Contrasting Age of Arrival and Length of Residence in Dialect Contact Livia Oushiro (University of Campinas) New York–NY, Nov 20, 2018 #endfascism Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 1 / 20
Introduction Source: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/opinion/ brazil-flirts-with-a-return-to-the-dark-days.html Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 2 / 20
Introduction Source: http://especiais.g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/ mapa-da-apuracao-no-brasil-presidente/1-turno/ Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 2 / 20
Introduction “Thanks Northeast then you come to S˜ ao Paulo to get a job” Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 3 / 20
Introduction “The Northeast votes for the Labor Party, then comes to the Southeast to sell hammocks and steering wheel covers!” Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 3 / 20
Introduction “It would be a nice idea to build a wall between us and the Northeast LOL” Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 3 / 20
Introduction “Loved your CV. All you need to do now is lose the accent.” “Miss Cear´ a is beautiful, until she opens her mouth and speaks with that horrible accent” Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 3 / 20
Introduction The speech of migrant populations and dialect contact Insights into: one of the key mechanisms of language change (Trudgill, 1986) and patterns of dialect acquisition (Chambers, 1992; Tagliamonte & Molfenter, 2007; Nycz, 2011; Otheguy & Zentella, 2012) But migrants have received less attention than more “prototypical” members of a speech community (Dodsworth, 2017) Larger number of variables: Age of Arrival Length of residence Social network Socioeconomic mobility Regional identities Individual identities Interlocutor Stance ... Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 4 / 20
Introduction The speech of migrant populations and dialect contact Age of arrival and Length of residence: two variables that predict successful acquisition of new linguistic variants (Chambers, 1992; Trudgill, 1986) But often not treated orthogonally: speakers who arrived earlier are often also the ones who have lived the longest in the host community (Siegel, 2010) Project Processes of Dialectal Accommodation (FAPESP 2016/04960-7) Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 5 / 20
Data and methods Corpus Figure 1: Origin of speakers Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 6 / 20
Data and methods Corpus Figure 2: 40 speakers stratified by sex/gender, AoA, and LoR 25–45 y.o., from rural areas, no more than high school education Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 6 / 20
Data and methods Corpus One-hour long sociolinguistic interviews Modules: Neighborhood, childhood, family, work, leisure Word-list Overt evaluations of different “accents” Questionnaire of Social Network, Habits and Identity (based on Hoffman & Walker 2010) Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 6 / 20
Data and methods Corpus Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 6 / 20
Data and methods Variables Coda /r/: porta ‘door’, mulher ‘woman’ [ R ]/[ õ ] vs. [x]/[ G ]/[ X ]/[h]/[ H ] ([+front] vs. [+back]) /t/ and /d/ before [i]: tia ‘aunt’, dia ‘day’ [ Ù , ts]/[ Ã , dz] vs. [t]/[d] (affricates vs. stops) Sentential negation n˜ ao vi vs. n˜ ao vi n˜ ao + vi n˜ ao (NEG1 vs. NEG2 + NEG3) Nominal agreement os meninos vs. os menino- / 0 ‘the boys’ (standard vs. nonstandard) Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 7 / 20
Data and methods Variables Coda /r/ : porta ‘door’, mulher ‘woman’ [ R ]/[ õ ] vs. [x]/[ G ]/[ X ]/[h]/[ H ] ([+front] vs. [+back]) /t/ and /d/ before [i]: tia ‘aunt’, dia ‘day’ [ Ù , ts]/[ Ã , dz] vs. [t]/[d] (affricates vs. stops) Sentential negation n˜ ao vi vs. n˜ ao vi n˜ ao + vi n˜ ao (NEG1 vs. NEG2 + NEG3) Nominal agreement os meninos vs. os menino- / 0 ‘the boys’ (standard vs. nonstandard) North–South Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 7 / 20
Data and methods Variables Coda /r/: porta ‘door’, mulher ‘woman’ [ R ]/[ õ ] vs. [x]/[ G ]/[ X ]/[h]/[ H ] ([+front] vs. [+back]) /t/ and /d/ before [i] : tia ‘aunt’, dia ‘day’ [ Ù , ts]/[ Ã , dz] vs. [t]/[d] (affricates vs. stops) Sentential negation n˜ ao vi vs. n˜ ao vi n˜ ao + vi n˜ ao (NEG1 vs. NEG2 + NEG3) Nominal agreement os meninos vs. os menino- / 0 ‘the boys’ (standard vs. nonstandard) Rural–Urban Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 7 / 20
