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Contrasting Age of Arrival and Length of Residence in Dialect - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Contrasting Age of Arrival and Length of Residence in Dialect Contact Livia Oushiro (University of Campinas) New YorkNY, Nov 20, 2018 #endfascism Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 1 / 20 Introduction Source:

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SLIDE 1

Contrasting Age of Arrival and Length of Residence in Dialect Contact

Livia Oushiro (University of Campinas)

New York–NY, Nov 20, 2018 #endfascism

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 1 / 20

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SLIDE 2

Introduction

Source: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/opinion/ brazil-flirts-with-a-return-to-the-dark-days.html

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 2 / 20

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SLIDE 3

Introduction

Source: http://especiais.g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/ mapa-da-apuracao-no-brasil-presidente/1-turno/

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 2 / 20

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SLIDE 4

Introduction

“Thanks Northeast then you come to S˜ ao Paulo to get a job”

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 3 / 20

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SLIDE 5

Introduction

“The Northeast votes for the Labor Party, then comes to the Southeast to sell hammocks and steering wheel covers!”

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 3 / 20

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SLIDE 6

Introduction

“It would be a nice idea to build a wall between us and the Northeast LOL”

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 3 / 20

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SLIDE 7

Introduction

“Loved your CV. All you need to do now is lose the accent.” “Miss Cear´ a is beautiful, until she opens her mouth and speaks with that horrible accent”

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 3 / 20

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SLIDE 8

Introduction

The speech of migrant populations and dialect contact

Insights into: one of the key mechanisms of language change (Trudgill, 1986) and patterns of dialect acquisition (Chambers, 1992; Tagliamonte & Molfenter, 2007; Nycz, 2011; Otheguy & Zentella, 2012) But migrants have received less attention than more “prototypical” members of a speech community (Dodsworth, 2017) Larger number of variables: Age of Arrival Length of residence Social network Socioeconomic mobility Regional identities Individual identities Interlocutor Stance ...

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 4 / 20

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SLIDE 9

Introduction

The speech of migrant populations and dialect contact

Age of arrival and Length of residence: two variables that predict successful acquisition of new linguistic variants (Chambers, 1992; Trudgill, 1986) But often not treated orthogonally: speakers who arrived earlier are

  • ften also the ones who have lived the longest in the host community

(Siegel, 2010) Project Processes of Dialectal Accommodation (FAPESP 2016/04960-7)

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 5 / 20

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SLIDE 10

Data and methods

Corpus

Figure 1: Origin of speakers

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 6 / 20

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SLIDE 11

Data and methods

Corpus

Figure 2: 40 speakers stratified by sex/gender, AoA, and LoR

25–45 y.o., from rural areas, no more than high school education

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 6 / 20

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SLIDE 12

Data and methods

Corpus

One-hour long sociolinguistic interviews Modules: Neighborhood, childhood, family, work, leisure Word-list Overt evaluations of different “accents” Questionnaire of Social Network, Habits and Identity (based on Hoffman & Walker 2010)

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 6 / 20

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SLIDE 13

Data and methods

Corpus

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 6 / 20

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SLIDE 14

Data and methods

Variables

Coda /r/: porta ‘door’, mulher ‘woman’ [R]/[õ] vs. [x]/[G]/[X]/[h]/[H] ([+front] vs. [+back]) /t/ and /d/ before [i]: tia ‘aunt’, dia ‘day’ [Ù, ts]/[Ã, dz] vs. [t]/[d] (affricates vs. stops) Sentential negation n˜ ao vi vs. n˜ ao vi n˜ ao + vi n˜ ao (NEG1 vs. NEG2 + NEG3) Nominal agreement

  • s meninos vs. os menino-/

0 ‘the boys’ (standard vs. nonstandard)

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 7 / 20

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SLIDE 15

Data and methods

Variables

Coda /r/: porta ‘door’, mulher ‘woman’ [R]/[õ] vs. [x]/[G]/[X]/[h]/[H] ([+front] vs. [+back]) /t/ and /d/ before [i]: tia ‘aunt’, dia ‘day’ [Ù, ts]/[Ã, dz] vs. [t]/[d] (affricates vs. stops) Sentential negation n˜ ao vi vs. n˜ ao vi n˜ ao + vi n˜ ao (NEG1 vs. NEG2 + NEG3) Nominal agreement

