e., in period of intensive freon emissions intensive freon emissions
7 7
Ross Island Ross Island Mountains Mountains Antarctic Antarctic Location Location 1972 1972 Initiation Initiation Strato Strato volcano volcano Type Type 3794 3794 m m Height Height
Erebus volcano Erebus volcano
Erebus Erebus
8 8
TO, DU
Volcanoes
TO, DU
freons
" " Freon Freon” ” cocept cocept
Natural concept of Natural concept of centennial centennial-
scale long-
period variations of
Years
Years
9 9
Ozone and oxygen absorption bands in Ozone and oxygen absorption bands in UV spectral region UV spectral region: : 1 1 – – О О2
2–
– Schumann Schumann, 2 , 2 – – О О2
2 –
– Hertzberg Hertzberg, , 3 3 – – О О3
3 –
– Hartley Hartley, 4 , 4 – – О О3
3 –
– Huggins Huggins. . Photon influx at the top of the Photon influx at the top of the atmosphere atmosphere (1) (1) and near ground and near ground surface surface (2) (2)
UV-В UV-С UV-А
Decimal absorption coefficient Wavelength, nm
350 λ, nm
10 10
0. .8 81 1
0. .26 26
0. .15 15
0.10 R R min
min (0.9
(0.99 9) ) 8 8 100 100 287 287 2896 2896 N N
0. .8 82 2
0. .8 82 2
0. .81 81
0. .77 77
0. .7 70
0. .68 68
0. .55 55
0. .30 30
0. .74 74
0. .74 74
0. .6 64 4
0. .4 46 6
0. .67 67
0. .6 67 7
0. .5 55 5
0. .3 38 8 300 300 305 305 310 310 315 315
Over Over year year Over Over month month Over Over 10 10 days days Complete Complete period period Wavelength Wavelength, , nm nm
* * The observation period at the Edmonton (Canada) station is The observation period at the Edmonton (Canada) station is 1996 1996-
2004. .
11 11
Scheme of influence of TO variations on plant growth
1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0
1 2 A R D T O Y e a r s Indices
R=0.585; p<0.001
Correlation of TO indices and fir annual ring density O3 + hν → O2 + O(1D), λ<310nm, O(1D) + H2O → 2OH, RH + OH → RO + H2
Arosa
Solar radiation Solar radiation Ozonosphere TO PAR
λ>400 nm
UV-B
λ<310 nm
PSS Plant growth
O3
12 12
0. .31 31 < < 0.01 0.01 0. .18 18
TO TO / / annual annual ring ring width width
0. .64 64
0. .58 58
0. .32 32
TO TO/ / max max. . annual tree annual tree density density
cedar cedar
49 49 points points
fir fir
58 58 points points
pine pine
58 58 points points Correlation coefficient between TO Correlation coefficient between TO and and dendrochronologies dendrochronologies near near Arosa Arosa Parameters Parameters
13 13
0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 < < 0.1 0.1
D D/ /T T (1800 (1800– – 1974) 1974)
– – 0.15 0.15 – – 0.4 0.4 – – 0.6 0.63 3
D D/ /TO TO (1926 (1926– – 1974) 1974) Correlation coefficient Correlation coefficient ( (coverage coverage interval, yr interval, yr) )
– – 0.1 0.1
445 445 Fir Fir
( (Picea Picea abies abies) )
1690 1690– –1975 1975
Swit Swit 107 107
< < 0.1 0.1
665 665 Larch Larch
( (Larix Larix deciduas deciduas) )
1792 1792– –1974 1974
Swit Swit 111 111
– – 0.1 0.1
435 435 Cedar Cedar
( (Pinus Pinus cembra cembra) )
1788 1788– –1974 1974
Swit Swit 109 109
D D/ /PR PR (1800 (1800– – 1974) 1974) Density Density, , kg kg/ /m m3, 3, at at humidity humidity 12% 12% Species Species Chronology Chronology length length File name File name ( (contributor contributor F.
Schwein chwein-
gruber) )
14 14
1400 1600 1800 2000
1 2
Индексы ОСО Г од ы
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
П ер иод, лет
Periodogram Periodogram of
the series the series * *Blue line shows smoothing with Blue line shows smoothing with 30 30-
year window
TO indices
Years
Period, year
15 15
Comparison of the series of reconstructed TO indices for Comparison of the series of reconstructed TO indices for Arosa Arosa. . Blue line shows TO values reconstructed from the short Blue line shows TO values reconstructed from the short series of satellite data, and red line from the long series of series of satellite data, and red line from the long series of ground ground-
based data. .
