Civil engineering in the safety of the Trans-Manche Link - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Civil engineering in the safety of the Trans-Manche Link - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sep 18, 2023 47 likes •1.04k views

MASTERE SPECIALISE TUNNELS et OUVRAGES SOUTERRAINS De la conception lexploitation Documents pdagogiques internes au Mastre TOS Civil engineering in the safety of the Trans-Manche Link Trans-Manche Link Dr Donald Lamont C. Eng.

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MASTERE SPECIALISE

TUNNELS et OUVRAGES SOUTERRAINS

De la conception à l’exploitation

Civil engineering in the safety of the Trans-Manche Link Trans-Manche Link

Dr Donald Lamont C. Eng. FICE formerly Inspector Channel Tunnel Safety Authority

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 2

Description of the Tunnel and its engineering infrastructure Trains using the Tunnel

Summary

Trains using the Tunnel Structural and geotechnical monitoring Fires and the Tunnel structure

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 3

3 separate but interconnected tunnels

2 Running tunnels Service tunnel Cross passages every 375

The Channel Tunnel

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Cross passages every 375 m approx Piston relief ducts every 250 m approx 2 major Crossovers

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 4

The system – two rail tunnels and a central service tunnel. Two crossovers allow shuttles to pass from one tunnel to another to permit maintenance work in a tunnel interval.

The Channel Tunnel

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The three tunnels lie below the seabed in a layer of rock called ‘chalk marl’ which is impervious to water. The tunnels are lined with reinforced concrete rings.

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 5

Running Tunnels – 7.6m diameter

Mainly precast concrete lining 400 mm thick Some cast iron lining

Channel Tunnel - Sections

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Some cast iron lining

Service Tunnel – 4.8 m diameter

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 6

The Channel Tunnel

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 7

The Channel Tunnel

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All three tunnels were excavated using TBMs (Tunnel Boring Machine) which bored their way from France and UK, meeting in the middle of the Channel. Over the 55 km distance tunnelled, the tunnels were only 100 mm out of alignment when they met!

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 8

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Segments used to line the three tunnels

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 9

Power, lighting, signalling and communications Evacuation walkway

Running Tunnel

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Evacuation walkway Cooling pipes Fire hydrants Track and catenary

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 10

Channel Tunnel - Crossovers

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Crossover door opens to allow trains to cross between running tunnels during maintenance

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 11

Safe haven Maintenance and emergency access Fire mains

Service Tunnel

Fire mains Ventilation Communications Public address system

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 12

Cross passage door

Controls access and between service tunnel and running tunnels Maintains overpressure

Channel Tunnel - CPDS

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Maintains overpressure in service tunnel – creates a “safe haven” in emergencies

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 13

Track maintenance

Tunnel maintenance

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Tunnel maintenance – washing train

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Sand from pumped from the Goodwin Sands to level the terminal before building started.

UK Terminal

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Before the UK terminal was built the area was used as pasture.

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 15

UK Terminal looking east

UK Terminal

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UK Terminal Looking west

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 16

2 separate hills through which Tunnel passes near UK Terminal

Linked by cut and

Castle Hill and Sugar Loaf Hill

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During

Linked by cut and cover tunnels for security reasons

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 17

UK Terminal

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 18

UK Terminal

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 19

Euroscan

X-ray of HGVs

Security and Safety

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Emergency siding

Fire fighting Blast protection

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 20

UK Control building

Railway Control centre Incident control centre Engineering Management System

UK Terminal

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Management System Fire & Emergency Management Centre

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 21

Built on waterlogged land outside Calais.

Land drained and stabilised to create the huge terminal.

French Terminal

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huge terminal. Water put into lagoons for birds and other wildlife to enjoy. Much larger than in UK

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 22

Similar facilities to UK Different layout

French Terminal

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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FLOR Station FLOR - First Line Of Response

French Terminal

Tunnel maintenance yard

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 24

View from

  • verbridge

down loading ramp to

French Terminal

ramp to platforms

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 25

Shaft originally used as working shaft during construction Now acts as

Sangatte Shaft

Now acts as ventilation shaft

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 26

French Passenger Terminal Building.

Passager Facilities

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 27

Safety of the Tunnel is the responsibility of the Comité de Sécurité du Tunnel sous La Manche

  • r Channel Tunnel Safety Authority

A bi-national authority alternating

Regulation of the Tunnel

A bi-national authority alternating chairmanship Working groups civil engineering and fixed equipment, rescue and public safety, railway safety and technology, health and safety

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 28

The Trains

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Dedicated locomotives

2 locos per train ~7MW power

Truck shuttles

Trains and Rolling Stock

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Truck shuttles

2 types 28 per train

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Typical freight shuttle – HGVs on lattice sided

  • wagons. AMC and

loader wagon in rake

Trains and Rolling Stock

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Typical tourist shuttle – fully enclosed wagons

