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Concentrating Solar Power Technologies and Concentrating Solar Power Technologies and Innovations Innovations PSA Flix M. Tllez High Solar Concentration Technologies CIEMAT-PSA Madrid, Spain SEGS PSA CERN Acad. Training. Toward

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 1

Concentrating Solar Power Technologies and Concentrating Solar Power Technologies and Innovations Innovations

Félix M. Téllez

High Solar Concentration Technologies CIEMAT-PSA Madrid, Spain

SEGS PSA PSA

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 2

Speeches 1 & 2 of 4:

1) 1) Solar thermal Power Plants. On the verge to Solar thermal Power Plants. On the verge to Commercialization Commercialization

( (To introduce the technology, the survey the context, the To introduce the technology, the survey the context, the potential, the glabal and Mediterranean market, oportunities, potential, the glabal and Mediterranean market, oportunities, ...) ...)

2) 2) Concentrating Solar Power Technologies and Concentrating Solar Power Technologies and Innovations Innovations

(To introduce the technological options, the status of the (To introduce the technological options, the status of the technologies, the roadmap for cost reduction and innovations, technologies, the roadmap for cost reduction and innovations, …) …) Towards Sustainable Energy Systems?

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 3

Solar thermal Power Plants. Solar thermal Power Plants. On the verge to Commercialization On the verge to Commercialization Outline Component’s basis

  • Concentrators
  • Receivers
  • “solarization” of cycles

Power plants

  • Actual projects
  • Innovations
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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 4

Why Concentration?

φ ε σ α η * ) ( * *

4 4

Conc T T

amb abs rec

− − =

* 4 4

* * * *( );

gain abs amb

Q Conc T T A α φ σ ε = − −

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 5

Why Concentration? Thus, given:

  • The nominal concentration on

receiver, and

  • The technical cycle

We could choose an “optimal” working temperature

Parabolic Troughs (C ~50) Central Receiver (C~500-1000) And estimation of the “maximum” Technical efficiency

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 6

What is Concentration?

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 7

Concentration has a limit

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 8

Concentrators:

With paarbolic concentrator (3D): Cmax ~46000/4 =11500 (2D): Cmax ~ 215/2 = 110

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 9

Loss of Concentration ratio

Spherical curvature, no waviness Spherical curvature, with waviness 2 2 2 2 c sp S D

σ σ σ σ + + =

Spherical curvature, no waviness Spherical curvature, with waviness Spherical curvature, no waviness Spherical curvature, with waviness 2 2 2 2 c sp S D

σ σ σ σ + + =

Summer Solstice, solar noon Summer solstice, 7:30 a.m. Summer Solstice, 7:30 p.m. Summer Solstice, solar noon Summer Solstice, solar noon Summer solstice, 7:30 a.m. Summer solstice, 7:30 a.m. Summer Solstice, 7:30 p.m. Summer Solstice, 7:30 p.m.

Variability of Focal Image

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 10

Other Concentrators:

Solar TWO

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 11

Concentration realistic limit:

  • Conc. limit may be higher with different media:

2 3 2 2 D S

n Cmáx n sen θ ′ =

Real concentration systems include imperfections, errors, etc.:

DISH

Two-stage Concentration

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 12

Concentrators Development Central Receiver

  • Heliostat performance is

excellent and well- established

  • Reducing costs of early

builds is needed.

  • Reduction of installation

and maintenance costs eing tested in PS-10

  • Actual sizes ~120 m2
  • Actual costs ~240 €/m2

(installed)

GM-100 ASM-150 SAIC-170 ATS-150

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 13

Concentrators Development Parabolic troughs

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 14

Concentrators Development Parabolic Dishes

WGAssociates ADDS System 9 kW Remote 10 kW Grid-Tie

Stirling Energy Systems 25 kW Grid-Tie SAIC/STM SunDish System 22 kW Hybrid Grid-Tie EURODISH DISTAL

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 15

Receivers

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 16

Receivers

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 17

Receiver choice

500 1000 1500 2000 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Pressure (bar) Temperature (ºC)

Volu

  • métric

Future Developments Tube –cavity Includes Stirling Tube external Tubo (Parab. Trough)

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 18

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 19

“Solarising” Bryton cycles

E.g.:Projects:REFOS/SOLGATE/SOLHYCO:

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 20

Example of pressurized air technology Proj.: REFOS,SOLGATE,HST,SOLHYCO…

Campo de Heliostatos Receptor

Planta de Ciclo Planta de Ciclo Combinado Combinado Turbina de Gas Ciclo de Vapor Unidad Unidad Solar Solar Gas

