CO CO 2 fixation by mineral matter; fixation by mineral matter; the - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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CO CO 2 fixation by mineral matter; fixation by mineral matter; the - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions Copenhagen (Denmark) March 10-12, 2009 S17 09 11 3 2009 11:45 S17.09, 11.3.2009 S17.09, 11.3.2009 11:45 S17 09 11 3 2009 11:45-12:05 11:45-12:05 12:05 12:05 CO CO 2

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SLIDE 1

Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions Copenhagen (Denmark) March 10-12, 2009

S17 09 11 3 2009 S17 09 11 3 2009 – 11:45 11:45-12:05 12:05 S17.09, 11.3.2009 S17.09, 11.3.2009 – 11:45 11:45-12:05 12:05

CO CO2 fixation by mineral matter; fixation by mineral matter; the potential of different the potential of different the potential of different the potential of different mineralization routes mineralization routes

Ron Zevenhoven, Johan Fagerlund Ron Zevenhoven, Johan Fagerlund

Åbo Akademi University, Heat Engineering Laboratory, Åb / T k Fi l d Åbo / Turku, Finland

  • tel. +358 2 2153223 ron.zevenhoven@abo.fi

17.3.2009 Åbo Akademi University - Heat Engineering Laboratory Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku FINLAND 1/12

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SLIDE 2

Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions Copenhagen (Denmark) March 10-12, 2009

To be addressed To be addressed

  • CO2 mineralization: what,

how as CCS option p

  • CO2 storage potential
  • +’s and –’s of the method

s and s of the method

  • State-of-the-art;
  • ngoing development
  • ngoing development
  • Conclusions

17.3.2009 Åbo Akademi University - Heat Engineering Laboratory Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku FINLAND 2/12

0 100 200 km

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SLIDE 3

Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions Copenhagen (Denmark) March 10-12, 2009

CO CO2 mineralization: what, how mineralization: what, how

IPCC SRCCS

2

, ,

SRCCS 2005 Chapter 7

Overall carbonation chemistry, with M = Mg or Ca (or Fe, ...)

17.3.2009 Åbo Akademi University - Heat Engineering Laboratory Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku FINLAND 3/12

y, g ( , ) MO.ySiO2.zH2O (s) + CO2 (g) < = > MCO3 (s) + ySiO2 (s) + zH2O (l) + HEAT

slide-4
SLIDE 4

Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions Copenhagen (Denmark) March 10-12, 2009

CO CO2 mineralization as CCS option mineralization as CCS option

2

p

  • Carbon (dioxide) capture and storage (CCS)
  • ptions – see also IPCC SRCCS:

– Carbon capture and geological storage (CCGS) often taken for ”CCS” - see for example EC proposal for a directive on CCGS, January 2008 directive on CCGS, January 2008 – Carbon capture and mineral carbonation (CCMC) – Carbon capture and ocean storage (CCOS) – Carbon capture and export (CCE)

  • CCGS receives by far the most publicity and

industrial support primarily from oil/gas sector industrial support, primarily from oil/gas sector

  • According IEAs CCS report (2008) ”It is unlikely that

mineralization will offer an opportunity for sequestering

17.3.2009 Åbo Akademi University - Heat Engineering Laboratory Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku FINLAND 4/12

ff pp y f q g large volumes of CO2”

slide-5
SLIDE 5

Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions Copenhagen (Denmark) March 10-12, 2009

Mineralization storage potential Mineralization storage potential /1

/1

g p g p

  • Much larger

potential than

Lackner, Science vol. 300,

  • ther CCS options
  • Could bind all

fossil carbon

Science vol. 300, 2003, 1677-1678

fossil carbon

  • Available world-

wide, hence increasing attention

  • No ”leakage”
  • No leakage

problems from carbonates

17.3.2009 Åbo Akademi University - Heat Engineering Laboratory Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku FINLAND 5/12

slide-6
SLIDE 6

Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions Copenhagen (Denmark) March 10-12, 2009

Mineralization storage potential Mineralization storage potential /2

/2

g p g p

  • March 2009 estimate

USA: ”more than 500 US :

  • e t a 500

years of U.S. CO2 production” (~7 Gt/a)

  • Finland 2008:

200 - 300 years of Kyoto protocol excess Kyoto protocol excess ~12 Mt/a, i.e. 2.5 – 3.5 Gt CO2 in central Finland

  • Worldwide capacity >>

5000 G CO

17.3.2009 Åbo Akademi University - Heat Engineering Laboratory Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku FINLAND 6/12

5000 Gt CO2

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SLIDE 7

Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions Copenhagen (Denmark) March 10-12, 2009

CO CO2 mineralization: +’s and mineralization: +’s and –’s ’s

2

  • Enormous capacity,

widely spread

  • Large amounts of

material needed: 3 CO

  • Negligible leakage,

dissolution produces Mg2+ + HCO3

  • ions, post-CCS

~ 3 tons per ton CO2, ~ 8 tons per ton coal

  • Product amounts large

3

p monitoring not needed

  • Overall exo-thermic

chemistry; potential for Product amounts large but not problematic; low value MgCO3 Sl h i d chemistry; potential for energy-neutral process

  • A lot of iron by-product
  • Slow chemistry, staged

processing needed

  • Slow - due to lack of

y p Slow due to lack of

manpower, funding and publicity - technology

development

17.3.2009 Åbo Akademi University - Heat Engineering Laboratory Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku FINLAND 7/12

development

slide-8
SLIDE 8

Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions Copenhagen (Denmark) March 10-12, 2009

CO CO2 mineralization: state mineralization: state-

  • of
  • f-
  • the

the-

  • art

art

2

  • Aqueous solution-based

process (USA):

40 150 b t 100

  • pres. 40 – 150 bar; temp. 100 –

185°C; NaCl, NaHCO3 for controlling ion strength etc.

