Com puter Perspective Em bedded Information Technology System s A - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Em bedded System s

Jakob Engblom, PhD

Business Development Manager, Virtutech AB

Information Technology

Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se

Com puter Perspective

“A computer that doesn’t

look like a computer”

Interacts with world Primitive or no user interface Part of other products

Information Technology

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Electronics Perspective

A product that contains

a programmable processor

Software programming

is part of the design of the product

Information Technology

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"Desktop" 2% "Embedded" 98%

Dom inant Species

Embedded = most processors!

300 million PC and server 9000 million embedded

Information Technology

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Real-Tim e System s

Embedded and Real-Time

Synonymous?

Most embedded

systems are real-time

Most real-time

systems are embedded

embedded embedded real real-

• time

time embedded embedded real real-

• time

time Information Technology

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Em bedded System s

Single purpose products

Not general purpose like desktop PCs Do one thing very efficiently

Computer architecture

Tailor for a particular application niche System applications known

Can select ”optimal” device

Specialization & workload knowledge!

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Em bedded System s

Software very important:

Gives character to product Used to differentiate inside a “platform” Can be changed late Many vendors use same HW Processor cheaper than special HW

Replace relays with small processor!

Dominates HW development cost

Information Technology

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Processors

4-bit:

Very simple & slow 1970s pocket calculators

8-bit:

Simple, slow, low-power Immensely popular (4 G/ year) Early 1980s

home computers

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Processors

16-bit

More power than 8-bit Mid-1980s home

computers

Very popular: 1.5G/ year Threatened from the 32-bit processors

Information Technology

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Processors

32 & 64-bit

Old desktop & server chips New desktop & server chips Embedded-specific designs 30 to 3000 MHz At least 2G units/ year

Many more than PC & server market

ARM will sell 1.5G units in 2005!

Best-selling 32-bit family ever

Information Technology

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Processors

DSP: Digital Signal Processor

Specialized for signal processing

Poor at general computing/ control code Poor interrupt handling

High performance on DSP tasks

Low power, Low price

• compared to regular processors of same

capability Up to 1GHz clocks

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W here is the Money?

Processors:

50% of all

semiconductor revenue

Explains why everyone

wants to do processors

32-bit dominant

30% of total

semiconductors

PC processors:

50% of CPU revenue 15% of total

semiconductors

AMD and Intel share it

32-bit

16-bit 8-bit 4-bit DSP

32-bit

16-bit 8-bit 4-bit DSP

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Units Money

Information Technology

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I ntegration

A single chip:

CPU Core Integrated memory Integrated peripherals Integrated services

Goal:

No external HW Fit application “perfectly” “System on a chip” (SoC)

CPU Core RAM (small) ROM (big)

UART A/D Timer LCD D

Outside World

Information Technology

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Devices: I / O

Interface with the world

Digital inputs & outputs

0/ 1 signals, like alarms & interrupts Drive high/ low outputs

Analog inputs & outputs

Analog/ Digital conversion Digital/ Analog conversion Make signals digital, process, convert back

to analog signals

Information Technology

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Devices: Com m unication

Communications

Networks High-end: Ethernet, ATM, Sonet Control: CAN, Profibus, 1553, SpaceWire

• Built for predictability & efficiency & reliability

Radio networks WLAN, Zigbee, Bluetooth, DECT, GSM, ... Serial ports USB, FireWire Storage PCMCIA, IDE, SD-Card, etc.

Information Technology

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Devices: Tim ers

Timers

Trigger interrupts Keep track of real-world

Fuel injection & spark timing

Pulse-Width Modulation

Watchdogs

Time out if not tickled Watch that a system is alive

Information Technology

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Devices: Others

Graphics

LCD drivers Graphics acceleration Camera drivers Video & image codecs in hardware

Buses

On-chip between devices: AMBA, OcEAN, CoreConnect Off-chip: PCI, HyperTransport, RapidIO, i2c, DDR

Information Technology

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Trends

Software dominates development

Hardware used to dominate Software is now up to 85% of effort Even when product is “full custom” Especially in telecomm & datacomm

Hardware is “under control”

Increasing use of standard components Functionality moves to software

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Trends

Talk by Lars Philipsson, LTH, 2004

What is the future of electrical

engineering in Sweden?

