Chartwell International, Inc. Adhesion Promotion for Waterborne and - - PDF document

Chartwell International, Inc.

“Adhesion Promotion for Waterborne and Solventborne I nks, Coatings, Adhesives & Powder Coatings”

Presented by: Adrian Thomas

Chemicalia Pty Ltd

2

Definition: Wa = F ∆ x The energy or work required when an external stress is applied to two, separate joined materials.

Adhesion

3

Wc1: cohesive strength of adherend (substrate) 1 Wc2: cohesive strength of adherend (substrate) 2 Wa1: adhesive strength (energy required to separate the adhesive from adherend (substrate) 1) Wa2: adhesive strength (energy required to separate the adhesive from adherend (substrate) 2) Wa1 > Wc1

and

Wa2 > Wc2

The Importance of Adhesion

4

Adhesive and Cohesive Failure

5

Physical Adsorption Theory Chemical Bonding Theory Diffusion Theory Electrostatic Theory Mechanical Interlocking Theory Weak Boundary Layer Theory

Theories of Adhesion

6

E + - = z1z2e2 4πε0εrr

where: E + - = Potential Energy of two ions

• f charge z1e and z2e separated by

distance r ε r = Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of the medium ε r air = 1.00054 ε r water = 80.1 at 20°C

Chemical Bonding Theory

7

Studied the specific phenomena of corrosion on coated metals. Concluded that wet adhesion is the most important factor for corrosion protection of metal surfaces. Although the coating film serves as a barrier, retarding access of water and oxygen to the metal surface, all films have capillaries and pores through which water, oxygen, and salts will pass, driven by a concentration gradient.

WJ Funke (Stuttgart University)

8

Flexural Strength (Mpa) Retention with Selected Silane Coupling Agents (Adhesion Promoters) on Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester

Treatment Dry Wet % Retention

None 386 240 62.2 Ethyltrichlorosilane 238 179 75.2 Allyltriethoxysilane 399 402 100.7 Methyacryalto chrome 502 427 85.1

9

Effect of Silane Coupling Agents (Adhesion Promoters) on the Adhesion of Glass Fibres to an Epoxide Resin

Silane Change (% ) in interfacial shear strength

Silane 1% solution 5% solution N-(2-Aminoethyl)- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AAMS) 62

• 14

3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APMS) 17

• 20

10

• 1. Primer
• 2. Incorporated into binding polymer

Use of Coupling Agents or Adhesion Promoters

11

Reaction of APMS with the Surface of Glass

• 1. Hydrolysis of –Si(OCH3)3 (Trimethoxy)

to –Si(OH)3 (Trisilanol) – fast.

• 2. Condensation polymerization of

Trisilanol and surface –OH groups to produce polysiloxane network covalently bonded to surface - slow.

12

Aqueous Stability of Chartwell B-515.4W

• v. Dow Corning Z-6020

Upper left: Fresh 2% aqueous solution of B-515.4W Upper right: Fresh 2% aqueous solution of DC Z-6020 Lower left: 2% aqueous solution

• f B-515.4W aged 8 months

Lower right: 2% aqueous solution

• f DC Z-6020 aged 8 months

CONCLUSION: Chartwell B-515.4W is indefinitely stable. Silane monomer has polymerized, resulting in opacity of the water solution. Performance depends on concentration

• f silane monomer.

13

Chemical Description

Unique compositions based upon proprietary organofunctional metal organics supplied as solutions in water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, or dipropylene

• glycol. Compatible and stable in water-borne and solvent-borne systems.

Applications

COATINGS

Commercially used in all industrial solvent-borne, water-borne and powder coatings Improves wet adhesion to metals, concrete, plastics, wood, etc. Use on metals increases corrosion resistance and salt fog resistance; generally by two fold Reduces creep at the scribe Easy post add to water-borne coatings Competition: Silanes (and other adhesion promoters)

INKS

Commercially used to markedly improve adhesion of WB inks (acrylic & PUD) to plastic films Competition: Silanes

ADHESIVES

Commercially used in all water-borne and 2K epoxy or 2K urethane adhesives Substantial increase in adhesion to metals, plastics and elastomers Major competition: OSi A-1100, Dow Corning Z-6020, Z-6040

Chartwell Adhesion Promoters:

An Overview

14 RUBBER

Excellent adhesion of formed rubber articles to metal, rubber and synthetics, i.e. PVC, etc. Improved abrasion resistance Improved tensile and tear strengths Commercially used in SBR, EPDM, nitrile rubbers Major competition: Degussa Si-69*, A-189

OTHER

Metal Pretreats: Treating metals with dilute aqueous solutions provide marked increase in adhesion of varied coatings Abrasives: Improves wear resistance and durability Plastics: Improved physical strength properties of both thermosets and thermoplastics Competition: Silanes, chromates (metal pretreats)

Chartwell Advantages:

Cost is less than 50% of a competitive silane and is used as a 1:1 replacement Products are hydrolytically stable. Improvements in adhesion measured at time of coating, ink or adhesive preparation DO NOT decrease after 60 days or more of aging Customer-oriented and dedicated supplier. All sample requests and orders shipped promptly.

Chartwell Adhesion Promoters: An Overview

15

Chartwell Adhesion Promoters

Recommended for Improved Adhesion to: CRS, Galvanized Steel, Phosphated Steel, Aluminum, Copper, Brass SBR, Nitrile, Natural Rubbers ABS, PVC, Polyester Film Concrete, wood, ceramics Treated PP, PE (>35 dynes/ cm) Not Recommended for Adhesion to: Untreated PP/ PE Fiberglass (or glass substrates) Recommended for Improved Dispersion of: Carbon black, phthalo blue/ green Magnetic ferrites Zinc anti-corrosive pigments All mineral fillers (including calcium carbonate) Alumina and other abrasives

16

Silanes in Water

(i) (RO)3 SiR’X + 3H20 (HO)3 SiR’X + 3 ROH OR OR (ii) (H0)3 SiR’X XR’ Si -O-Si R’X + H20 OR OR

X= amine, epoxy, mercapto, methacryloxy, etc.

(i) Rapid hydrolysis of silane in the presence of any moisture to form silanol with release of alcohol (ii) Condensation of silanol groups to siloxane linkages Performance α[silane monomer]

17

Product Definition

All products are defined by three variables:

• 1. Single metal type or combination of two different metals [M]
• 2. Organofunctional group {X}
• 3. Solvent carrier (see below)

[M] = proprietary metal(s); simplified representation

{HO} - [M] - (CH2)n - {X}*

{substrate reactive} Organoreactive group

Ethylene Glycol Products (B-)

B-505.1, B-505.6, B-515.1, B-515.1/ 2H, B-515.4, B-515.4HR, B-515.71 (HR, 1.5H), B-516.5, B-517.4, B-525.1, B-545.1 Dipropylene Glycol Products (D-) Propylene Glycol Products (C-) D-525.3, D-531.1, D-535.1

C-505.1/ 2H, C-515.71HR, C-515.71/ 1.5H, C-523.2, C-523.2H, C-531.1

Ethylene Glycol/ Butyl Ether Water Products (B-XXX.W)

• f Ethylene Glycol (B-)

B-535.1, B-600 B-515.1W, B-515.4W, B-515.5W, B- 515.71W, B-516.5W, B-523.2W, B-523.6W, B-523.6WH

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Organoreactive Groups

• (CH2)XSH, x < 6

B-505.1, B-505.6, C-505.2, E-505.2

• CH(NH2) – (CH2)xSH, x= 1-2

B-511.1

• (CH2)XNH2, x < 4

B-515.1, B-515.4, B-515.4W, B-515.5W, E-515.2, B-515.71, B-515.71W

• CH(NH2) – (CH2)x – NH2, x-4-6

B-516.5, B-516.5W

• (CH2)X

B-517.4, B-517.4W

• CH(OH) – CH(OH) – COOH

C-523.2, B-523.2W, B-523.6W

• (CH2)XCOOH, x = 4-6

B-525.1, B-525.3, D-525.3

• (CH2)XCOOH, x >10

B-531.1, C-531.1, D-531.1

• (CH2)X, x > 13

B-535.1, C-535.1, D-535.1

• C(CH3) – CH2

B-545.1

• (CH2)X – S – S – (CH2)Y COOH

B-600

N H

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• 1. “W” Products

Supplied as water solutions – ZERO VOC

• 2. Solvent Carriers (B, C, D Types)

All non-water Chartwell products are supplied as adhesion promoter solutions in: B = Ethylene Glycol D = Dipropylene Glycol C = Propylene Glycol