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
2
индексы ОСО Годы
T O I n d I c e s Y e a r s
16 16
0.76
1613 1613-
1994
PISY PISY
54.2 / 89.6 54.2 / 89.6 Altai Altai
0.72
1674 1674-
1994
PISY PISY
61.5 / 94.2 61.5 / 94.2 N N. . Tunguska Tunguska
0.96
1784 1784-
1994
PCOB PCOB
61.5 / 94.2 61.5 / 94.2 N N. . Tunguska Tunguska
0.84
1720 1720-
1990
PCOB PCOB
66.1 / 71.7 66.1 / 71.7 Nadym Nadym
0.82
1601 1601-
1991
PCOB PCOB
65.4 / 69.5 65.4 / 69.5 Polui Polui
0.83
1707 1707-
1996
PISY PISY
56.3 / 114.7 56.3 / 114.7 Buryatia Buryatia
0.77
1703 1703-
1993
PCOB PCOB
61.3 / 59.3 61.3 / 59.3 North Ural North Ural
0. .88 88
1715 1715-
1992
PCAB PCAB
61 61. .4 / 30 4 / 30. .9 9 Valaam Valaam
Correlation Correlation coefficient coefficient Period Period, , years years Code Code * * Coordinates Coordinates, , N N / / E E Location Location
*) PCAB *) PCAB -
European fir; ; PCOB PCOB – – Siberian fir Siberian fir; ; PISY PISY – – Scotch Scotch pine pine
17 17
60 62 64 66 68 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
в.д., град с .ш ., г р а д
Coordinates of dendromonitoring points Generalized 250-year chronology of TO variations; plus and minus signs indicate anomalous variations in excess of 2σ Периодограмма ряда
1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
1 2
_
+ +
Индексы ОСО Годы
+
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Period, year
Periodogram
North, grad East, grad
TO indices Years
18 18
22 22yr yr 84 84 yr yr 22 22 yr yr 84 84 yr yr
1. .8 87 7 1984 1984-
2002 1.59 1.59 1962 1962-
1984
0.12 1940 1940-
1962 0.1 .1 1918 1918-
2002
0.1 .15 5
1918 1918-
2002
0. .71 71 1990 1990-
1918
0. .68 68 1878 1878-
1900
0. .2 2 1856 1856-
1878
0.2 .2 1834 1834-
1856
0.09 09 1834 1834-
1918
2. .9 93 3 1816 1816-
1834 2 2. .09 09 1794 1794-
1816 0. .19 19 1772 1772-
1794 0.1 .13 3 1750 1750-
1772
0. .32 32
1750 1750-
1834
TO trends TO trends, , % % / /10 10 years years Period, yr Period, yr. .
1 7 6 0 1 8 0 0 1 8 4 0 1 8 8 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 6 0 2 0 0 0
1 2
1 3 2
+ +
Индексы ОСО Г о д ы
1 8 4 0 1 8 6 0 1 8 8 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 2 0
1 2 1 9 2 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 8 0 2 0 0 0
1 2 1 7 6 0 1 7 8 0 1 8 0 0 1 8 2 0
1 2
2 3 Г о д ы Индексы ОСО 1
TO indices T O i n d i c e s
Years
Y e a r s
19 19
Small Small antennas antennas
Large Large antenna antenna ø ø 2.2 m 2.2 m
Nd:Yag Nd:Yag laser laser Xe Xe-
Cl laser laser
NO2 twilight photometer TO М-124
Lidar channels
20 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Н, км
H2O, s*10
9.08.2004
0,0 2,5 5,0 7,5 10,0 12,5 15,0 17,5 20,0 22,5 25,0 27,5 30,0 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
5 % of signal
95% of signal
09.12.05
H, km
Scattering ratio, R Н, км Н, км a) b) UV DIAL 2 (299/341 nm) UV DIAL 1 (308/353 nm) 19.07.2007
Ozone concentration, Nх1012cm-3
Aerosol Aerosol Ozone Ozone
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
Temperature, К Heght, km
Height, km Temperature, К
Temperature Temperature
H, km
Humidity Humidity
H, km H, km
21 21
4 2004 Raman 3-30 Temperature 6 1.5 2006 Fluorescent lidar
activity 10 Bioindication 12 1996 Twilight spectrophotometry 0-50 NO2 9 21 1986 Ozonometer M-124 TO Ozone 8 Passive 4 2004 Raman 0.5-10 Humidity 7 14 1994 Rayleigh 30-80 Temperature 5 1.5 2006 DIAL 3-18 Ozone 4 18 1989 DIAL 13-50 Ozone 3 2000 2004 1986 Beginning
acquisition, yr Dendrochronology Mie + Raman Mie Method 150- 350 TO Ozone 11 4 3-14 Aerosol 2 21 12-30 Aerosol 1 Active Series length, yr Altitude range, km Parameter Channe l No. Type of the
*) Pink color marks rows with parameters, whose series exceeds 10 years.