C 55 75 US$/ CO

  • Costs 55 – 75 US$/ton CO2
  • Energy input 10 – 400 kWh

/ton CO2 (preheat, crush/grind)

G d l

  • Increased rates with KHCO3

reported recently

  • Dissolution chemistry and silica

Gerdemann et al.,

  • Env. Sci. & Technol.

41 (2007) 2587-2593

  • Dissolution chemistry and silica

layers still hot issues

  • Note: reported energy needs

l ti t d

see also IPCC

17.3.2009 Åbo Akademi University - Heat Engineering Laboratory Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku FINLAND 8/12

are grossly over-estimated: heat ≠ power !!!

IPCC SRCCS

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SLIDE 9

Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions Copenhagen (Denmark) March 10-12, 2009

Technology deployment projects Technology deployment projects /1

/1

gy p y p j gy p y p j

  • Injection of CO2 into basaltic

rock (300-800 m depth) near the H lli h idi h l Hellisheidi geothermal power plant (300 MWe + 400 MWth), Iceland

  • Spreading fine olivine powder
  • n land

T i CO

  • Trapping CO2

from the air; demo 100 kg/h ”synthetic trees” (concentrates the CO CCS)

17.3.2009 Åbo Akademi University - Heat Engineering Laboratory Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku FINLAND 9/12

CO2, no CCS)

Lackner, ACEME-08, 2008

slide-10
SLIDE 10

Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions Copenhagen (Denmark) March 10-12, 2009

Technology deployment projects Technology deployment projects /2

/2

gy p y p j gy p y p j

  • Olivine-containing rock in Oman

(350 × 40 x 5 km, ~30% olivine):

h i l i enhancing natural sequestration ~ 0.1 Mt/a CO2 100x

  • Estonian Mg, Ca - containing oil

Estonian Mg, Ca containing oil shale ashes (10-15 Mt/a) can be carbonated Uibu, PhD

thesis TU Tallinn 2008

Steelmaking slag Steelmaking slag

thesis TU Tallinn, 2008

  • Production of valuable calcium

carbonate (PCC) for use in paper i d f

Calcium extraction step Residual slag Solvent Calcium containing Calcium extraction step Residual slag Solvent Calcium containing

industry from (for example) steelmaking slag is becoming mature technology in several

CO2 Precipitation step solution CO2 Precipitation step solution 17.3.2009 Åbo Akademi University - Heat Engineering Laboratory Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku FINLAND 10/12

gy

  • countries. Limited CCS potential.

CaCO3 CaCO3

slide-11
SLIDE 11

Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions Copenhagen (Denmark) March 10-12, 2009

CO CO2 mineralization: Finland mineralization: Finland (2000

(2000+)

2

( )

  • Mg(OH)2 production from serpentinite mineral

followed by gas-solid carbonation

Fagerlund et al.

g

Gas-solid mineral carbonation reactor setup

  • FB (length 0.5 m, diameter 9/16” = 1.43 cm)

Gas-solid mineral carbonation reactor setup

  • FB (length 0.5 m, diameter 9/16” = 1.43 cm)

g GHGT-9, 2008

( g , )

  • For up to 100 bar, 600-650 °C
  • CO2 + Mg(OH)2 = MgCO3 + H2O

( g , )

  • For up to 100 bar, 600-650 °C
  • CO2 + Mg(OH)2 = MgCO3 + H2O

High-pressure fluidized bed fluidized bed set-up for gas-solid

17.3.2009 Åbo Akademi University - Heat Engineering Laboratory Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku FINLAND 11/12

carbonation

slide-12
SLIDE 12

Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions Copenhagen (Denmark) March 10-12, 2009

Conclusions: CO Conclusions: CO2 mineralisation mineralisation

2

  • Important leakage-free alternative for geological storage of

CO2 (CCGS) at many locations CCGS d l i l CCS f li i d d

  • CCGS deployment is slow: a CCS portfolio is needed.
  • Potential for energy-neutral operation important benefit
  • Progress suffers from lack of resources and publicity; support

Progress suffers from lack of resources and publicity; support from mineral, metal, pulp & paper industry

  • Slowly-but-surely progress is being made in an increasing

number of countries projects are becoming larger CCMC number of countries, projects are becoming larger, CCMC researchers are joining forces.

  • Spin-off technologies like PCC production from steelmaking

l i fi bl i i f slags is profitable; gives infra-structure

  • Cost estimates suffer from energy-use analysis errors; no data
  • n raw material and by-product (iron!!) value

17.3.2009 Åbo Akademi University - Heat Engineering Laboratory Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku FINLAND 12/12

y p ( )

  • Large-scale: 0.1 – 1 Mt CO2/a commercial 2015 - 2020