• 3. “H”, “1.5H”, and “2H” Products

Higher active matter versions of the non- “H” analogs; more cost effective. H = 1.38x non-H solids 1.5H = 1.5x non-H solids 2H = 2x non-H solids

• 4. HR Products

Products in which the organoreactive portion of the molecule has been increased 2x (higher reactivity at the polymer reactive end)

• 5. Chartsil Solid Adhesion Promoters

For use in powder coating and rubber only

Understanding Chartwell Adhesion Promoter Choices

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Chartwell B-515.71 Family of Aminofunctional Products

Variables:

• 1. Solvent Carrier

B = Ethylene Glycol C = Propylene Glycol W = Water

• 2. Active Matter content

non-H:

Standard solids

1.5H:

Has 1.5x solids of non-H. Use level is 0.7x non-H use level

• 3. Organofunctionality content

non-HR: Equivalent weight of 1500 based upon amine content HR:

2x amine. Equivalent weight of 750

• 4. Heat Activated Amine “M”
• 5. Product options:
• B-515.71

Ethylene Glycol, standard solids, standard amine

• B-515.71/ 1.5H Ethylene Glycol, 1.5x solids, standard amine
• C-515.71/ 1.5H Propylene Glycol, 1.5x solids, standard amine
• B-515.71W

Water, conventional solids

• B-515.71HR

Ethylene Glycol, standard solids, 2x amine

• C-515.71HR

Propylene Glycol, standard solids, 2x amine

• B-515.71M

Amine weakly complexed with Zinc (for 1K epoxy)

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Silane Cross Reference Guide

Revised 8/01

ORGANO GROUP Osi (UCC) DOW CORNING HULS CHARTWELL PRODUCT

Amino A-1100

• - -

AMEO C-515.71/ 1.5H, C-515.71HR Also, B-515.71/ 1.5H, B-515.4HR Diamino A-1120 Z-6020 DAMO C-515.71/ 1.5H, C-515.71HR Also, B-515.71/ 1.5H, B-515.4HR Carboxy

• - -
• - -
• - -

D-525.3, C-531.1*, D-531.1 Carboxy/ Hydroxy

• - -
• - -
• - -

C-523.2H* Epoxy A-187 A-186 Z-6040 Z-6052 GLYMO CE 6250 C-515.71/ 1.5H, C-515.71HR Also, B-515.4HR, E-515.2H Mercapto A-189 Z-6062 MTMO B-505.1*, B-505.6, C-505.1/ 2H Methacrylato A-174 Z-6030 MEMO B-545.1, C-515.71HR Vinyl A-172

• - -
• - -

C-515.71HR Sulfido

• - -
• - -
• - -

B-600*, B-600.6 (Degussa Si69)

* Available in both liquid and solid (Chartsil) forms Many products also available as water solutions - See Chartwell Adhesion Promoters: General Properties

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Recommendations by Polymer

ALKYD

Solvent-borne: C-515.4HR, C-523.2H, C-515.71HR; D-525.3, D-531.1 Uses: Coatings for various metals. Water-Borne: B-523.6WH, B-515.71/1.5H; B-515.4, B-515.5W, B-516.5, B-516.5W

ACRYLIC

Solvent-borne: C-523.2H, D-531.1 Water-Borne: B-515.71/1.5H, B-515.71HR, B-523.6WH; B-515.5W, B-515.71W, B-516.5W, B-515.4HR Uses: Coatings for various metals. INKS: B-515.71W for applications to metallized film. ADHESIVES: tape manuf. etc.

EPDM

Sulfur-Cured: B-505.1; B-505.6 Uses: Roof membranes, general automotive Metal Oxide Cured: B-515.1/ 2H, C-515.71/ 1.5H; B-516.5

EPOXY

2K: C-515.71HR*, C-515.71/ 1.5H*, B-515.1/ 2H; B-517.4 *Preferred recommendation Water-Borne: B-515.5W, B-515.71/ 1.5H, B-515.71HR; B-516.5W Uses: Metal primers, adhesives, electronic encapsulants, flooring

