Climate, ¡Geography, ¡and ¡the ¡Origin ¡of ¡ Economic ¡and ¡Poli8cal ¡Ins8tu8ons ¡
Roy ¡Elis ¡and ¡Stephen ¡Haber ¡
Stanford ¡University ¡
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Climate, Geography, and the Origin of Economic and Poli8cal - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Climate, Geography, and the Origin of Economic and Poli8cal Ins8tu8ons Roy Elis and Stephen Haber Stanford University Presented at New Zealand Ministry
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Geography State,of,Technology,Circa,1800 Climate Capacity,to,Grow,,Store,,&,Transport,Food Frequency,of,,Weather,Shocks Incentives,to,Invest,in,Human ,Capital,and,Property,Rights Institutions,in,the,Past Type,of,State,that,Emerged: Transactional;,Insurance;,or,Fragile , , Level,of, Level,of, Democracy, GDP/c Today Today
How,Geography,and,Climate,Influence,LongMRun,Paths,of,Development
Each farm er is isolat ed, and faces scarcit y and uncert aint y on his ow n
Property rights institutions facilitate transactions am ong agents
Property rights institutions creates incentives to specialize, and increase the range of transactions
W hich gives rise to a transaction society, in w hich the original agents transacting are not only a dim m em ory
Agricultural Producers
State The I nsurance State
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NYC ¡95,461 ¡km2 ¡ Mexico ¡City ¡12,666 ¡km2 ¡ Kinshasa ¡152,757 ¡km2 ¡
New$York$ Mexico$City$ Kinshasa$ Series1$ 52,156$ 4,032$ 21,855$ 0$ 10,000$ 20,000$ 30,000$ 40,000$ 50,000$ 60,000$ Kcal%poten+al%in%billions%
Kcal%poten+al%produc+on%(in%billions)%
High Malaria Low Malaria −1 1 2 3 9 12 15 18 9 12 15 18
Storable Cereals (log kcal indexed by UK storability) Weather shocks (log percent months PDSI above 4.0)
Polity Index (1975−2014) Democracies [86.9, 100] Anocracies [26.9, 86.9) Autocracies [0, 26.9)
High Malaria Low Malaria −1 1 2 3 4 8 12 16 4 8 12 16
Storable Cereals (log kcal indexed by UK storability) Weather shocks (log percent months PDSI above 4.0)
Log per capita GDP (2010) High [10.1, 11] Middle [7.7, 10.1) Low [0, 7.7)
High Malaria Low Malaria −1 1 2 3 4 8 12 16 4 8 12 16
Storable Cereals (log kcal indexed by UK storability) Weather shocks (log percent months PDSI above 4.0)
Numeracy (1910) Highly Numerate (Whipple below 110) Moderately Numerate (Whipple between 110 and 175) Innumerate (Whipple at or above 175)