Answer:

Software work

Software replacing logic design

Some analog design work

Circuit-board design, high-speed circuits

Measuring technology

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Trends

Non-stop miniaturization and

integration of computers

From one processor in a fridge To thousands of processors on a chip Steady trend over time

One chip = one system

Processors, memories, electronics

Can be 100s of processors

“SoC”: System-on-a-Chip

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Trends

32-bit processors squeezing 16-bit

ARM Cortex-M3, TriCore Cost more competitive over time Easier to program, faster execution,

larger programs & data sets

Multicore & multithreading

Increased performance, lower power High-end first Huge software problem!

Exam ples

Some embedded systems from real life

Information Technology

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Sm art Beer Glass

8-bit, 8-pin PIC processor 8-bit, 8-pin PIC processor Capacitive sensor for fluid level Capacitive sensor for fluid level Inductive coil for RF ID activation & power Inductive coil for RF ID activation & power

CPU and reading coil in the

• table. Reports the level of fluid in

the glass, alerts servers when close to empty

Contactless transmission of power and readings Contactless transmission of power and readings

Information Technology

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Sm art Beer Glass

Typical embedded solution Integrates several technologies:

Radio transmissions Sensor technology Magnetic inductance for power Computer used for calibration

Impossible without the computer Meaningless without the electronics

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Pedom eter

Obvious computer work:

Count steps Keep time Averages etc.

Real computer task:

Sensor feels motion of

device, not of user feet

Identify when a step is

actually taken

8-bit processor, runs forever on a single battery 8-bit processor, runs forever on a single battery

Information Technology

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Sm art W elding Machine

Electronics control voltage

& speed of wire feed

Adjusts to operator

kHz sample rate 1000s of decisions/ second

Perfect weld even for

quite clumsy operators

Easier-to-use product, but

no obvious computer Information Technology

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Sew ing Machine

User interface

Embroidery patterns Touch-screen control

”Smart”

Sets pressure of foot

depending on task

Raise foot when stopped

New functions added by

upgrading the software Information Technology

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Mobile Phones

Multiprocessor

8/ 16/ 32-bit for UI DSP for radio 32-bit ARM in IR port 32-bit ARM in Bluetooth 10-200 MHz main CPU Local memories

8-100 MB of memory

+ 100s MB for media

Custom chips Power consumption &

battery life depends

• n software

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Phones: TI OMAP 5 9 1 0

Texas Instruments Integrated solution

for mobile phones

Used by Nokia,

Sony-Ericsson, etc.

Dual-core chip

ARM925T 150 Mhz TI C55 DSP 150 Mhz

Power 230 mW Competition:

Motorola Infineon ARM shared devices ARM private devices System devices DSP shared devices DSP private devices

C55x DSP Core

24k I$ 64k data SRAM 96k instr SRAM

ARM925 CPU Core

16k I$ 8k D$ MMU

192k Shared SRAM Mem Ctrl 75 Mhz LCD Ctrl

USB 1.1 LCD controller MMC/SDcard intf Camera interface Keyboard interface Clock I2C 8 Serial ports 14 GPIO pins External memory USB 1.1 USB 1.1 LCD controller LCD controller MMC/ MMC/SDcard SDcard intf intf Camera interface Camera interface Keyboard interface Keyboard interface Clock Clock I2C I2C 8 Serial ports 8 Serial ports 14 GPIO pins 14 GPIO pins External memory External memory

Information Technology

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Clock Speeds and Pow er

Clock and voltage related

Higher operating frequency

requires higher voltage

Use lower clock speeds

Reduce speed until app just works Design CPU-efficient software

Rule of thumb:

1/ 2 speed = 1/ 4 power

Information Technology

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Low Clock = Low Pow er

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 400 600 800 1000 1200 Voltage (mV) Power (mW)

Samsung Halla

ARM 1020E core 6-stage pipeline 0.13 um process Clock:

400 Mhz to 1.2 Ghz

(source: Microprocessor Report, Oct 16, 2002)

3x clock freq, 9x power! 3x clock freq, 9x power!