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 21

Project SOLGATE

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 22 combustor compressor exhaust duct power turbine wheels gasifier turbine wheels

Solarization of an Allison C-20 turbine

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 23

Solgate test and Evaluation (2002)

Total Electricity (~190 kWe) Solar fraction (upto 70%)

GT Efficiency ( ~18%)

Solar Electricity (~ 130 kWe)

Figure 40. Figure 42 Figure 41

3 5 4

Solar Flux at 13.745 hours

Utilization of solar flux measurements:

  • For qualitative

diagnostic

  • For estimation of

the steady-state thermal efficiency of receiver modules and receiver cluster.

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 24

Combined Cycles

Challenge: Materials for high temperature (& at acceptable costs)

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 25

The ISCCS Concept

Solar Field for Low Pressure Steam

Fuel

200MW Gas Turbine

Forced draught fan

X MW Supplementary Firing

el

Fuel

90 + X MW Steam Turbine

el

Solar Field for High Pressure Steam

International SPP Projects are seeking Support from the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) in the framework of Operational Program No.7

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 26

Integrated Solar /Combined Cycle System (ISCCS) concept

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 27

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

LEC Solar and Fossil in EURO/kWh

5000 h Fossil

IOnvestment Parte convencional

Investment Power Block

O+M Cost Conventional part

Cost O+M Power Block

Fuel cost

Fuel

1000 h Solar

CS O+M O+M Solar Field Coste capital Campo solar Inves tment Solar Field Average Solar-Fósil without GEF subsidy Subsidies GEF / PF Sub sidy Average Solar-Fósil with GEF subsidy

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 28 LOCATION Cycle Solar Technology Solar Cap. MW Aperture [m²] Egypt Combined Cycle Trough 35 200’000 India Combined Cycle Trough 35 200’000 Mexico Combined Cycle Investor’s Choice >25 200’000 Australia Combined Cycle CFLR 25 120’000 South Africa Steam Cycle Tower 100 ? USA Steam Cycle Trough 50 ? Israel Steam Cycle Trough 100 500’000 Spain Steam Cycle Trough (Andasol) 50 549’360 Spain Steam Cycle Tower (PS10) 10-11 88’290 Spain Steam Cycle Tower (Solar Tres) 15-17 240’000 Italy Steam Cycle Trough (Molten salt) 40 451’215 Argelia .. Marruecos .. LOCATION Cycle Solar Technology Solar Cap. MW Aperture [m²] Egypt Combined Cycle Trough 35 200’000 India Combined Cycle Trough 35 200’000 Mexico Combined Cycle Investor’s Choice >25 200’000 Australia Combined Cycle CFLR 25 120’000 South Africa Steam Cycle Tower 100 ? USA Steam Cycle Trough 50 ? Israel Steam Cycle Trough 100 500’000 Spain Steam Cycle Trough (Andasol) 50 549’360 Spain Steam Cycle Tower (PS10) 10-11 88’290 Spain Steam Cycle Tower (Solar Tres) 15-17 240’000 Italy Steam Cycle Trough (Molten salt) 40 451’215 Argelia .. Marruecos ..

ABENGOA KfW FICHTNER EEA/NREA KJC World Bank ONE BOEING DukeSolar EHN Ghersa Solar Millennium Solel CFE RSCPL BECHTEL

Update of STPP initiatives

CEPEL ESKOM NIROO ENEA

SOLAR HEAT&POWER

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 29

“Solarising” Rankine cycles with Parabolic trough technology

SEGS experience: SEGS systems continue to set records for improved solar performance and O&M costs have decreased 30% with 15 years of experience and development. DISS project: Direct Steam Generation demonstrated at a 1.8 MW test facility with more than 4000 hours at 400ºC, 100 bar and 1kg/s. The expected benefit is a 26% reduction in the electricity cost. EUROTROUGH: European project to develop an economical design of parabolic trough collector for electricity production and industrial process heat.

Super-heater Steam generator

.

