Conserving Now, Preserving Future Govt. of Bihar Avoiding - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

Case Study: Impacts of Loss and Damage. Soil & Moisture Conservation (SMC) Treatment in natural forest tracts-An Impactful Intervention with ramifications for Climate Change challenge- Showcasing the Bihar

Department of Environment & Forests

• Govt. of Bihar

Participant & thematic area covered

• 1. Sri Vivek Kumar Singh, IAS

: Policy issues in natural Forest tracts with ramifications for Climate Change challenge Principal Secretary

• 2. Dr. D.K.Shukla, IFS

: Watershed development interventions in restoring natural eco system Principal Chief Conservator of Forest (HoFF), Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

Avoiding ramifications for climate change challenges- an impactful intervention through soil & moisture conservation (SMC) treatment in natural forests tracts

showcasing the Bihar

• Govt. of Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

• Govt. of Bihar
• Although policies are developed at the national level, losses and damages are ultimately

incurred at the local level.

• Considering loss and damage is an issue affecting local communities, it is important that the

measures used to the address future impacts of climate change are targeted to those in need

• Farmers in disaster prone areas face incremental risks as the global temperature rises and the

frequency and severity of disasters increase

• Communities adopting coping measures such as looking for additional income or selling assets

in order to buy food.

• Loss and damage is undermining food and livelihood security, social cohesion, culture and

identity

Impacts of Loss and Damage at State Level

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

• Govt. of Bihar
• Enhance the understanding of how loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate

change affect particularly for vulnerable communities

• Policymakers will need to explore, develop and implement comprehensive risk management

frameworks that include risk reduction, risk transfer such as insurance, risk retention such as contingency funds and social safety nets.

• Enhancing data on and knowledge of the risks of slow onset events and their impacts, and identify

ways forward on approaches to address slow onset events associated with the adverse effects of climate change

• Building capacity of institutions to ensure that local households and communities can participate in

the design and implementation of policies and programs

• Develop and implement financial instruments and tools that address the risks of loss and damage

associated with the adverse effects of climate change

Areas for Intervention

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Watershed development interventions in restoring natural eco-system

• Govt. of Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

Forests in Bihar

• Total Geographical Area:

94163 sq. km.

• Forest Area

: 6845 sq. km. (7.23%)

• Degradation due to anthropogenic pressure.
• Degradation of ecological health on all fronts.
• Richness of vegetable cover, succession status, proneness to erosion, moisture

regime, surface water retention, ground water recharge.

• Floral & Faunal bio-diversity, soil health and potential productivity, spread of

invasive species.

• Govt. of Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

Climate change

• A confirmed phenomenological observation.
• Increase in erratic pattern of precipitation.
• Changed rainfall pattern: Reduced number of rainy days.
• Copious of peaked downpours on fewer days.
• Long spell of dry days during monsoon.
• Some areas are most affected: Some forest area are adaptive to climate change, some are not
• It causes:

– More erosion and reduce water & moisture retention – Impact physico-chemical and biological system over a range of realms and scales- Soil moisture, soil microfauna, mychorrhizal associations, seeding, germination, water and food availability for small and big fauna

• Govt. of Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

Vulnerability of an ecosystem:

The Resistance and resilience stability of an ecosystem

• Govt. of Bihar

Resilience Stability Resistance Stability Ecosystem Function Time Perturbation Total Stability Dynamic Equilibrium

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Developing Macro-level Vulnerability Index of Bihar

RAINFALL TEMPRATURE DEPTH OF WATER LEVEL

VULNERABILITY

WASTELAND OPEN FOREST MODERATE DENCE FOREST RURAL LITERACY RATE

RURAL POPULATION BELOW POVERTY (%)

% OF RURAL WORKERS AS AGRICULTURAL LABOUR

EXPOSURE SENSITIVITY ADAPTIVE CAPACITY

V = f (Exposure, Sensitivity, Adaptive Capacity)

• Department has

developed the vulnerability index of all the districts of Bihar

• Source:

Holly Deems & Adriana Bruggeman, Energy, Environment and Water Research Centre, The Cyprus Institute, June 2010

• Govt. of Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

Macro-level Vulnerability Index map of Bihar

• All the very high vulnerable

districts having forest areas except Vaishali & Siwan.

• Only 2 districts having forest

areas are less vulnerable: Nalanda (Low) and Jehanabad (Average).

• Among

forest districts- Nalanda is least vulnerable and Kaimur is highly vulnerable.

• It

shows that districts having forest areas are highly vulnerable, which requires interventions.

• Govt. of Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

Type of Vegetation

• No. of

Species Most Dominant Species IVI Jamuni Base of Byapurgiri, Rajgir Range (Nalanda Forest Division) Tree 38 Boswellia serrata 36.65 Shrub 27 Dendrocalamus strictus 114.74 Herbs 26 Cassia occidentalis 39.52 Bheembandh (Munger Forest Division) Tree 18 Magnifera indica 57.25 Shrub 16 Carissa opaca 89.21 Herbs 20 Andrographis paniculata 43.15 Mandar Bahar, Baunsi Beat (Banka Forest Division) Tree 28 Streblus asper 34.23 Shrub 18 Holarrhena pubescens 40.75 Herbs 29 Gardenia latifolia 50.58 Type of Vegetation

• No. of

Species Most Dominant Species IVI Titri Range, Imamganj (Gaya Forest Divison) Tree 3 Butea monosperma 200.99 Shrub 1 Butea monosperma 299.99 Herbs 17 Cynodon dactylon 75.49 Chakarghata Nadi Patpar Village (Kaimur Forest Division) Tree 3 Terminalia arjuna 243.14 Shrub 3 Mitragyna parvifolia 110.19 Herbs 15 Cyperus rotundus 66.02 Salaya Forest, Madanpur Range (Aurangabad Forest Division) Tree 2 Azadirachta indica 229.58 Shrub 8 Carissa opaca 89.94 Herbs 14 Tridex procumbens 75.77

Importance Value Index (IVI)

Source: Floral Bio-diversity Survey conducted by Forest Research Institute, Dehradun

• Govt. of Bihar

IVI: ‘Importance of a species in its relative contribution to the whole community, IVI = R.D+R.F.+R.B.A.