22 22
3 2 0 3 3 0 3 4 0 3 5 0 3 6 0
2 0 0 7 2 0 0 3 1 9 9 9 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 1 TO, D.U. Y e a r s 1 9 8 7
Period of background state Period of volcanic perturbation
1 0
1 0
0 7 0 6 8 6 8 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 9 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5
B
a π , s r
Y e a r s
Del Ruiz Rabaul Shiveluch Rabaul Pinatubo Kelut Nyamuragira
23 23
Eruption of Pinatubo volcano on 14 June 1991 SO2 distribution after Pinatubo eruption (20 Mt) Altitude-temporal distribution of volcanic aerosol at height 25 km
24 24
Scattering ratio, R Ozone concentration,1012 mol./sm3
km
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991
Scattering ratio, R Ozone concentration, 1012 mol/cm3
Н, км
Effect of Effect of “ “ozone corrosion
” inside the aerosol layers in the stratosphere over inside the aerosol layers in the stratosphere over Tomsk Tomsk in in July July 1991 1991, a month after eruption of Pinatubo volcano , a month after eruption of Pinatubo volcano in Philippines in Philippines
H, km
25 25
Vertical profiles of ozone concentration Vertical profiles of ozone concentration ( (curves curves 1 1 and and 2 2) ) and scattering ratio and scattering ratio ( (curves curves 3 3 and and 4 4), ), measured at SLS on measured at SLS on 12 12 and and 13 13 April April 1993, 1993, correspondingly correspondingly, , in comparison in comparison with the Krueger model with the Krueger model ( (circles circles) )
Ozone destruction Ozone destruction in heterogeneous reactions in heterogeneous reactions on
the surface of sulfate aerosol the surface of sulfate aerosol → + + → < λ ν + , O 2 O О , O O ) нм 1100 ( h O
2 3 2 3
Intensification Intensification of photochemical
:
O z o n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n, N(H)*1012 sm-3 H, km
26 26
Tomsk Tomsk
Recording of Recording of PSCs PSCs in the stratosphere in the stratosphere
Tomsk in January in January 1995 1995 ( (24 24 January (curve January (curve 1 1) ), 26 , 26 January January
(curve (curve 2 2) ),
, and and background altitude distribution of background altitude distribution of R(H) at wavelength R(H) at wavelength 1064 1064 nm nm (curve
(curve 3 3) ))
). . TO field in DU contour lines according to TO field in DU contour lines according to TOMS TOMS data on data on 25 25 January January 1995. 1995.
H, km R(1064 nm)
27 27
One and half One and half years years afterward afterward Half Half-
year afterward afterward First weeks First weeks Beginning of Beginning of stage after stage after eruption eruption More than More than six years six years Heterogeneous reactions on the Heterogeneous reactions on the surfaces of PSC particles surfaces of PSC particles, , formed on formed on cores of volcanic aerosol cores of volcanic aerosol III III Three Three-
four years years Heterogeneous reactions on surfaces Heterogeneous reactions on surfaces
photochemical ozone destruction photochemical ozone destruction II II Within half Within half-
year Heterogeneous reactions on surface of Heterogeneous reactions on surface of ash particles ash particles I I Duration of Duration of stage stage Mechanism of depression Mechanism of depression Stage Stage No. No.