Information Technology

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Multicore & Pow er

Multiple cores can save power Static design

2 CPUs @ 100 Mhz = 1 CPU @ 200

Mhz, but requires half the power

Dynamic design

Varying workload (game vs sleep) Turn on & off cores Vary speed of cores

Information Technology

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Dynam ic Multicore

energy consumption performance required More cores are started, at minimum clock frequency More cores are started, at minimum clock frequency All cores active, clock frequency increases All cores active, clock frequency increases Energy saved by shutting down cores Energy saved by shutting down cores Energy saved by varying clock frequency & voltage Energy saved by varying clock frequency & voltage

Source: Microprocessor Report, May 2004

Information Technology

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Com pact Code

ARM Thumb: fixed 16-bit size

Saves 28% compared to 32-bit ARM Runs 20% slower than 32-bit ARM

ARM Thumb 2: mixed 16/ 32

Saves 26% compared to 32-bit ARM Runs 2% slower than 32-bit ARM (Note that some new instructions are

introduced)

Conclusion: mixed length good!

Source: Microprocessor Report, June 2003

Information Technology

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ARM1 0 2 6 EJ-S Pipeline

F etch Issue Decode Shift/ ALU Sat Write MAC1 MAC2 LS1 LS2 LS write

Information Technology

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Mobile Phone DSPs

Assume very regular workloads

Zero-overhead loop instructions

Register sets

Accumulators (often 40 bits) Data registers (often 16 bits) Address registers (16 to 32 bits)

Addressing modes

Index registers Post & preincrement Bit-reverse addressing Goal: more parallelizable work per instruction

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DSP I nstruction Sets

Example instructions from C55: ”Finite impulse response filter”

FIRSADD Xmem, Ymem, Cmem, ACx, ACy

Operation: ACy = ACy + (ACx * Cmem) ACx = (Xmem < < # 16) + (Ymem < < # 16)

”Conditional add or sub”

ADDSUBCC Smem, ACx, TCx, ACy

Operation: If TCx = 1, then ACy = ACx + (Smem < < # 16) If TCx = 0, then ACy = ACx - (Smem < < # 16) Cmem, Xmem, Ymem: memory accesses + address updating Cmem, Xmem, Ymem: memory accesses + address updating C55 DSP has three independent data buses, X, Y, and C C55 DSP has three independent data buses, X, Y, and C Special condition register Special condition register

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Mobile base station

Massive signal processing

Several processing tasks per

connected mobile phone

1000s of independent parallel

tasks = parallelizer’s dream!

Based on DSPs

Standard or custom 500-1000 MHz VLIW instruction sets 4/ 8 way wide 100s of processors Serious supercomputer!

Information Technology

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Telecom / Datacom m

Core Network Optical & copper

connections

Digital & analog

signals

Ethernet ATM Packet-over-Sonet SS7 POTS

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Telecom m / Datacom m

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Telecom m / Datacom m

Rack-based systems

12-20 cards per shelf 1-6 shelves per rack 100s of CPUs

Compute cards:

Run control code 32-bit processors

Processing cards:

Signal processing DSP or 32-bit CPUs

Line cards:

Interface to network ASICs+ 32-bit CPUs

Backplane:

ATM or Ethernet Redundant switched Switched over cards

Redundant power Redundant cards

Card Card Card Card Rack Backplane Control PPC FLASH PQ Processing DSP DSP Line PPC atm asic DSP DSP

Information Technology

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Control vs Data

Control plane:

Decision-making “Integer applications” Call setup, services General-purpose processors

Data plane:

Move or process data Signal processing Media coding/ decoding Floating/ fixed point DSP & ASIC work

Information Technology

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MPC8 5 6 0 “Pow erQUI CC”

One on each card in

a telecomm rack

Data plane Backplane Very common Sold by Freescale

Processor

PowerPC e500 666-1000 Mhz 256 kB L2 cache

Networking

CPM module

9 Ethernet lines!

Features Capabilities

256 Multichannel HDLC (from MCC2) 2 Utopia II ATM (from FCC) 2 Ethernet 10/100/1000 3 Ethernet, 10/100 (from FCC) 4 Ethernet, 10 (from SCC) 2 Ethernet 10/100/1000 controller 1 RapidIO controller 1 PCI-X/PCI controller 1 DDR Memory controller 1 I2C controller 1 Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) 2 Serial Management Controller (SMC) 2 Multi-Channel Controller (MCC2) 3 Fast Communications Controller (FCC) 4 Serial Communications Controller (SCC)