  • s meninos vs. os menino-/

0 ‘the boys’ (standard vs. nonstandard) North–South

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 7 / 20

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Data and methods

Variables

Coda /r/: porta ‘door’, mulher ‘woman’ [R]/[õ] vs. [x]/[G]/[X]/[h]/[H] ([+front] vs. [+back]) /t/ and /d/ before [i]: tia ‘aunt’, dia ‘day’ [Ù, ts]/[Ã, dz] vs. [t]/[d] (affricates vs. stops) Sentential negation n˜ ao vi vs. n˜ ao vi n˜ ao + vi n˜ ao (NEG1 vs. NEG2 + NEG3) Nominal agreement

  • s meninos vs. os menino-/

0 ‘the boys’ (standard vs. nonstandard) Rural–Urban

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 7 / 20

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SLIDE 17

Data and methods

Variables

Coda /r/: porta ‘door’, mulher ‘woman’ [R]/[õ] vs. [x]/[G]/[X]/[h]/[H] ([+front] vs. [+back]) /t/ and /d/ before [i]: tia ‘aunt’, dia ‘day’ [Ù, ts]/[Ã, dz] vs. [t]/[d] (affricates vs. stops) Sentential negation n˜ ao vi vs. n˜ ao vi n˜ ao + vi n˜ ao (NEG1 vs. NEG2 + NEG3) Nominal agreement

  • s meninos vs. os menino-/

0 ‘the boys’ (standard vs. nonstandard) North–South Rural–Urban

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 7 / 20

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Data and methods

Methods

Total of 18,500 tokens of all variables Tokens of phonetic variables automatically extracted and coded for predictor variables with scripts in R Analyzed in proportion tests and mixed effects logistic regression models

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 8 / 20

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Results

Overall distribution

Figura 3a: Rates of usage of retroflex/tap /r/ (vs. aspirates)

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 9 / 20

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Results

Overall distribution

Figura 3b: Rates of usage of affricates (vs. stops)

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 9 / 20

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Results

Overall distribution

Figura 3c: Rates of usage of NEG1 (vs. NEG2 + NEG3)

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 9 / 20

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Results

Overall distribution

Figura 3d: Rates of usage of standard nominal agreement (vs. nonstandard NPAgree)

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 9 / 20

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Results

Coda /r/

Table 1: Multivariate mixed-effects model for R (N = 3,228)

Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept)

  • 1.193

1.134

  • 1.052

0.295 SEXmales 0.383 0.570 0.671 0.502 Age of Arrival

  • 0.070

0.039

  • 1.754

<0.05 * Length of Residence 0.085 0.028 3.032 <0.01 **

Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0.

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 10 / 20

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SLIDE 24

Results

Coda /r/

Table 1: Multivariate mixed-effects model for R (N = 3,228)

Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept)

  • 1.193

1.134

  • 1.052

0.295 SEXmales 0.383 0.570 0.671 0.502 Age of Arrival

  • 0.070

0.039

  • 1.754

<0.05 * Length of Residence 0.085 0.028 3.032 <0.01 **

Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0.

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 10 / 20

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Results

Coda /r/

Table 1: Multivariate mixed-effects model for R (N = 3,228)

Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept)

  • 1.193

1.134

  • 1.052

0.295 SEXmales 0.383 0.570 0.671 0.502 Age of Arrival

  • 0.070

0.039

  • 1.754

<0.05 * Length of Residence 0.085 0.028 3.032 <0.01 **

Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0.

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 10 / 20

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SLIDE 26

Results

Coda /r/

Table 1: Multivariate mixed-effects model for R (N = 3,228)

Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept)

  • 1.193

1.134

  • 1.052

0.295 SEXmales 0.383 0.570 0.671 0.502 Age of Arrival

  • 0.070

0.039

  • 1.754

<0.05 * Length of Residence 0.085 0.028 3.032 <0.01 **

Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0.

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 10 / 20

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Results

/t/ and /d/ before [i]

Table 2: Multivariate mixed-effects model for TD (N = 7,811)

Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept) 3.452 0.82952 4.162 <0.001 *** SEXmales

  • 1.202

0.41730

  • 2.88

<0.01 ** Age of Arrival

  • 0.149

0.02845

  • 5.27

<0.001 *** Length of Residence

  • 0.032

0.02083

  • 1.525

0.127

Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0.