Data and methods Variables Coda /r/: porta ‘door’, mulher ‘woman’ [ R ]/[ õ ] vs. [x]/[ G ]/[ X ]/[h]/[ H ] ([+front] vs. [+back]) /t/ and /d/ before [i]: tia ‘aunt’, dia ‘day’ [ Ù , ts]/[ Ã , dz] vs. [t]/[d] (affricates vs. stops) Sentential negation n˜ ao vi vs. n˜ ao vi n˜ ao + vi n˜ ao (NEG1 vs. NEG2 + NEG3) Nominal agreement os meninos vs. os menino- / 0 ‘the boys’ (standard vs. nonstandard) North–South Rural–Urban Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 7 / 20
Data and methods Methods Total of 18,500 tokens of all variables Tokens of phonetic variables automatically extracted and coded for predictor variables with scripts in R Analyzed in proportion tests and mixed effects logistic regression models Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 8 / 20
Results Overall distribution Figura 3a: Rates of usage of retroflex/tap /r/ (vs. aspirates) Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 9 / 20
Results Overall distribution Figura 3b: Rates of usage of affricates (vs. stops) Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 9 / 20
Results Overall distribution Figura 3c: Rates of usage of NEG1 (vs. NEG2 + NEG3) Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 9 / 20
Results Overall distribution Figura 3d: Rates of usage of standard nominal agreement (vs. nonstandard NPAgree) Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 9 / 20
Results Coda /r/ Table 1: Multivariate mixed-effects model for R (N = 3,228) Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept) -1.193 1.134 -1.052 0.295 SEXmales 0.383 0.570 0.671 0.502 Age of Arrival -0.070 0.039 -1.754 < 0.05 * Length of Residence 0.085 0.028 3.032 < 0.01 ** Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0. Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 10 / 20
Results Coda /r/ Table 1: Multivariate mixed-effects model for R (N = 3,228) Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept) -1.193 1.134 -1.052 0.295 SEXmales 0.383 0.570 0.671 0.502 Age of Arrival -0.070 0.039 -1.754 < 0.05 * Length of Residence 0.085 0.028 3.032 < 0.01 ** Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0. Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 10 / 20
Results Coda /r/ Table 1: Multivariate mixed-effects model for R (N = 3,228) Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept) -1.193 1.134 -1.052 0.295 SEXmales 0.383 0.570 0.671 0.502 Age of Arrival -0.070 0.039 -1.754 < 0.05 * Length of Residence 0.085 0.028 3.032 < 0.01 ** Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0. Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 10 / 20
Results Coda /r/ Table 1: Multivariate mixed-effects model for R (N = 3,228) Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept) -1.193 1.134 -1.052 0.295 SEXmales 0.383 0.570 0.671 0.502 Age of Arrival -0.070 0.039 -1.754 < 0.05 * Length of Residence 0.085 0.028 3.032 < 0.01 ** Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0. Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 10 / 20
Results /t/ and /d/ before [i] Table 2: Multivariate mixed-effects model for TD (N = 7,811) Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept) 3.452 0.82952 4.162 < 0.001 *** SEXmales -1.202 0.41730 -2.88 < 0.01 ** Age of Arrival -0.149 0.02845 -5.27 < 0.001 *** Length of Residence -0.032 0.02083 -1.525 0.127 Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0. Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 11 / 20
Results /t/ and /d/ before [i] Table 2: Multivariate mixed-effects model for TD (N = 7,811) Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept) 3.452 0.82952 4.162 < 0.001 *** SEXmales -1.202 0.41730 -2.88 < 0.01 ** Age of Arrival -0.149 0.02845 -5.27 < 0.001 *** Length of Residence -0.032 0.02083 -1.525 0.127 Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0. Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 11 / 20
Results /t/ and /d/ before [i] Table 2: Multivariate mixed-effects model for TD (N = 7,811) Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept) 3.452 0.82952 4.162 < 0.001 *** SEXmales -1.202 0.41730 -2.88 < 0.01 ** Age of Arrival -0.149 0.02845 -5.27 < 0.001 *** Length of Residence -0.032 0.02083 -1.525 0.127 Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0. Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 11 / 20
Results /t/ and /d/ before [i] Table 2: Multivariate mixed-effects model for TD (N = 7,811) Estimate Standard Error z-value p (Intercept) 3.452 0.82952 4.162 < 0.001 *** SEXmales -1.202 0.41730 -2.88 < 0.01 ** Age of Arrival -0.149 0.02845 -5.27 < 0.001 *** Length of Residence -0.032 0.02083 -1.525 0.127 Intercept = sex female, age 0, length of residence 0. Oushiro Constrasting AoA and LoR NWAV47 11 / 20
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