Classification Species of Organisms 13 billion known species of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Classification Species of Organisms 13 billion known species of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jul 09, 2023 218 likes •433 views

Classification Species of Organisms 13 billion known species of organisms This represents only 5% of all organisms that have ever lived on Earth New organisms are still being found and identified where? What is classification?

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SLIDE 1

Classification

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SLIDE 2

Species of Organisms

  • 13 billion known species of organisms
  • This represents only 5% of all organisms that

have ever lived on Earth

  • New organisms are still being found and

identified – where?

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What is classification?

  • Classification is the arrangement of organisms

into orderly groups based on their similarities

  • Also known as taxonomy
  • Taxonomists are scientists that identify and

name organisms

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Benefits of Classifying Organisms

  • Accurately and uniformly names organisms
  • Prevents misnomers

Example: Starfish and jellyfish are NOT fish

  • Uses the same language (mostly Latin) for all

names

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Using Different Languages for Names

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Latin Names Minimize Confusion

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Early Taxonomists

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SLIDE 8

Aristotle

  • The first taxonomist (2000 years ago)
  • Divided organisms into plants and animals
  • Further subdivided them by their habitat –

land, sea or air dwellers

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SLIDE 9
  • John Ray (botanist) was

the first to use Latin for naming organisms

  • Names consisted on very

long descriptions telling many details about the plant

John Ray

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Carolus Linnaeus

“Father of Taxonomy”

  • 18th century taxonomist (1707-1778)
  • Classified organisms by their structure
  • Developed the modern system of naming
  • rganisms known as binomial nomenclature

– Two word name consisting of the genus and species

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Binomial Nomenclature

  • Genus species (capitalize genus, but NOT

species)

  • Species are identified by their common name

and scientific name

  • International Code for Binomial Nomenclature

– rules for naming

American Robin Turdus migratorius

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Binomial Nomenclature

  • Which two bears are most closely related?
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Classification Groups

  • Taxon (taxa-plural) is

a category into which related

  • rganisms are

placed

  • Hierarchy of groups

(taxa) from broadest to most specific

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SLIDE 14

Red Fox

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Mnemonic Device

  • Dreadful
  • King
  • Philip
  • Came
  • Over
  • For
  • Good
  • Soup
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Basis for Modern Taxonomy

  • Classification is based on evolutionary

relationships

  • Homologous structures (same internal

structure, different function), similar embryonic development, and molecular similarities in DNA, RNA, amino acid sequences or proteins

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Homologous Structures

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SLIDE 18

Cladogram

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Human

  • Animalia
  • Chordata
  • Mammalia
  • Primates
  • Hominidae
  • Homo
  • H. sapien

Chimpanzee Rhesus Monkey

  • Animalia
  • Chordata
  • Mammalia
  • Primates
  • Hominidae
  • Pan
  • P. troglodytes
  • Animalia
  • Chordata
  • Mammalia
  • Primates
  • Cercopithecidae
  • Macaca
  • M. mulatta
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SLIDE 20

Dichotomous Keying

  • Used to identify organisms
  • Identifying characteristics are given in pairs
  • Read both characteristics and either go to

another set of characteristics OR identify the

  • rganism

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