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 11 / 20

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Results

/t/ and /d/ before [i]

Table 2: Multivariate mixed-effects model for TD (N = 7,811)

Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept) 3.452 0.82952 4.162 <0.001 *** SEXmales

  • 1.202

0.41730

  • 2.88

<0.01 ** Age of Arrival

  • 0.149

0.02845

  • 5.27

<0.001 *** Length of Residence

  • 0.032

0.02083

  • 1.525

0.127

Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0.

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 11 / 20

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Results

/t/ and /d/ before [i]

Table 2: Multivariate mixed-effects model for TD (N = 7,811)

Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept) 3.452 0.82952 4.162 <0.001 *** SEXmales

  • 1.202

0.41730

  • 2.88

<0.01 ** Age of Arrival

  • 0.149

0.02845

  • 5.27

<0.001 *** Length of Residence

  • 0.032

0.02083

  • 1.525

0.127

Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0.

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 11 / 20

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Results

/t/ and /d/ before [i]

Table 2: Multivariate mixed-effects model for TD (N = 7,811)

Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept) 3.452 0.82952 4.162 <0.001 *** SEXmales

  • 1.202

0.41730

  • 2.88

<0.01 ** Age of Arrival

  • 0.149

0.02845

  • 5.27

<0.001 *** Length of Residence

  • 0.032

0.02083

  • 1.525

0.127

Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0.

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 11 / 20

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Results

Sentential negation

Table 3: Multivariate mixed-effects model for NEG (N = 3,488)

Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept) 3.024 0.585 5.165 <0.001 *** SEXmales

  • 0.234

0.282

  • 0.828

0.407 Age of Arrival

  • 0.038

0.019

  • 1.922

0.055 Length of Residence

  • 0.004

0.014

  • 0.279

0.780

Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0.

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 12 / 20

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SLIDE 32

Results

Sentential negation

Table 3: Multivariate mixed-effects model for NEG (N = 3,488)

Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept) 3.024 0.585 5.165 <0.001 *** SEXmales

  • 0.234

0.282

  • 0.828

0.407 Age of Arrival

  • 0.038

0.019

  • 1.922

0.055 Length of Residence

  • 0.004

0.014

  • 0.279

0.780

Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0.

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 12 / 20

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SLIDE 33

Results

Sentential negation

Table 3: Multivariate mixed-effects model for NEG (N = 3,488)

Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept) 3.024 0.585 5.165 <0.001 *** SEXmales

  • 0.234

0.282

  • 0.828

0.407 Age of Arrival

  • 0.038

0.019

  • 1.922

0.055 Length of Residence

  • 0.004

0.014

  • 0.279

0.780

Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0.

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 12 / 20

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SLIDE 34

Results

Sentential negation

Table 3: Multivariate mixed-effects model for NEG (N = 3,488)

Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept) 3.024 0.585 5.165 <0.001 *** SEXmales

  • 0.234

0.282

  • 0.828

0.407 Age of Arrival

  • 0.038

0.019

  • 1.922

0.055 Length of Residence

  • 0.004

0.014

  • 0.279

0.780

Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0.

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 12 / 20

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SLIDE 35

Results

Nominal Agreement

Table 4: Multivariate mixed-effects model for NPAgree (N = 4,052)

Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept)

  • 0.205

1.112

  • 0.184

0.854 SEXmales

  • 1.102

0.424

  • 2.599

<0.01 ** Age of Arrival 0.026 0.043 0.599 0.549 Length of Residence 0.128 0.067 1.911 0.056

Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0.

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 13 / 20

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SLIDE 36

Results

Nominal Agreement

Table 4: Multivariate mixed-effects model for NPAgree (N = 4,052)

Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept)

  • 0.205

1.112

  • 0.184

0.854 SEXmales

  • 1.102

0.424

  • 2.599

<0.01 ** Age of Arrival 0.026 0.043 0.599 0.549 Length of Residence 0.128 0.067 1.911 0.056

Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0.

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 13 / 20

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SLIDE 37

Results

Nominal Agreement

Table 4: Multivariate mixed-effects model for NPAgree (N = 4,052)

Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept)

  • 0.205

1.112

  • 0.184

0.854 SEXmales

  • 1.102

0.424

  • 2.599

<0.01 ** Age of Arrival 0.026 0.043 0.599 0.549 Length of Residence 0.128 0.067 1.911 0.056

Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0.