Deaerator Re-heater Oil expansion vessel Auxiliar heater Solar Field Steam turbine Condenser Oil at 295 ºC Oil at 390 ºC Steam at 104 bar/371 ºC Oil circuit

SEGS Plant

Auxiliary heater S

  • l

a r f i e l d 110 ºC Deaerator Condenser 104 bar, 370 ºC Steam turbine

DSG Plant

Auxiliary heater S

  • l

a r f i e l d 110 ºC Deaerator Condenser 104 bar, 370 ºC Steam turbine

DSG Plant

Auxiliary heater S

  • l

a r f i e l d 110 ºC Deaerator Condenser 104 bar, 370 ºC Steam turbine

DSG Plant

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 30

Update of STPP projects under development

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 31

PS10 Solar Tres EuroSEGS AndaSol

Initiatives of STPP in Spain

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 32

The first initiatives The first initiatives

PS10: This 10-MWe solar-only power tower plant project Planta Solar 10 at Sanlúcar near Sevilla is promoted by Solucar S.A., part of the Spanish Abengoa

  • Group. It features application of Phoebus volumetric air receiver/energy storage

technology. Solar Tres: The 15-MWe solar-only power tower plant project at Cordoba is promoted by the Spanish Ghersa and Boeing with application of US molten-salt technologies for receiver and energy storage. Ghersa and Boeing have formed a company in Spain called Solar Tres to finance and build a fully commercial 15 MWe solar power tower plant that can deliver this power around the clock thanks to 16-hour thermal storage EuroSEGS: The 15-MWe solar trough power plant at Montes de Cierzo near Pamplona is promoted by the Spanish EHN group in cooperation with DukeSolar, making use of improved LS-2 technology and Duke parabolic troughs. AndaSol: This 50-MWe solar trough power plant near Guadix (Granada) will have a 549,000 m² EUROtrough solar collector field and a 9-hour thermal storage. It is promoted by Milenio Solar S.A.

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 33

STPP initiatives for Spain STPP initiatives for Spain

Project Name PS-10 Solar Tres AndaSol EuroSegs IPP SANLUCAR SOLAR SOLAR TRES MILENIO SOLAR EHN EPC SOLUCAR GHERSA Solar Millennium EHN Location Seville Province Cordoba Province Granada Province Navarra Province Technology Open Air Tower Molten Salt Tower EuroTrough LS-2 and DS-1 Troughs Solar field size m2 89,271 263,600 549,360 95,880 Storage Capacity (Full load hours) h 1 16 9 Annual DNI kWh/m2 ≈ 2,000 ≈ 2,000 ≈ 2,000 ≈ 1,700 Turbine rating (gross) MW 11 15 50 15 Annual Capacity Factor % 22 63 41 15 Annual solar electricity output (net) GWh 19.2 84 181.7 20 Investment Cost Mio €

36 100 240 45

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 34

European Concentrated Solar Thermal Road-Mapping

Cost reduction potential of CSP

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 35

Systems under investigation (ECOSTAR Roadmap)

ECOSTAR: Overview & Methodolgy

Reference Systems

  • Parabolic trough plant with DSG (INDITP)

Steam Turbine Condenser

G

Solar Field Generator

HP LP

Degasifier + feedwater tank Cooling tower

P = 65 bar T = 400ºC qm = 26000 kg/h P = 85 bar T = 126 ºC qm= 26000 kg/h P = 2,44 bar T = 127 ºC qm= 2000 kg/h P = 5,6 bar T = 172 ºC qm = 26000 kg/h P = 0,1 bar T = 46 ºC qm = 24000 kg/h

Steam Turbine Condenser

G

Solar Field Solar Field Generator

HP LP

Degasifier + feedwater tank Cooling tower

P = 65 bar T = 400ºC qm = 26000 kg/h P = 65 bar T = 400ºC qm = 26000 kg/h P = 85 bar T = 126 ºC qm= 26000 kg/h P = 2,44 bar T = 127 ºC qm= 2000 kg/h P = 2,44 bar T = 127 ºC qm= 2000 kg/h P = 5,6 bar T = 172 ºC qm = 26000 kg/h P = 5,6 bar T = 172 ºC qm = 26000 kg/h P = 0,1 bar T = 46 ºC qm = 24000 kg/h

ECOSTAR: Overview & Methodolgy

Reference Systems

  • Parabolic trough plant with DSG (INDITP)

Steam Turbine Condenser

G

Solar Field Generator

HP LP

Degasifier + feedwater tank Cooling tower

P = 65 bar T = 400ºC qm = 26000 kg/h P = 85 bar T = 126 ºC qm= 26000 kg/h P = 2,44 bar T = 127 ºC qm= 2000 kg/h P = 5,6 bar T = 172 ºC qm = 26000 kg/h P = 0,1 bar T = 46 ºC qm = 24000 kg/h