Information Technology

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Cisco Toaster3

8 clusters of 2 processors each 8 clusters of 2 processors each Each TMC is a VLIW machine with 74 bit instructions, 2k instructions in local memory Each TMC is a VLIW machine with 74 bit instructions, 2k instructions in local memory Total capacity: about 5 GOps, at 160 Mhz Total capacity: about 5 GOps, at 160 Mhz Two 32-bit ALUs and three control/data movement units per TMC Two 32-bit ALUs and three control/data movement units per TMC Image from Microprocessor Report, Oct 2002

Information Technology

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Cisco Toaster3

Massive

multiprocessing

16 cores on a chip 4 chips in serial Routing:

10 Gbps @ 20 Mpackets/ s 1000 ops per packet

passing through

Information Technology

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Problem : Multicore

Telecomm & datacomm tradition:

Distributed multiprocessing No shared memory Software assumes single processor

Especially operating systems

Today: end-of-the-road

Future performance gains: MP Everybody has to use shared memory

They need parallel programmers!

Information Technology

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Future System Tem plate

Multicore node

CPU L1$ CPU L1$ CPU L1$ L2$ RAM Devices Network etc. Timer Serial One shared memory space

Multicore node

CPU L1$ CPU L1$ CPU L1$ L2$ RAM Devices etc. Network Timer Serial Network with local memory in each node

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Cars – Distribution

Multiple networks

Body, engine,

telematics, media, safety

Multiple processors

Networked Up to 100

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Cars

Functions by embedded processing:

ABS: Anti-lock braking systems ESP: Electronic stability control Airbags Efficient automatic gearboxes Theft prevention with smart keys Blind-angle alert systems ... etc ...

Information Technology

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Cars

Large diversity in processor types:

8-bit – door locks, lights, etc. 16-bit – most functions 32-bit – engine control, airbags

Form follows function

Processing where the action is Sensors and actuators distributed Massive distributed system

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Forestry Machines

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Forestry Machines

Networked computer system

Controlling arms & tools Navigating the forest Recording the trees harvested Crucial to efficient work

Computer

16-bit C167 processors in a CAN network

Tough environment

• 40°C at startup, + 100°C when running

Network cables in bends – wireless useful!

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C1 6 7 CS

Infineon Target Market

Automotive control

Processing

16-bit C16x core 4-stage simple pipeline 40 Mhz operation 16 MB memory space,

including ROM, RAM, devices 144 pin package

Tolerates -40 to + 125 C

About 25 USD

1 Synchronous Serial Comms (SSC) 8 kB Extension Internal RAM (XRAM) 3 kB Fast General Internal RAM (IRAM)

Devices External Ports

32 kB ROM

Memory

1 16-bit ports from devices 8 8-bit ports from devices 2 CAN interfaces 2x16 Capture/Compare Channels 1 USART 24+8 Analog-Digital Converter Channels 1 Pulse-Width Modulator (PWM) 1 Watch-Dog Timer (WDT) 5 General-Purpose Timers (GPT) 2 CAN 2.0b controllers

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Operator Panel

Embedded PC

Graphical display Touch panel Joystick Buttons Keyboard

Regular PC arch But tough enough

to be “out in the woods” Information Technology

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Extrem ely Large

Functions requiring

computers:

Radar Weapons Damage control Navigation basically everything

Computers:

Large servers 1000s of

processors

Information Technology

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I nside your PC

Custom processors

Graphics, sound

32-bit processors

IR, Bluetooth Network, WLAN Harddisk RAID controllers

8-bit processors

USB Keyboard, mouse

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I f you w ant to play

Lego mindstorms

robotics kit

Standard controller 8-bit processor 64 kB of memory Electronics to

interface to motors and sensors

Good way to learn

embedded systems

Sw edish Business Perspective

Information Technology

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Very very im portant

All advanced products contain

embedded systems today

Software is the key driver for new

functions & special characteristics

Information Technology

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End-Product Com panies

Core Swedish industry Very large companies Builds end-user

products

Ericsson ABB Volvo Volvo Cars Saab Scania SonyEricsson SKF Silva Huskvarna

Information Technology

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Suppliers

Tool providers

IAR Systems Telelogic Nohau Virtutech Volcano Arcticus Enea

Solution providers

CC-Systems ConnectBlue

Component

companies

Xelerated Switchcore

Consultants

TietoEnator Teleca ÅF Saab Combitech + many many

more