28 28
5
5
5
16° °N N / 62 / 62° °W W 13 13° °N N / 61 / 61° °W W 13 13° °N N / 87 / 87° °W W 46 46° °N N / 122 / 122° °W W 51 51° °N N / 156 / 156° °E E 1 1° °S S / 29 / 29° °E E 17 17° °N N / 93 / 93° °W W 5 5° °N N / 76 / 76° °W W 1 1° °S S / 29 / 29° °E E 61 61° °N N / 153 / 153° °W W 15 15° °N N / 120 / 120° °E E 4 4° °S S / 152 / 152° °E E Soufri Soufriè ère re Soufri Soufriè ère re Cerro Negro Cerro Negro
Alaid Alaid Nyamuragira Nyamuragira El El Chichon Chichon Del Ruiz Del Ruiz Nyamuragira Nyamuragira Redoubt Redoubt Pinatubo Pinatubo Rabaul Rabaul 1976 1976-
1977 1979 1979 1979 1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 1981 1981 1982 1982 1985 1985 1986 1986 1989 1989 1991 1991 1994 1994 4 4 5 5 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 61 61° °N N / 152 / 152° °W W 56 56° °N N / 161 / 161° °E E 8 8° °S S / 116 / 116° °E E 14 14° °N N / 121 / 121° °E E 4 4° °N N / 125 / 125° °E E 0° °S S / 92 / 92° °W W 14 14° °N N / 91 / 91° °W W Mount Mount Spurr Spurr Bezymyannaya Bezymyannaya Agung Agung Taal Taal Avu Avu Fernandina Fernandina Fuego Fuego 1953 1953 1956 1956 1963 1963 1965 1965 1966 1966 1968 1968 1974 1974
VEI VEI Latitude Latitude / / Longitude Longitude S S Year of eruption Year of eruption
29 29
9 – Redoubt 10 – Pinatubo 11 – Klyuchevskaya sopka 12 – Shishaldin 5 – Nyamuragira 6 – El Chichon 7 – Del Ruiz 8 – Nyamuragira 1 – Soufriere 2 – Cerro Negro 3 – St. Helens 4 – Alaid
Background level
yr
, sr-1
30 30 30 30
Σ =
п +
р
а п п >
м п п
а Σ Σ >
м Σ Σ
1) 1) Ozone destruction Ozone destruction: :
2) 2) Aerosol extinction Aerosol extinction: :
а р р ≈
м р р
Total Total: : FΣ FΣ
TROPOSPHERE TROPOSPHERE STRATOSPHERE STRATOSPHERE
OCEAN OCEAN
OCEAN OCEAN
AEROSOL AEROSOL LAYER LAYER
TROPOPAUSE TROPOPAUSE
31 31
DOS
MACROPHYTES PLANKTON
UV-В
VISIBLE
h1 h2
h α h F dh h dF
Δλ Δλ Δλ
− =
Bouger Bouger-
Beer law: :
dh h dF c ρ 1 dt h dT
Δλ Δλ p в
− =
Radiative heating rate of water Radiative heating rate of water: :
F F0
UV UV-
В /
/ F
F0
vis vis. . <
< 10 10-
3,
, α αUV
UV-
В /
/ α
αvis
vis. . >
> 10 103
3
h h2
2 >> h
>> h1
1
Ratio of contributions of UV Ratio of contributions of UV-
В and and visible radiation visible radiation to heating of to heating of surface layer surface layer: :
dT dTUV
UV-
В(h
(h1
1)
) dt dt dT dTvis
vis. .(h
(h1
1)
) dt dt
≥ ≥ 1 1
32 32
Behavior of monthly mean TO Behavior of monthly mean TO ( (TOMS TOMS) ) and SST (MODIS) and SST (MODIS) for for coordinates coordinates 50 50º ºN N; 150 ; 150º ºE E in in Okhotskoe Okhotskoe sea sea; ; ( (2000 2000-
2007) ) Correlation of indices of TO and SST for Correlation of indices of TO and SST for Okhotskoe Okhotskoe sea sea SD X X indices ; n X X
i i i i
∆ − ∆ = − = ∆
0 6 . 2 0 0 1 1 2 . 2 0 0 2 0 6 . 2 0 0 4 1 2 . 2 0 0 5 0 6 . 2 0 0 7
4 8 1 2 1 6 0 6 . 2 0 0 1 1 2 . 2 0 0 2 0 6 . 2 0 0 4 1 2 . 2 0 0 5 0 6 . 2 0 0 7 3 0 0 3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0
SST,
О
С Г о д ы
S S T
TO, DU Y e a r s
T O 06.2005 12.2005 06.2006 12.2006
0.0 1.5
SST Indices Year ОСО
1 2 3
4 8
Индексы ТПО Индексы ОСО R N P
Year
TO
SST indices TO indices
33 33
Long Long-
term ( (from from 1980 1980 to to 1998) 1998) perturbation perturbation
Background level
SST, °С Years
1 2
1 – Pacific 2 – Atlantic
SST growth in last quarter of SST growth in last quarter of twentieth century by twentieth century by 0.6 0.6°С °С in Pacific
in Pacific
and by and by 0.8 0.8°С °С in Atlantic in Atlantic
TO deviations from multiyear means according to TO deviations from multiyear means according to TOMS TOMS data for data for midlatitude midlatitude belts belts: 80 : 80– –60 60° °S S ( (curve curve 1 1); ); 60 60– –40 40° °S S ( (curve curve 2 2); 40 ); 40° °S S. .– –40 40° °N N ( (curve curve 3 3); 40 ); 40– –60 60° °N N ( (curve curve 4 4); 60 ); 60– –80 80° °N N ( (curve curve 5 5) )
TO deviations, D.U.
