CONSIDERING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DECISION IMPACTS IMPACTS IN - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

CONSIDERING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DECISION IMPACTS IMPACTS IN LIFE CYCLE ANALYSES AND TESTING METHODOLOGIES FOR TESTING METHODOLOGIES FOR CONCRETE TRANSPORTATION MATERIALS MATERIALS

Liv Haselbach Civil and Environmental Engineering Civil and Environmental Engineering

US-Japan Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of US Japan Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Infrastructure Materials: Sapporo, Japan, October 21-22, 2009

Concrete and LCA in the Future?

• Sustainable development adoption for the

d h h l transportation industry which may result in

–

Novel material alternatives

–

Modified testing methods

–

Adapted life cycle analyses

• Current focus on producing concrete- based

infrastructure with a lower carbon footprint infrastructure with a lower carbon footprint

• LCAs must include the cradle to gate analyses
• And the fate and transport of carbon during the operational

life and disposal

• Absorption of carbon dioxide by concrete is

encouraged, changing material characteristics

• Need for alternative reinforcing materials?
• Testing Method Modifications?

Pervious Concrete A Novel Sustainable Material

Safety

L h d l i

• Less hydroplaning
• Reduces slickness

f

• f roadways
• Reduces

ponding/ ice in parking lots

P i P t PerviousPavement.org

Mitigates Heat Island Effect

Source (EPA, 1992)

Decreases Erosion

• Pervious Concrete

spreads water

• No Channeling on

g road Shoulders

Concrete Carbon Footprint

Absorbs CO from atmosphere

• Absorbs CO2 from atmosphere
• ‘Carbonation’ Process (One theory)

CO (g) + H O(l) H CO (aq)

• CO2(g) + H2O(l) = H2CO3(aq)
• H2CO3(aq) = H+(aq) + HCO3
• HCO3
• (aq) = H+(aq) + CO3

2- (aq) 3 ( q)

( q)

3

( q)

• Ca(OH)2(s) = Ca2+(aq) + 2OH- (aq)
• H+(aq) + OH- (aq) = H2O(l)

C 2+( ) + CO 2 ( ) C CO ( )

• Ca2+(aq) + CO3

2- (aq) = CaCO3(s)

• Simplified Equilibrium Equation

CO (g) + Ca(OH) (s) H O(l) + CaCO (s)

• CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(s) = H2O(l) + CaCO3(s)

Concrete Carbon Footprint

May make concrete with more carbonate

• May make concrete with more carbonate
• May use ‘carbonated’ RCA in concrete
• Other ideas???????
• Therefore infrastructure materials in the

f h l d future may have altered compositions!

pH Change with Carbon Absorption Effect on Reinforcing Steel?

Figure 1: pH of CaCO3-Ca(OH)2 Aqueous Suspension as a Function of Carbon to Calcium Mole Ratio

Figure 1: pH of CaCO Ca(OH) Aqueous Suspension as a Figure 1: pH of CaCO3- Ca(OH)2 Aqueous Suspension as a Function of Carbon to Calcium Mole Ratio

Other Changes g in the Chemistry of Concrete

3E-9 4E-9 ] 1E-9 2E-9 Signal [Amps 1E-9 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Temperature [°C]

Figure 2: Water Desorption Curve for Typical Room Area Open (AO) and Oven Open (OO) Samples

Haselbach, L. and Liu, L., Calcium Hydroxide Formation in Thin Cement Paste Samples Exposed to Air submitted to ACI Materials 2009

Oth Ch Other Changes in the Chemistry of Concrete

4E-9 2E-9 3E-9 gnal [Amps] 1E-9 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Si

Figure 3: Water Desorption Curve for Typical Room Area C d (AC) d O C d (OC) S l

Temperature [°C]

Covered (AC) and Oven Covered (OC) Samples

Haselbach, L. and Liu, L., Calcium Hydroxide Formation in Thin Cement Paste Samples Exposed to Air submitted to ACI Materials 2009

FRP as a Sustainable Alternative

• In Novel Uses Such as Pervious Concrete
• In More “carbon neutral” Concrete Mixes
• With accelerated carbonation
• With enhanced levels of SCMs

ISO and Environmental Management of Concrete Structures

• What Environmental Impacts Should be

Used? b d l l d d

• Carbon Dioxide was only Recently Adopted

as an air Pollutant in the US Wh E i l I Will A i i h

• What Environmental Issues Will Arise in the

Future?

Do We Also Need to Adapt Our Standardized Testing Methods?

ASTM Number Title C 39/C 39M - 05 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength

• f

Cylindrical Concrete Specimens C 1609/C 1609M - 07 Standard Test Method for Flexural Performance of Fiber- C 609/C 609 07 S a da d es e od o e u a e o a ce o be Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam with Third-Point Loading) C 31/C 31M – 08a Standard Practice for making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field C 192/C 192M - 07 Standard Practice for making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory C 617 – 98 (2003) Standard Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens C 511 - 06 Standard Specification for Mixing Rooms Moist Cabinets C 511 06 Standard Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in the Testing

• f Hydraulic Cements and Concretes

C 873/C 873M - 04 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength

• f

C C li d C i Pl i C li d i l M ld Concrete Cylinders Cast in Place in Cylindrical Molds C 330 - 05 Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete

Testing Summary

• ASTM C 39/ C 39M – 05 and ASTM C 1609/ C

1609M – 07 refer to either ASTM C 31/ C 31M – 08 ASTM C 192/ C 192M 07 f h d d 08a or ASTM C 192/ C 192M – 07 for the standard practice of final curing of the prepared samples. ASTM C 617 98 (2003) i lt ti f

• ASTM C 617 – 98 (2003) is an alternative for

cylinder curing when freshly molded specimens are capped with neat cement. are capped with neat cement.

• These standard final curing practices maintain a

high moisture level, usually in a water tank, in g , y , water saturated with calcium hydroxide, in a moist room or appropriately wrapped. ASTM C 511 06 i ifi ti f f th 511 – 06 gives specifications for many of the available high moisture curing facilities [32].

Summary Point One

• Many future concrete mixes and applications

will not be amendable to more traditional will not be amendable to more traditional reinforcing technologies such as reinforcing

• steel. Therefore alternative technologies

h h f FRP ill d b such as the use of FRPs will need to be considered.

Summary Point 2

• An environmental life cycle assessment of

y concrete needs to include its entire life due to the variability in mix designs and its dynamic chemical make up This is dynamic chemical make- up. This is particularly important when determining the carbon footprint of concrete as concrete can p be produced with varying levels of carbon dioxide and has the potential for carbon di id t i d i it i lif dioxide sequestering during its primary life and also during alternative secondary applications. applications.

Summary Point 3 Summary Point 3

• As sustainable development principles

promote alternative mix designs and novel promote alternative mix designs and novel concrete applications, the standardized tests used to determine life cycle factors such as durability and strength may need to be appropriately modified to include the associated chemical and environmental associated chemical and environmental

• changes. Of specific note is the potential

change in calcium hydroxide composition in g y p novel concrete applications and the resulting change in pH. This might alter the conditions under which testing specimens conditions under which testing specimens should be cured.