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Coherent Bayesian inference on compact binary inspirals using a - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Coherent Bayesian inference on compact binary inspirals using a network of interferometric gravitational wave detectors over 1 , Renate Meyer 1 , and Nelson Christensen 2 Christian R 1 The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand 2


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Coherent Bayesian inference on compact binary inspirals using a network of interferometric gravitational wave detectors

Christian R¨

  • ver1, Renate Meyer1, and Nelson Christensen2

1The University of Auckland

Auckland, New Zealand

2Carleton College

Northfield, MN, U.S.A.

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Overview:

1. gravitational waves 2. measuring gravitational waves 3. the binary inspiral signal 4. prior & model 5. MCMC details 6. example application

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Gravitational waves

  • general relativity: space-time curved by masses
  • implication: existence of gravitational waves

(pointed out in 1916)

  • existence proven in 1979
  • measurement attempted since 1960s
  • no direct measurement yet
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Gravitational waves

  • very weak effect
  • emitted by rapidly moving, heavy objects
  • event candidates:

– supernovae – big bang – binary star systems – . . .

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time

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time ‘‘plus’’ ( + ) ‘‘cross’’ ( × )

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time

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Hanford, WA Pisa, Italy Livingston, LA Hannover, Germany

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Measuring gravitational waves

  • laser interferometry
  • output: a time series
  • problems: signal detection, parameter estimation, . . .
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Binary inspiral events

  • binary star system, orbiting around their barycentre
  • energy is radiated in the form of gravitational waves
  • orbits shrink, rotation accelerates
  • → “chirping” GW signal

(increasing frequency and amplitude)

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The “chirp” signal

(3.5PN phase / 2.5PN amplitude approximation)

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The 9 signal parameters

  • masses: m1, m2
  • luminosity distance: dL
  • sky location: declination δ, right ascension α
  • orientation: inclination ι, polarisation ψ, coalescence phase φ0
  • coalescence time: tc
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Prior information

  • different locations / orientations equally likely
  • masses: uniform across [1 M⊙, 10 M⊙]
  • events spread uniformly across space: P(dL ≤ x) ∝ x3
  • but: certain SNR required for detection
  • cheap SNR substitute: signal amplitude A
  • primarily dependent on masses, distance, inclination: A(m1, m2, dL, ι)
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  • introduce sigmoid function linking amplitude to detection probability:

(log−) amplitude detection probability A(2,2,60,0) A(2,2,50,0) 0% 10% 90% 100%

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Resulting (marginal) prior density

total mass (mt = m1 + m2) luminosity distance (dL) 5 10 15 20 50 100 150 200

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Marginal prior density

inclination angle (ι) luminosity distance (dL) π 2 π 50 100 150 200

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Marginal prior densities

individual masses (m1, m2)

(sun masses) 2 4 6 8 10

inclination angle (ι)

(radian) π 2 π

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Prior

  • prior ‘considers’ Malmquist effect

(selection effect)

  • more realistic settings once detection pipeline is set up

(“selection” of signals done by the signal detection algorithm)

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Model

  • data from several interferometers
  • noise assumed gaussian, coloured; interferometer-specific spectrum
  • noise independent between interferometers

⇒ coherent network likelihood is product of individual ones

  • likelihood computation based on Fourier transforms of data and signal
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MCMC details

  • Metropolis-algorithm
  • Reparametrisation,

most importantly: chirp mass mc, mass ratio η

  • Parallel Tempering1

several tempered MCMC chains running in parallel sampling from p(θ) p(θ|y)

1 Ti

for ‘temperatures’ 1 = T1 ≤ T2 ≤ . . .

1W.R. Gilks et al.: Markov chain Monte Carlo in practice (Chapman & Hall / CRC, 1996).

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Example application

  • simulated data:

2 M⊙ - 5 M⊙ inspiral at 30 Mpc distance measurements from 3 interferometers: SNR LHO (Hanford) 8.4 LLO (Livingston) 10.9 Virgo (Pisa) 6.4 network 15.2

  • data: 10 seconds (LHO/LLO), 20 seconds (Virgo) before coalescence,

noise as expected at design sensitivities

  • computation speed: 1–2 likelihoods / second
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Hanford Livingston Pisa (seconds) −0.15 −0.10 −0.05 0.00 = tc

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declination (δ)

(radian) −0.55 −0.50 −0.45 −0.40

right ascension (α)

(radian) 4.60 4.65 4.70 4.75 4.80

coalescence time (tc)

(seconds) 9012.340 9012.344 9012.348

luminosity distance (dL)

(Mpc) 10 20 30 40 50 60

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chirp mass (mc)

(sun masses) 2.685 2.695 2.705 2.715

mass ratio (η)

0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24

individual masses (m1, m2)

(sun masses) 2 3 4 5

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chirp mass (mc) mass ratio (η) 2.685 2.690 2.695 2.700 2.705 2.710 2.715 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23

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18.2h 18h 17.8h 17.6h 17.4h −34° −32° −30° −28° −26° −24° right ascension α declination δ

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Additional examples

  • lower (total) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
  • ‘unbalanced’ SNR:

SNR LHO (Hanford) 9.6 LLO (Livingston) 13.9 Virgo (Pisa) 0.2 network 16.9

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Low total SNR

inclination ι (rad) distance dL (Mpc)

π 2 π 10 20 30 40

right ascension α declination δ

18h 17h 16h −40° −30° −20° −10°

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Low SNR at one interferometer

data included data excluded

right ascension α declination δ

19h 18h 17h 10° 20° 30° 40°

right ascension α declination δ

19h 18h 17h 10° 20° 30° 40°

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Parallel tempering MCMC

  • several parallel MCMC chains
  • tempering: sampling from tempered distributions

chain temperature sampling from 1 T1 = 1 p(θ) p(y|θ) 2 T2 = 2 p(θ) p(y|θ)

1 2

3 T3 = 4 p(θ) p(y|θ)

1 4

. . . . . . . . . p(θ)

  • additional swap proposals between chains
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MCMC chain 1 — temperature = 1

18h 30′ 18h 00′ 17h 30′ 17h 00′ −40° −35° −30° −25° −20° right ascension α declination δ

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MCMC chain 2 — temperature = 2

18h 30′ 18h 00′ 17h 30′ 17h 00′ −40° −35° −30° −25° −20° right ascension α declination δ

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MCMC chain 3 — temperature = 4

18h 30′ 18h 00′ 17h 30′ 17h 00′ −40° −35° −30° −25° −20° right ascension α declination δ

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MCMC chain 4 — temperature = 8

18h 30′ 18h 00′ 17h 30′ 17h 00′ −40° −35° −30° −25° −20° right ascension α declination δ

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Six tempered chains over time

iteration log(p(θ|y)) 10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000 −79740 −79700 −79660 −79620

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  • C. R¨
  • ver, R. Meyer, N. Christensen:

Coherent Bayesian inference on compact binary inspirals using a network of interferometric gravitational wave detectors. Physical Review D, 75(6):062004, March 2007.

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