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 13 / 20

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SLIDE 38

Results

Nominal Agreement

Table 4: Multivariate mixed-effects model for NPAgree (N = 4,052)

Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept)

  • 0.205

1.112

  • 0.184

0.854 SEXmales

  • 1.102

0.424

  • 2.599

<0.01 ** Age of Arrival 0.026 0.043 0.599 0.549 Length of Residence 0.128 0.067 1.911 0.056

Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0.

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 13 / 20

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SLIDE 39

Results

Identity scales

Figure 4a: Frequency of responses to the state identity scale

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Results

Identity scales

Figure 4b: Frequency of responses to the S˜ ao Paulo identity scale

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 14 / 20

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Results

Table 5: Correlation with identity scales (logodds)

(R) (TD) (NEG) (NPAgree) State

  • 0.753*
  • 0.226
  • 0.413*
  • 0.111

S˜ ao Paulo 0.256* 0.020 0.022

  • 0.161

Response ∼ stateScale + spScale + (1|Speaker)

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 15 / 20

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Results

Table 5: Correlation with identity scales (logodds)

(R) (TD) (NEG) (NPAgree) State

  • 0.753*
  • 0.226
  • 0.413*
  • 0.111

S˜ ao Paulo 0.256* 0.020 0.022

  • 0.161

Response ∼ stateScale + spScale + (1|Speaker)

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 15 / 20

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SLIDE 43

Results

Table 5: Correlation with identity scales (logodds)

(R) (TD) (NEG) (NPAgree) State

  • 0.753*
  • 0.226
  • 0.413*
  • 0.111

S˜ ao Paulo 0.256* 0.020 0.022

  • 0.161

Response ∼ stateScale + spScale + (1|Speaker)

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 15 / 20

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Results

Discussion

Table 6: Summary of results

Phonetic Morphosyntactic (R) (TD) (NEG) (NPAgree) N 3.228 7.811 3.488 4.052 Sex/gender X

  • X
  • Age of Arrival
  • X

X Length of Residence

  • X

X X State identity

  • X
  • X

S˜ ao Paulo identity

  • X

X X

significant correlation; X nonsignificant correlation

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 16 / 20

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SLIDE 45

Results

Discussion

Table 6: Summary of results

Phonetic Morphosyntactic (R) (TD) (NEG) (NPAgree) N 3.228 7.811 3.488 4.052 Sex/gender X

  • X
  • Age of Arrival
  • X

X Length of Residence

  • X

X X State identity

  • X
  • X

S˜ ao Paulo identity

  • X

X X

significant correlation; X nonsignificant correlation

Men favor rural variants, woman favor urban variants Similar to general trend in BP (Scherre, 2008; Mendes & Oushiro, 2015); but different from Bortoni-Ricardo (1985); Rodrigues (1987): men in “rurban” communities favor prestigious variants

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 16 / 20

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SLIDE 46

Results

Discussion

Table 6: Summary of results

Phonetic Morphosyntactic (R) (TD) (NEG) (NPAgree) N 3.228 7.811 3.488 4.052 Sex/gender X

  • X
  • Age of Arrival
  • X

X Length of Residence

  • X

X X State identity

  • X
  • X

S˜ ao Paulo identity

  • X

X X

significant correlation; X nonsignificant correlation

Correlation between Age of Arrival and phonetic variables, not morphosyntactic ones In line with Lenneberg’s (1967) Critical Age Hypothesis, but not with Long’s (2007) Sensitive Period Hypothesis

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 16 / 20

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SLIDE 47

Results

Discussion

Table 6: Summary of results

Phonetic Morphosyntactic (R) (TD) (NEG) (NPAgree) N 3.228 7.811 3.488 4.052 Sex/gender X

  • X
  • Age of Arrival
  • X

X Length of Residence

  • X

X X State identity

  • X
  • X

S˜ ao Paulo identity

  • X

X X

significant correlation; X nonsignificant correlation

Length of residence only correlates with R

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 16 / 20

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SLIDE 48

Results

Discussion

Table 6: Summary of results

Phonetic Morphosyntactic (R) (TD) (NEG) (NPAgree) N 3.228 7.811 3.488 4.052 Sex/gender X