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

Observation

• Nalanda, Munger and Banka forest divisions low IVI score of large no. of species in the

community show that these areas are rich in diverse vegetation.

• Department has started soil and moisture conservation and Regeneration of Degraded

Forests activities in these areas from 2012-2013.

• Gaya, Kaimur and Aurangabad forest divisions are not so rich in vegetation as reflected

in IVI.

• A comprehensive plan has been prepared for these areas under Agriculture Road Map

2017-2022.

• Various biodiversity indices calculated to show impact of interventions.
• Govt. of Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

Response

• Eco-system approach: Response to climate change.
• Watershed development: Micro watersheds have been treated with graded

appropriate type of structures ranging from check dams, silt detention dams, water harvesting bunds and ponds in 11 Forest Divisions. – Conserving Soil & Moisture – Plantation in blank patches

• Govt. of Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

RDF & SMC Work

10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

Area (in ha)

Total Area (2012-13 to 2016-17): 158813 ha

• Govt. of Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

Process of Micro-Planning

• Govt. of Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

Process of Micro-Planning Contd…

• Govt. of Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

TREATED AREA DETAILS AND TREATMENT CHART – KHARAGPUR RANGE

Process of Micro-Planning Contd…

• Govt. of Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

Various Watershed Structures

Silt Detention Dam Loose Boulder Check Dam Earthen Check Dam Run-off Measure Structure Water Harvesting Structure

• Govt. of Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

• Govt. of Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

Photographs Micro Plan- Nalanda Forest Division

Mrig Vihar Water Body Water Harvesting Structure (Ratnagiri) Silt Detention Structure (Ratnagiri) Rock Iron Post Structure (Ratnagiri) Water Harvesting Structure (Ratnagiri) Loose Boulder Structure (Ratnagiri)

• Govt. of Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

Forest Ecosystem in Bihar: Qualitative & Quantities study by FRI

Biodiversity & Sustainability Sustainability:

• Ability to maintain Ecological process over long periods of time.
• Maintain structure and function of ecosystem

Biodiversity:

• Richness and variety of life- of genes, species and ecosystem
• Higher/more biodiversity = more sustainable
• Lower/less biodiversity = less sustainable
• High biodiversity in an ecosystem means that there is a great variety of genes

and species in that ecosystem.

• Govt. of Bihar

• Shannon-Wiener Index (Shannon & Wiener, 1963)

H= - ∑ pi ln pi Where pi is (Ni/N) , Ni = Number of individuals of species i and N= Total number of individuals

• f all the species.
• Concentration of dominance (cd) = Simpson Index (Simpson, 1949)

Cd = ∑ (pi)2

• Pielou's Evenness Index (Pielou, 1966) :

J = H'/ln(S) where H’ is Shannon Weiner diversity and S is the total number of species

• S= Species Richness

Total number of species

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Biodiversity indices

• Govt. of Bihar

Diversity indices of different forest of Bihar

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Biodiversity indices

• Govt. of Bihar

Name of Division Site/Growth Forms Trees Shrubs Herbs SR H cd E SR H cd E SR H cd E Banka Inarabaran Sub-Beat, Kadhar Beat, Katoria Range (N 24º 39' 3.6" E 86º 49' 56.3") 26 2.872 0.075 0.881 25 2.759 0.090 0.857 30 2.652 0.107 0.779 Biharu Pahar, Suia Beat, Katoria Range (N 24º 50' 32.3" E 86º 41' 24.8") 11 1.961 0.205 0.818 27 2.967 0.068 0.900 19 2.755 0.075 0.936 Nalanda

Jamuni, Byapur Giri, Rajgir Range (N 24º 59' 54.4" E 85º 24' 37.9"Alt. 115 m)

38 3.253 0.059 0.894 27 1.912 0.338 0.580 26 2.969 0.065 0.911

Kaimur

Chakarghata Nadi Patpar Village, Adhaura Range, Bhabhuya (N 24º 40' 2.3" E 83º 34' 34.1") 3 0.485 0.760 0.441 3 1.098 0.333 1.000 15 1.990 0.188

0.734

(SR=species richness; H=Diversity index; cd=Concentration of dominance; E= Evenness)

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Fluctuation in water level

• Source: GROUND WATER YEAR BOOK, BIHAR (2015 - 2016)
• Govt. of Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

Outcome

• Transformational impacts- substantive implications for both the adaptive and

mitigation aspects of climate change

• Improving the moisture regime, water security and hydrological characteristics

and soil and vegetation system, incidence of forest fire. These treated watersheds are leading the path-breaking and turnaround micro-biomes that adds to resilience and adaptation capabilities of landscape.

• Govt. of Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

Policy issue

• Valuation of Eco-system services- Value of soil, ground water recharge,

Carbon sequestration, Biodiversity.

• Database for green accounting.
• Future decision making tool for resource allocation.
• Govt. of Bihar

Conserving Now, Preserving Future

Thank you

• Govt. of Bihar