Steam Turbine Condenser

G

Solar Field Solar Field Generator

HP LP

Degasifier + feedwater tank Cooling tower

P = 65 bar T = 400ºC qm = 26000 kg/h P = 65 bar T = 400ºC qm = 26000 kg/h P = 85 bar T = 126 ºC qm= 26000 kg/h P = 2,44 bar T = 127 ºC qm= 2000 kg/h P = 2,44 bar T = 127 ºC qm= 2000 kg/h P = 5,6 bar T = 172 ºC qm = 26000 kg/h P = 5,6 bar T = 172 ºC qm = 26000 kg/h P = 0,1 bar T = 46 ºC qm = 24000 kg/h

ECOSTAR: Overview & Methodolgy

Reference Systems

  • Parabolic trough plant with HTF Fluid and molten

salt storage

ECOSTAR: Overview & Methodolgy

Reference Systems

  • Parabolic trough plant with HTF Fluid and molten

salt storage

ECOSTAR: Overview & Methodolgy

Reference Systems

  • CRS with molten salt receiver and storage
Storage Tank Cold Salt Storage Tank Hot Salt Conventional EPGS Steam Generator
  • C

565 290

  • C

ECOSTAR: Overview & Methodolgy

Reference Systems

  • CRS with molten salt receiver and storage
Storage Tank Cold Salt Storage Tank Hot Salt Conventional EPGS Steam Generator
  • C

565 290

  • C

ECOSTAR: Overview & Methodolgy

Reference Systems

  • CRS with saturated steamreceiver and rankine

ECOSTAR: Overview & Methodolgy

Reference Systems

  • CRS with saturated steamreceiver and rankine cycle

ECOSTAR: Overview & Methodolgy

Reference Systems

  • CRS with air volumetric receiver and rankine cycle

~

Heliostat Field Receiver Power Block Steam Generator Thermal Storage Blower Hot Air 680ºC Cold Air 110ºC Blower Steam 65 bar, 460ºC

~

Heliostat Field Receiver Power Block Steam Generator Thermal Storage Blower Hot Air 680ºC Cold Air 110ºC Blower Steam 65 bar, 460ºC

ECOSTAR: Overview & Methodolgy

Reference Systems

  • CRS with air volumetric receiver and rankine cycle

~

Heliostat Field Receiver Power Block Steam Generator Thermal Storage Blower Hot Air 680ºC Cold Air 110ºC Blower Steam 65 bar, 460ºC

~

Heliostat Field Receiver Power Block Steam Generator Thermal Storage Blower Hot Air 680ºC Cold Air 110ºC Blower Steam 65 bar, 460ºC

ECOSTAR: Overview & Methodolgy

Reference Systems

  • CRS solar hybrid gas turbine system

ECOSTAR: Overview & Methodolgy

Reference Systems

  • CRS solar hybrid gas turbine system
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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 36

Methodology Approach

LEC Specific system com ponent costs Com m on technical param eters Load curve definition W eather & insolation data Com m on econom ic param eters Annual system perform ance System perform ance at design conditions Innovations Input from Industry Input from Industry

Specific System Parameters Common Parameters + Sensitivity + Risk

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 37

Plant scheme

Storage Tank Cold Salt Storage Tank Hot Salt Conventional EPGS Steam Generator

  • C

565 290 o C

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 38

Photo or artists view of the plant and main components

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 39

State of the art

  • The largest demonstration of a molten salt power tower was the Solar Two project
  • a 10 MW power tower located near Barstow, CA.
  • The plant began operating in June 1996. The project successfully demonstrated

the potential of nitrate salt technology.

  • Some of the key results were: the receiver efficiency was measured to be 88%, the

thermal storage system had a measured round-trip efficiency of greater than 97%, the gross Rankine-turbine cycle efficiency was 34%, all of which matched performance projections.

Potencia Salida Energía almacén

media- noche medio- día

Radiación solar Radiación solar

media- noche media- noche medio- día

The overall peak-conversion efficiency of the plant was measured to 13.5%. The plant successfully demonstrated its ability to dispatch electricity independent of collection. On one

  • ccasion, the plant operated around-the-clock for

154 hours straight. the project identified several areas to simplify the technology and to improve its reliability. On April 8, 1999, this demonstration project completed its test and evaluations and was shut down.