  • X
  • Age of Arrival
  • X

X Length of Residence

  • X

X X State identity

  • X
  • X

S˜ ao Paulo identity

  • X

X X

significant correlation; X nonsignificant correlation

Length of residence only correlates with R Salience? (Trudgill, 1986; Chambers, 1992)

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 16 / 20

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SLIDE 49

Results

Discussion

Table 6: Summary of results

Phonetic Morphosyntactic (R) (TD) (NEG) (NPAgree) N 3.228 7.811 3.488 4.052 Sex/gender X

  • X
  • Age of Arrival
  • X

X Length of Residence

  • X

X X State identity

  • X
  • X

S˜ ao Paulo identity

  • X

X X

significant correlation; X nonsignificant correlation

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 16 / 20

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SLIDE 50

Results

Discussion

Table 6: Summary of results

Phonetic Morphosyntactic (R) (TD) (NEG) (NPAgree) N 3.228 7.811 3.488 4.052 Sex/gender X

  • X
  • Age of Arrival
  • X

X Length of Residence

  • X

X X State identity

  • X
  • X

S˜ ao Paulo identity

  • X

X X

significant correlation; X nonsignificant correlation

State identity scale correlates with variables that differentiate Northern-Southern dialects

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 16 / 20

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SLIDE 51

Results

Discussion

Table 6: Summary of results

Phonetic Morphosyntactic (R) (TD) (NEG) (NPAgree) N 3.228 7.811 3.488 4.052 Sex/gender X

  • X
  • Age of Arrival
  • X

X Length of Residence

  • X

X X State identity

  • X
  • X

S˜ ao Paulo identity

  • X

X X

significant correlation; X nonsignificant correlation

S˜ ao Paulo identity scale only correlates with R

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 16 / 20

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SLIDE 52

Conclusion

In short

Age of arrival correlates with the phonetic variables (R and TD), but not the syntactic variables (NEG and NPAgree) Length of residence correlates with R Sex/gender correlates with rural-urban variables (TD and NPAgree) State identity correlates with Northern-Southern variables (R and NEG) S˜ ao Paulo identity correlates with R Next steps: analysis of speakers’ social networks and stances throughout the interview

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 17 / 20

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SLIDE 53

Conclusion

References I

Bortoni-Ricardo, Stella Maris. The urbanization of rural dialect speakers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Chambers, Jack K. “Dialect acquisition.” Language, vol. 68(4), 673–705, 1992. Dodsworth, Robin. “Migration and dialect contact.” Annual Review of Linguistics, vol. 3, 331–346, 2017. Hoffman, Michol & Walker, James A. “Ethnolects in the city: ethnic orientation and linguistic variation in Toronto English.” Language Variation and Change, vol. 22, 37–67, 2010. Hora, Dermeval da. “Projeto Varia¸ c˜ ao Lingu´ ıstica no Estado da Para´ ıba.”, 1993. Mendes, R. B. & Oushiro, L. “Variable number agreement in Brazilian Portuguese: an

  • verview.” Language and Linguistics Compass, vol. 9(9), 358–368, 2015.

Nycz, Jennifer R. Second dialect acquisition: implications for theories of phonological

  • representation. Tese de Doutorado. Nova York: New York University, 2011. 254f.

Oliveira, Alan Jardel. “Projeto PORTAL: varia¸ c˜ ao lingu´ ıstica no portuguˆ es alagoano.”, 2017. URL http://www.portuguesalagoano.com.br/ Otheguy, Ricardo & Zentella, Ana Celia. Spanish in New York, 2012. Rodrigues, Angela C. S. A concordˆ ancia verbal no portuguˆ es popular em S˜ ao Paulo. Tese de

  • Doutorado. S˜

ao Paulo: FFLCH-USP, 1987.

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 18 / 20

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SLIDE 54

Conclusion

References II

Scherre, Maria Marta Pereira. Doa-se lindos filhotes de poodle: varia¸ c˜ ao lingu´ ıstica, m´ ıdia e

  • preconceito. S˜

ao Paulo: Par´ abola, 2 ed., 2008. Siegel, Jeff. Second dialect acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Tagliamonte, Sali & Molfenter, Sonja. “How’d you get that accent?: Acquiring a second dialect

  • f the same language.” Language in Society, vol. 36(5), 649–675, 2007.

Trudgill, Peter. Dialects in contact. New York: Basil-Blackwell, 1986.

Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 19 / 20

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Conclusion

#nothim #freeLula #endfascism

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