METHACRYLATE

B-515.4HR, B-545.1; B-515.1/ 2H, B-516.5

NATURAL RUBBER

B-505.1, C-505.1/ 2H; B-505.6 Uses: Shoe Soles

NEOPRENE

Rubber: B-515.1/ 2H, C-515.71/ 1.5H B-516.5, C-515.71HR Uses: Adhesives, molded rubber articles Solvent-Borne: C-515.71/ 1.5H, B-516.5 B-515.1/ 2H, Water-Borne: B-600.6, B-515.71/ 1.5H

NITRILE RUBBER

B-505.1, B-505.6, C-505.1/ 2H; B-600, B-600.6 Uses: Industrial process rolls, shoe soles

PHENOLIC

B-515.1/ 2H, C-515.71HR, C-515.71/ 1.5H Uses: Industrial abrasive wheels

POLYESTER/ MELAMINE

D-525.3, D-525.31, D-531.1 Uses: Coil coatings, general metal finishing Highly recommended / Also recommended

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Recommendations by Polymer (2)

POLYESTER

Unsaturated: B-545.1, C-515.71HR; D-531.1, D-535.1 Pigment dispersions: B-535.1, D-535.1 SMC/ BMC: D-531.1, B-545.1 for improved physical properties

POLYOLEFINS

B-535.1, D-535.1 For pigment dispersions & mineral filler treatment

POLYURETHANE

2K: D-525.3, C-515.71HR, C-515.71/1.5H; B-515.4HR, B-516.5 Add to polyol side (B) at 1-2 phr based upon total Side A + Side B WB: B-515.71W, C-515.71/ 1.5H, C-515.71HR, B-516.5W; B-515.4W, B-515.5W, B-516.5 Uses: Metal primers

POLYVINYL ACETATE

B-515.1W, B-523.2W, B-515.71W; B-523.2WX Uses: Adhesives, sealants, WB coatings

POLYVINYLIDENE Chloride

B-515.1W, B-523.2W; B-523.2WX Anti-corrosive primers

SBR

Rubber: B-505.1, C-505.1/ 2H; B-505.6, B-600 Uses: Shoe soles, rubber adhesives Latex: C-515.71HR, B-505.6, B-600.6

STYRENATED ACRYLIC

B-515.71/ 1.5H, B-515.4HR, B-523.6WH; B-515.5W, B-516.5; B-516.5W Uses: Primers, DTM coatings. B-515.71W useful for adhesion to EPDM roof membrane

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General Properties

Chartwell pH, 2% Wt % Active

• Sp. g

Metals1 Organic group B-505.1 4.15 25.6 1.23 2 mercapto B-505.6 6.40* 31.5* 1.36* 2 mercapto B-515.1 4.5 25.6 1.23 2 pri amine B-515.1W 4.8 21.5 1.09 2 pri amine B-515.4 7.2 39.6 1.23 1 pri amine B-515.4HR 6.9 42 1.25 1 pri amine B-515.4W 7.7 33.4 1.2 1 pri amine B-515.5W 7.6 30.3 1.19 1 pri amine B-516.5 6.8 41.6 1.26 1 2 pri amines B-516.5W 7.3 36.6 1.2 1 2 pri amines B-515.71 7.5 39 1.26 1 pri amine B-515.71W 7.3 33 1.19 1 pri amine B-517.4 6.6 39.6 1.25 1 cyclic amine B-523.2W 5.3 31.2 1.19 1 hydroxy/ carboxy B-523.6W 7.2 29.7 1.2 2 hydroxy/ carboxy C-523.2 3.40* 22 1.15 2 hydroxy/ carboxy B-525.1 4.3 27.4 1.23 2 carboxy D-525.3 4.25 25.5 1.14 2 carboxy C-531.1 4.3 25.1* 1.08 2 C-10 carboxy D-531.1 4.00* 25.1* 1.24* 2 C-10 carboxy B-535.1 4.05 24.2 1.06 2 C-14 hydrocarbon D-535.1 4.00* 24.2* 1.10* 2 C-14 hydrocarbon B-545.1 4.35 25.6 1.23 2 methacrylato B-600 4.4 22.5 1.09 2 sulfido