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 40

Solar Two – Solar TRES

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 41

Solar Two: Tube receiver with molten salt

42 MW thermal

  • 6,2m high y 5,1m diameter
  • 768 tubes of 2-cm diam.
  • 88% max. thermal eficiency (86%

with wind)

Some innovations patented

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 42

Solar Two: Heat storage

  • 2 tanques de 12m diámetro y 8m altura
  • Capacidad 3 horas, 1.400 Tm de sal

97% Measured efficiency in heat storage 1 week continuous electricity production (dispatch)

6 12 18 24

To/from Storage

C O N C E N T R A T I N G S O L A R P O W E R

SunLab

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 43

Capacidad de almacenamiento térmico

CHEMICAL THERMAL MECHANICAL Hydrogen (100 bar) 300 Natural Gas 1000 Liquid Hydrogen 2380 Methanol 4300 Liquid Natural Gas 5800 Fuel Oil, Gasoline 9000 - 11000 Bituminous coal 12000 Batteries 50 - 100 Molten Salts 500 - 700 MgO 300 Bricks 100 Steam (100 bar) 120 Glauber´s Salt 100 Water 35 Rotating Wheels 60

  • Pr. Air (100 bar) 10

0.8 Pumped Storage (300 m)

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

Volumespecific energy content (kWh/m3)

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 44

Solar TRES Project

17-MW (bruto) 84 GWh Gross annual productio (electricity) 40 MWt steam generator 120-MWt gains in receiver (8,4x10,5 m) 263.600 m2 aperture solar field 140 m height 16-hours storage (6.250 tons of salt) 3 solar multiple 63% capacity factor Dispach 24 h per day (summer)

1200 m 1210 m

Potencia

Salida

Energía almacén

media- noche medio- día

Radiación solar Radiación solar

media- noche media- noche medio- día

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 45

Solar Two Actual CommercialP Goal 7/4/98 PlanPlant Mirror Reflectivity 90% 90% 94% Field efficiency 69% 61% 74% Field availability 98% 94% 99% Mirror cleanliness 95% 95% 95% Receiver 87% 88% 87% Storage 99% 99% >99% Overall Solar Collection 50% 43% 57% Power Generation 34% 34% 43% Parasitics 88% 87% 93% Overall Daily Efficiency 15% 13% 23%

Solar Two ---> Solar Tres

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 46

100 MW project in SA

  • Feasibility study promoted by Eskom

and completed in January 2003.

  • 100-MW Molten salt type CRS plant.
  • Heliostat and conceptual design have

been done with Nexant.

  • The site is near Uppington (South

Africa´s Northern Cape province), with 2900 kWh/a and moderate winds.

  • Financing approval by phases in 2004.

Solar Tres ---> “Solar 100”

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 47

Cost distribution and main figures of the CRS reference plant with molten salt and 3h thermal storage

€/kWhel 0.036 Included O&M cost / kWh €/kWhel 0.154 Levelised electricity costs (solar-only) % 29.2 Fraction of the load demand satisfied by solar % 33.3 Capacity factor €/kWel 3 473 Specific investment costs Results

investment breakdown investment solar field 36% investment power block 24% investment receiver 15% investment tower 3% investment storage 3% investment land 2% indirect costs 17%

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 48

61% 52% 16% 14% 61% 84% 95% 33% 85% 49% 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Optical (inc. Secondary) Receiver Storage Power block (inc. avail. & dump.) Parasitics Efficiency accumulated efficiency component efficiency

Annual performance of the parabolic trough reference plant with HTF and 3h thermal storage

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 49

Impact of innovations on LEC for solar-only

  • peration of a CRS with molten salt and 3h

thermal storage (full load from 9a.m. – 11p.m.)

7.3% 10.9% 4.4% 3.1% 2.4% 1.2% 10.8% 24.8% 3.6% 7.3% 1.1% 0.5% 1.2% 0.1% 2.6% 10.8% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% Ganged heliostats Large area heliostats Thin glass mirrors Dust repellant mirrors Autonomous heliostats Thermocline storage Increased module size Combination

  • f selected

measures Reduction in LEC to reference in % high cost reduction estimation low cost reduction estimation

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 50

Example Direct Steam Generation

1. DSG 400°C no storage 50 MW 2. Increased Temp. 480°C (?cycle= 41,5 / 40,5 %) 3. DSG Storage (30 /40 €/kWh) 4. DSG Storage (low cost) (15 / 20 €/kWh) 5. Cheaper Collector Structure (140 / 160 €/m²) 6. Dust repellent mirrors (? = 91% / 0,90%) 7. High efficient collector (?opt=78% / 80 %)