30 minutes fire resistance

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Tourist shuttles

Single deck for buses, caravans 1 bus per shuttle 14 shuttles per rake

Trains and Rolling stock

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14 shuttles per rake

Double deck for cars

5 or 6 cars per deck 2 rakes per train

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 32

Tourist shuttle interior

Fire detection and extinguishing system Fuel spill detection Exhaust fume ventilation

Trains and Rolling stock

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Exhaust fume ventilation

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 33

Eurostars National railways freight

Trains and Rolling stock

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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2 ventilation systems

Normal Ventilation System

Feeds air to service tunnel and hence into running tunnels

Channel Tunnel - Ventilation

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running tunnels

Supplementary Ventilation System

Smoke control in running tunnels

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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4 ventilation stations NVS + SVS on both terminals

2 fans per station

Ventilation

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2 fans per station

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 36

Structural and Geotechnical Monitoring

TITRE DU MODULE ET TITRE DU COURS

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 37

There is a large and challenging range of structural forms and materials to be monitored There is a formal monitoring strategy for both

Structural Monitoriong

There is a formal monitoring strategy for both the tunnels and terminals

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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A unified system of monitoring and response

  • n UK and French side based on the

combination of good practice from both countries

Monitoring Strategy - principles

countries

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 39

Continuous programme of monitoring so that all parts of the tunnels and relevant terminal structures are inspected at agreed frequency – 6 years.

Monitoring Strategy - principles

6 years.

“Sensitive” areas inspected more frequently

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Must allow development of faults to be tracked over time Must allow remedial work to be prioritised and tracked

Monitoring Strategy - principles

and tracked

from identifying need for work to be done to completion of work

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 41

Register of assets Periodic review of instrumentation to take account of failure, abandonment and timely replacement of instruments

Monitoring Strategy - principles

replacement of instruments Alarm thresholds set Materials and corrosion testing

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 42

Continuous programme of monitoring so that all parts of the tunnels and relevant terminal structures are inspected at agreed frequency – 6 years.

Monitoring Strategy - practice

6 years.

“Sensitive” areas inspected more frequently

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 43

Instrumentation read and results reported to CTSA at agreed frequencies Immediate reporting if structural problems are detected

Monitoring Strategy - practice

detected

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 44

Choquet, C., Schwenzfeier, A., and Lamont, D.R., “Chanel Tunnel – monitoring strategy for the tunnel lining” in Erdem, Y., and Solak, T., (eds) Underground Space Use - Proceedings

Reference Paper

(eds) Underground Space Use - Proceedings

  • f ITA World Tunnel Congress 2005 Istanbul,

London, Balkema. pp 1211 – 1214

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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~110km of Running Tunnel and 55km of Service Tunnel Crossover caverns Large diameter or deep shafts

Structures to be monitored

Large diameter or deep shafts Numerous bridges and viaducts on the Terminals Reinforced earth walls Ancient landslides on UK Terminal

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 46

Catenary supports and lighting columns Tented fabric roof UK Terminal “Temporary” structures

Sea wall at Samphire Hoe

Structures to be monitored

Sea wall at Samphire Hoe Tailings dam (Fond Pignon) – no longer Eurotunnel’s responsibility

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 47

Visual inspection of lining intrados

General inspection annually for cleanliness, major faults and drainage Principal or primary inspection every 6 years for

Inspection of lining

Principal or primary inspection every 6 years for cracks, leaks, damage, corrosion and changes from previous inspection. Undertaken at touching distance from concrete surface

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 48

Typical inspection sheet

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 49

Inspection

Replaced by digital data-logger

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Tunnels have 14 instrumented sections covering all three tunnels

Vibrating wire strain gauges in segments Piezometer

Instrumentation and analysis

Piezometer Convergence

measured optically or by invar rod

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 51

Cross-overs are fitted with

Extensometers 1m, 4.5 m and 9 m in length. Piezometers Levelling studs

Instrumentation

Levelling studs Monitoring points for measuring movement of end walls, and convergence Pressure cells

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 52

Instrumentation box for readout from piezometers and vibrating wire strain gauges (VWSG) -

Instrumentation

gauges (VWSG) - installed in cross passage for permanent access

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Implementation of the strategy

Hydraulic access platform with the maintenance train in the French cross-over

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Vibrating Wire Strain Gauge plot

Results

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Piezometer

Results

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Convergence measurement on the upper part of the tunnel by invar wire,

Instrumentation

tunnel by invar wire, with the help of the hydraulic access platform

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 57

Convergence

Results

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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“

Areas with special monitoring requirements

E.g. Fire damaged sections “Zone incendiée” - Running Tunnel South 1996 fire

« Sensitive areas »

fire

Convergence monitoring by invar wire and optical techniques Vibrating wire strain gauges Extensometers

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 59

Instrumentation monitoring frequency

6 months for the piezometers and extensometers 2 years for optical convergence monitoring 6 years for invar wire convergence monitoring