Taking into account, that Taking into account, that Δ ΔSST~ SST~ Δ ΔF FUV
UV-
В ~
~ -
ΔTO TO and SST and SSTmean
mean~17.5
~17.5° °C, C, for TO decline by 4% over for TO decline by 4% over 20 20 years, mean SST should increase by years, mean SST should increase by 0 0. .7 7°С °С
34 34
Aerosol perturbation of the stratosphere Aerosol perturbation of the stratosphere Depression of stratospheric ozone Depression of stratospheric ozone Increase of the level of near Increase of the level of near-
ground UV-
B radiation SST growth and photosynthesis depression SST growth and photosynthesis depression СО СО2
2 increase in the atmosphere
increase in the atmosphere
35 35
Reconstruction of stratospheric optical depth Reconstruction of stratospheric optical depth
1920 1940 1960 1980 300 320 340 360
СО2 trend CO2,ppm
Year
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
2 4
deviation, ppm
Year
Tomsk
1 7 0 0 1 7 5 0 1 8 0 0 1 8 5 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 5 0 2 0 0 0
0 ,0 0 ,5 1 ,0 1 ,5
TO indecies
Y e a r
TO indices
СО2 trend
СО2, ppm
Deviation, ppm Year Year
Year
TO reconstruction from TO reconstruction from dendrochronologic dendrochronologic signals signals, ,
, Kirgizia Kirgizia, , Yakutia Yakutia, and , and Polar Polar Ural Ural, , smoothed using smoothed using 11 11-
year window
Growth of global Growth of global СО СО2
2
in twentieth century in twentieth century in periods of volcanic in periods of volcanic activity activity
1 8 6 0 1 8 8 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 8 0 2 0 0 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 4 0 ,0 8 0 ,1 2 Del Ruiz Pinatubo El Chichon Fernandines Agung Awu Katmai Santa Maria Volcano
τ а , r.u .
Y e a r
Krakatau Several
36 36 36 36
Near Near-
ground temperature growth Aerosol injection into stratosphere Aerosol injection into stratosphere Depression of stratospheric ozone Depression of stratospheric ozone Increase of near Increase of near-
ground UV-
B SST growth and PS depression SST growth and PS depression СО СО2
2 increase in the atmosphere
increase in the atmosphere Greenhouse effect intensification Greenhouse effect intensification
37 37
Вековой Вековой тренд тренд ОСО ОСО в в ХХ ХХ веке веке, , несмотря несмотря на на аномальный аномальный спад спад в в последней последней четверти четверти и и активные активные выбросы выбросы техногенных техногенных фреонов фреонов, , был был положительным положительным, , что что полностью полностью опровергает опровергает « «фреоновую фреоновую» » концепцию концепцию разрушения разрушения озонового озонового слоя слоя. .
Enviromis Enviromis – – 2008 2008
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Анализ Анализ этапов этапов вулканогенной вулканогенной депрессии депрессии озоносферы озоносферы показал показал, , что что аномальное аномальное понижение понижение ОСО ОСО в в последней последней четверти четверти ХХ ХХ века века связано связано с с длительным длительным возмущением возмущением стратосферы стратосферы вулканогенным вулканогенным аэрозолем аэрозолем. .
Enviromis Enviromis – – 2008 2008
39 39
2 in the atmosphere because of
Аэрозольное Аэрозольное возмущение возмущение стратосферы стратосферы приводит приводит к к увеличению увеличению СО СО2
2 в
в атмосфере атмосфере вследствие вследствие уменьшения уменьшения его его стоков стоков в в океан океан и и растительную растительную биоту биоту из из-
за роста роста ТПО ТПО и и депрессии депрессии фотосинтеза фотосинтеза. .
Enviromis Enviromis – – 2008 2008
40 40