DSG Cost reduction compared to Trough w/ Oil

6,9% 9,3% 12,6% 15,6% 28,8% 31,2% 34,1% 5,7% 6,8% 8,4% 12,1% 20,0% 21,7% 23,2% 0,0% 5,0% 10,0% 15,0% 20,0% 25,0% 30,0% 35,0% 40,0%

Upscaling of power block to 47 MW (400°C, no stoarage) Increased solar field outlet temp (480°C) (eta_cyle = 41,5 / 40,5 %) DISS Storage 30 /40 Euro/kWh Storage 15 /20 Euro/kWh Multilayer plastics & innovative structures (140/160 Euro/m²) Dust repellent mirrors (rho = 0,91 / 0,9) High efficient collector eta_0 = 0,8 / 0,78 Reduction in LEC to reference in %

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 51

How to achieve a cost reduction by a factor of 3 ? Parabolic Trough (today 50MW) 100% Innovations

  • 35%

Scaling to larger sizes (400 MW)

  • 15%

Volume Production (600 MW/year)

  • 15%

Parabolic Trough in 2020 35% ? 6 cent/kWh in Southern Europe ? 4,5 cents/kWh in Northern Africa

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SLIDE 52

CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 52

Findings of the ECOSTAR Study

  • Further cost driven research is needed to bring the cost to a competitive level
  • All presented technologies show the potential to reach this level
  • Short-to-medium term research should focus on modular components like

concentrators, receivers etc.

  • Medium-to-long term research should focus on less modular components

like thermal energy storage systems or the integration aspects

  • Competition should be stimulated by giving similar starting conditions to a

number of technical options and consortia

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SLIDE 53

CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 53

Findings of the ECOSTAR Study 2

Further expertise needs to get involved:

  • Large companies from the power sector
  • Specialists in glass, reflectors, light weight structures, drives, outdoor plastic

etc.

  • Chemical industry to work on improved HTF or storage media
  • Companies specialized in mass production and logistics (like car

manufacturer)

  • Large construction companies capable to design and build storage

containers and able to handle and transport hot fluids

  • Technical supervising companies to achieve a high quality control to reduce

risks specifically in the scaling process

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SLIDE 54

CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 54

Findings of the ECOSTAR Study 3

More countries need incentive schemes similar to the one in Spain, to extend the deployment of the technology. The European market should be opened for the import of solar electric from Northern Africa. Higher insolation levels overcompensate the cost for the transport and the deployment of the technology helps to support the political stability in this region Hybrid operation of CSP systems is of high benefit for both, the cost of the solar electricity as well as for the stability of the grid. The legal frameworks should be more flexible to allow this option. Scaling up CSP to larger power block sizes is an essential step to reduce electricity costs. Incentive schemes should not limit the upper power level to fully exploit the cost reduction potential.

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SLIDE 55

CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 55

Perspectivas de implantación de los sistemas TRC

Receptor Central Potencia Temperatura operación Factor de capacidad anual Eficiencia pico Eficiencia Neta Anual 10-200 MW* 565-800 ºC 20-77 %* 23 % 7-20 %* Estado comercial Riesgo Tecnológico Almacenamiento disponible Diseños híbridos Demostración Medio Sí Sí Coste W instalado EUR/W EUR/Wpico** 3,83-2,16* 2,50-0,78*

Plantas sólo solar Plantas híbridas

Solar100 0,16 0,04 0,08

Programas Europeos de Promoción

0,20

Banco Mundial y mercados verdes

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Año 0,12 Coste electricidad producida (EUR/kWh)

Rango de precios competitivos para plantas de carga intermedia

PS10 Solar Tres PS50 Solar Cuatro Solar200

Primeros mercados competitivos

Solgate30 Solar100 0,16 0,04 0,08

Programas Europeos de Promoción

0,20

Banco Mundial y mercados verdes

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Año 0,12 Coste electricidad producida (EUR/kWh)

Rango de precios competitivos para plantas de carga intermedia Rango de precios competitivos para plantas de carga intermedia

PS10 Solar Tres PS50 Solar Cuatro Solar200

Plantas sólo solar

Primeros mercados competitivos

Solgate30

Plantas híbridas

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SLIDE 56

CERN Acad. Training. Toward Sustainable Energy Systems? Lecture 2 of 4: Projects and innovations; March, 28th 2006 Slide 56

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION ! THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION !

Félix M. Téllez High Solar Concent rat ion Technologies www.psa.es Felix.tellez@ciemat.es