Implementation of the strategy

6 years for invar wire convergence monitoring

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 60

Action on discovery of serious defects

Detailed expert appraisal is organized immediately.

results in repairs or to other actions such as increased

Implementation of the strategy

results in repairs or to other actions such as increased frequency of monitoring or the installation of instrumentation

Inspection by the CTSA experts

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Mainly required on UK side Ancient landslips behind UK Terminal Castle Hill UK Terminal settlement

Geotechnical monitoring

UK Terminal settlement Reinforced earth walls on UK Terminal

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Ancient landslips behind UK Terminal ~10000 years old

Geotechnical monitoring

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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All ancient landslips are monitored similarly

Inclinometers Piezometers

Readings taken summer and winter

Geotechnical monitoring

Readings taken summer and winter Shows changes in groundwater levels and effects of these changes

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Monitoring of landslips

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Castle Hill

Ancient landslip

undercut by Tunnel

SSSI

Castle Hill

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SSSI

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 66

Castle Hill

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Subject to extensive

geotechnical monitoring

Tunnel wider for movement Toe weighting

Castle Hill

Toe weighting Drainage galleries Seismically sensitive

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 68

Castle Hill

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Settlement of UK Terminal

Settlement

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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One of largest reinforced earth structures in UK

Slight bulge at base

Brick Pit Reinforced Earth Wall

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Requires regular engineering monitoring

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Monitoring by survey of reference points Corrosion of

Reinforced Earth Walls

Corrosion of reinforcement also monitored

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 72

MASTERE SPECIALISE

TUNNELS et OUVRAGES SOUTERRAINS

De la conception à l’exploitation

Fire and the Tunnel Structure

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 73

Eurostar trains and passenger shuttles on fire exit tunnel to emergency siding on Terminals for evacuation and fire fighting Freight shuttles stop in tunnel

Emergency plan

Freight shuttles stop in tunnel

All on board evacuate into Service tunnel

Fire fighting takes place in tunnel

Difficult to achieve

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Fire water supply main in service tunnel with connections through each cross passage feeding hydrants in the running tunnels. Each hydrant has a French and a UK fire

Fire water system as built

Each hydrant has a French and a UK fire service hose connection. 4 x 800m3 fire water storage tanks on surface.

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Running Tunnel before the fire

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 76

Picture taken during full scale tunnel fire test Fire power >100

Tunnel fire

Fire power >100 megawatts

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 77

Running Tunnel after the fire

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 78

Locate services below walkway to avoid fire damage!

Design lesson

Cables and lights here to avoid mechanical damage

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 79
  • Extent of fire damage

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  • !!
  • Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS
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The damaged lining

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Shotcrere application

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Surface patching

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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The finished lining – then …….

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Occasional signs of seepage or minor water ingress To be expected due to reflective cracking

……. and now

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to reflective cracking from original segment joints and loss of gaskets

Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Services replaced and adjacent undamaged tunnel washed to remove

Services

washed to remove soot

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Install high pressure water mist system at four locations SAFE = Stations d’Attac Feu

The response

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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High pressure water mist is discharged to stop fire spreading – not necessarily to

Water mist

not necessarily to extinguish fire

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 88

SAFE are located adjacent to crossovers which are at the 1/3rd and 2/3rd points of the tunnel Each station is slightly longer than a heavy goods vehicle shuttle

The response

goods vehicle shuttle

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Segment removal Excavating pump chamber

Construction of SAFE

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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Excavator with breaker Excavator with cutterboom

Construction of SAFE

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 91

General view

  • f jobsite with

dust filter

Construction of SAFE

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 92

Shuttle fire detected by driver or by tunnel fire detection system Emergency procedure activated Driver instructed to stop at SAFE

Operating principles

Driver instructed to stop at SAFE High pressure pumps started and fire main configured to deliver flow to SAFE

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 93

Pumping equipment

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 94

Train on fire stops within a SAFE Station Temperature sensors detect which vehicle is

  • n fire

Water mist is discharged over that vehicle and

Operating principles

Water mist is discharged over that vehicle and

  • ver one vehicle on either side

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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High pressure water mist

Mist stream has very large surface area Very rapid heat transfer from fire to water mist cools fire and prevents spread

Water mist – how it works

cools fire and prevents spread Oxygen is displaced locally by water vapour in atmosphere

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 96

Fire is controlled and prevented from spreading till arrival of fire services to extinguish it Fire may be extinguished by mist but that is

Result

Fire may be extinguished by mist but that is not principal objective

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 97

Discharge from nozzles

Test in Tunnel

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 98

Effect on visibility

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS

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SLIDE 99

MASTERE SPECIALISE

TUNNELS et OUVRAGES SOUTERRAINS

De la conception à l’exploitation

Merci pour vôtre attention Merci pour vôtre attention

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Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS