Cooling Energy Efficiency & Role of Refrigerants in India Life - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Cooling Energy Efficiency & Role of Refrigerants in India

Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) - To Measure Environment Impact LCCP

Direct Global Warming Indirect Global Warming

Refrigerant Leakage Energy Consumpt ion

• 1. Leak Rate
• 2. Charge Amount
• 3. Refrigerant GWP

Energy Consumed

Energy Consumption has 95 to 98 % impact on Environment

Holistic Approach:

• Safety
• Performance
• Environment
• Economics

Source: Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.

Product

Refrigerants Phase out/ down Energy Labeling E – Waste Management Regulations

Room AC energy efficiency

• Mandatory Labeling program from 2010,
• Star rating revised 4 times with improved energy efficiency

requirements

• Highest efficiency increased significantly vs base pre-labeling to

2018

• Developed nations took much longer
• Sales maximum for of 3 star products and for 5 Star around 20%
• Cost increasing due to enhanced energy efficiency
• Break through technology for high energy efficiency at affordable

cost required

Room AC energy efficiency

Star Label Up-gradation for Room AC

2006-2013 2014-2015 2016-2017 2018-2019

Star 1 Star 1 Star 1 Star 1 Star 2 Star 2 Star 2 Star 2 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 4 Star 4 Star 4 Star 4 Star 5 Star 5 Star 5 Star 5

1 Star 2 Star 3 Star 4 Star 5 Star

2011 (COP) 2.30 2.50 2.70 2.90 3.10 2018 – 2019 (ISEER*) 3.10 3.30 3.50 4.00 4.50 (45%)

Energy Efficiency Enhancement

*CSPF as per ISO 16358 with India specific temperature bin of 24-43℃

Historical Regulatory Improvements Commercial Buildings

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0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Energy Use Index (1975 Use =100) Year

ASHRAE 90.1 New Construction Commercial Efficiency Requirements

90-75 90A-1980 90.1-1989 90.1-1999 90.1-2001 90.1-2004 90.1-2007 90.1-2013 Future Target Historical Whole Building Savings Path B 150 Ton AC Chiller Path B 500 Ton WC Chiller 90.1-2010 90.1-2016 90.1-2019 Est 90.1-2022 Est 90.1-2025Est 90.1-2028? 90.1-2031 (BOD Goal) 10 Ton Rooftop

Chart is based on data from the DOE/PNNL Progress Studies, ASHRAE 90.1 Strategic Plan, and ASHRAE BOD goals, and of ASHRAE 90.1 and Equipment Efficiency Historical Improvements

Understanding Efficiency Metrics

• Industry historically focused on full load metrics at

a common design conditions

• Commercial buildings spend most of their
• perating hours at part load and reduced ambient

and new metrics like IPLV and IEER are more appropriate for equipment selection

• The world has different climate conditions and

although standards mostly use one common design conditions local climatic conditions need to be considered (sensible and latent)

• Efficiency metrics are typical defined at a

component level at standard rating conditions but do not always consider the full system and are not a good metric for system type selection

• Ductwork pressure drop and airflow controls
• Cooling tower approach and selection
• Hybrid systems (economizers, free cooling,

energy recovery, evaporative cooling, ventilation air control, etc.

• Operational and Occupancy Controls

Large Office Zone 4a Hospital Zone 4a Building Models from ASHRAE 90.1 Reference Buildings

ASHRAE 169-2013 new climate zones Total of 19 zones with 9 thermal zones and 3 subzones for humidity ASHRAE has also defined benchmark cities for each of the climate zones

India Chiller Labelling program

Capacity (kW) Min. COP ISEER WC Chillers 1 Star 2 Star 3 Star 4 Star 5 Star <260 4.20 4.8 5.2 5.6 6.1 6.6 >=260 & <530 4.70 5.0 5.6 6.2 6.8 7.4 >=530 & <1050 5.00 5.5 6.1 6.7 7.4 8.2 >=1050 & <1580 5.20 5.8 6.5 7.2 7.9 8.7 >=1580 5.60 6.0 6.7 7.4 8.2 9.0 AC Chillers * ** *** **** ***** <260 2.40 3.0 3.3 3.6 4.0 4.4 >=260 2.60 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.3 4.7

India Star Labelling Program India Chiller Standard

Improving Efficiency of Existing HVAC&R Systems

• Building Inspection/Energy Audit – Complete a full inspection of the building and it’s energy use. ASHRAE has a

standard called ASHRAE 211-2011 that includes procedures for level 1, 2, and 3 audits. A 2018 update is in progress and should be released later this year.

• The audit data should be used to look at all the buildings energy use and not just the HVAC&R as plug load energy
• use. Also look closely at ventilation air requirements and operation.
• Climate zones will have an impact on where to focus (i.e. hot/cold, humid/dry)
• Review occupancy and building use and make sure it is still aligned with the original HVAC designs.
• Recommissioning – In the US, as well as globally, we are beginning to see significant benefits by recommissioning the

system, also using continuous commissioning and monitoring/diagnostics. (i.e. Seattle recently passed requirements for recommissioning every 5 years, Singapore has demonstrated significant savings, and green building standards are making monitoring of large system mandatory).

• Monitoring and connected equipment and buildings is opening many new opportunities for maintaining higher

performance buildings.

• Controls Upgrades – Implement improvements like proper time of day scheduling (timeclock), occupancy setpoint

scheduling, ventilation control (demand ventilation). Also check that controls are functioning properly and have been commissioned and not in manual control mode.

Improving Efficiency of Existing Systems

• System Enhancements – Partial upgrades to systems can help improve efficiency
• Use of variable speed fans/2 speed fans. For commercial system indoor fan power can be one of the largest loads

due to continuous occupied operation for ventilation. Just a 66% speed of an indoor fan can reduce fan power by 70%. Be sure to coordinate with original equipment manufacturers to avoid reliability issues.

• Add economizers and or free cooling options. A recent survey conducted by AHRI indicated that only 42% of units

are installed with free cooling and the number should be closer to 70 to 80% based on energy and economic studies

• Air Economizer – Use outside air for cooling
• Hydronic/Fluid – Use cooling tower on water cooled system for cooling
• Refrigerant Cycle Economizers – cooling without the compressor at lower ambient
• Energy Recovery - For very hot and cold climates using higher levels of ventilation exhaust air energy recovery can

reduce loads as well as in large buildings internal energy recovery can provide benefits for heating as well as domestic water.

• Evaporative Cooling – In dry climates (B zones) evaporative cooling for condenser air and for ventilation air can add

significant energy savings. Care should be to insure corrosion issues are not created with condenser coils and that there is proper water treatment

Improving Efficiency of Existing Systems

At some point replacing equipment should be considered

• With the significant performance improvements due to regulations, equipment in the 10 year old

range can have an acceptable payback, and there is the added benefit of a refrigerant change to lower GWP options.

• Note in most cases the new low GWP refrigerants are not a drop-in
• We sometimes see resistance to replacement due to US tax laws (depreciated life of 39

years), plus internal company capital limits (revised as of 2018 which allows first year expensing)

• There is some discussion of making HVAC part of the building asset value
• In the US there are significant rebate programs that can often help with system upgrades

especially for higher Tier efficiency requirements, but you have to know where to look and comply with the requirements. US Utilities see efficiency improvements easier to implement then new power plants. Similar program needed for India

• When doing a unit upgrade the complete system should also be considered
• Cooling tower upgrades for water cooled systems
• Free cooling options, heat reclaim and hybrid systems
• Renewable energy interface including storage
• Look at plug loads
• Variable speed airflow and variable speed water flow
• Controls and monitoring
• Multiple unit sequencing
• Also consider load data (Energy Audits) and possible resizing of equipment

Energy Use Index (1975 Use =100) Year

ASHRAE 90.1 New Construction Commercial Efficiency Requirements

90-75 90A-1980 90.1-1989 90.1-1999 90.1-2001 90.1-2004 90.1-2007 90.1-2013 Future Target Historical Whole Building Savings 90.1-2010 90.1-2016 90.1-2019 Goal 90.1-2022 Est 90.1-2025Est 90.1-2028? 90.1-2031 (BOD Goal)

• HCFC 22 phase out as per Montreal Protocol 2025,
• HFC: Freeze 2028, phase down to start in 2032 for India
• Status in India
• Room AC fast migrating from fixed speed to inverter with HFC R410A

refrigerant, few manufacturers adopted HFC 32 and HC 290 (very small percentage of total RAC production)

• Chillers HFC R134a; R410A; R-1233zd(E)
• VRF with HFC R410A
• No alternative to HFC R410A for ducted, small chillers & VRF and MNC’s

may leverage from their parent companies in developed countries

• Adoption of HC in room AC challenges for safety across the business chain

under current India applications

• Commercial refrigeration R134A, R404, Ammonia

HCFC phase out & HFC phase down

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Q&A

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Bimal Tandon

Director Engineering, Carrier Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Chair Standards & Labelling, RAMA Email: Bimal.tandon@carrier.utc.com