1 Denotes number of different metals * Specifications are tentative

25

Chartwell pH, 2% Wt % Active

• Sp. g

Metals1 Organic group B-505.1/ 2H 4.4 50.26 1.35 2 mercapto B-515.1/ 2H 4.55 50.5 1.35 2 pri amine B-515.1WH 4.6 31.5 1.22 2 pri amine E-515.2H 4.85 33 1.27 2 pri amine B-515.4WH 6.9 44 1.27 1 pri amine (1.5x) C-515.71HR 7.80** 43.5 1.23 1 pri amine C-515.71/ 1.5H 7.7 51.3 1.31 1 pri amine B-515.5WH 6.9 41.1 1.26 1 pri amine B-516.5WH 6.85 42.4 1.24 1 2 pri amines B-523.6WH 7.35 40.5 1.3 2 hydroxy/ carboxy C-523.2H 3.4 30.3 1.22 2 hydroxy/ carboxy B-525.1H 4.3 36.9 1.29 2 carboxy C-531.1H 3.9 38 1.17 2 C-10 carboxy B-535.1H 4.16 32.9 1.11 2 C-14 hydrocarbon C-535.1H 4.22 33.9 1.15 2 C-14 hydrocarbon

General Properties for Higher Solid “H” Products

All Chartsil products also available as “H” grades

1 Denotes number of different metals * Specifications are tentative ** Denotes pH 1%

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Chartsil: Solid Performance

Chartsil functionality Application

B-505.1 (2H)* * mercapto

All sufur cured rubber (SBR, etc)* Epoxy, Urethane powder coating*

B-515.1 (2H)* *

amino Epoxy powder coating*

C-515.71HR

EPDM, Nylon, urethane

C-523.2 (H)* *

carboxy/ hydroxy TGIC Polyester powder coating*

B-525.1

carboxy Polyester powder coating

C-531.1

C-10 carboxy Acrylic, TGIC and Primid polyester powder

B-600

sulfido All sulfur cured rubber Improved abrasion resistance

Organoreactive groups

• (CH2)xSH2, X<6

B-505.1/ 2H

• (CH2)xNH2, x<4

B-515.1/ 2H, C-515.71HR

• CH(OH)-CH(OH)-COOH

C-523.2 (H)

• (CH2)xCOOH, X=4-6

B-525.1

• (CH2)xCOOH, X>10

C-531.1

CHARTWELL (liquid)/ 72% + HiSil ABS Precip Silica/ 28% = CHARTSIL (Solid)

*Improved corrosion resistance, reduced creep at the scribe ** Recommend increased active matter grades designated “H” or “2H”

27

Chartsil: Physical Structure

28

Water-Borne Solid Stain Applied to Exterior Deck

After 6 months exposure (1)

WB Acrylic stain

with 1.0 phr Chartwell B-515.71 (post added)

180 Days Exposure

WB Acrylic stain 180 days exposure

(1) Applied April 2001; Boston, Mass. area. Any peeling/ loose stain scraped and

• removed. Deck washed thoroughly and allowed to air dry 48 hours. Stain pad
• applied. Temperature varied from 28 F to 98 F during period of 180 day exposure.

29

Solid Color Acrylic Deck Stain

Use Level Calculation

Recommended range: 6.8 g – 13.6 g Pigment content: TiO2, Iron oxide, unspecified

• rganics, silica

Resin type: Acrylic copolymer Wt./ litre 1.185 kg

• Wt. % polymer solids

15.1%

• Wt. polymer solids

0.676 kg

• Wt. B-515.71

13.56 g @ 2.0 phr

30

Benjamin Moore DTM Acrylic M29-08 on CRS

31

Waterborne DTM Acrylic

• n CRS

32

Adhesion of Polyester Baking Enamel on CRS

Reverse Impact Test

Conclusions:

1.Without adhesion promoter (control) >50%

• f coating removed in

tape test.

• 2. Addition of Chartwell

D-525.31 to the grind stage sharply reduces coating removal as follows:

Control 50% 2 phr <1% 3 phr 0%

• 3. Excellent humidity

resistance and salt fog resistance

33

Anti-Corrosive Coating based on Alberdingk Boley AS 2688

Raw Materials Lbs/ 100 gal 100 Gal Description GRIND: Alberdingk AS 2688 141.4 16.32 acrylic polymer Water 33.77 4.05 water BYK 019 1.03 0.13 defoamer VXW-6208 30.11 3.43 polymeric sufactant Bayferrox 120 ROX 60.81 1.46 red iron oxide Vantalc 6H 47.53 2.07 Talc Huberbrite 1 40.61 1.12 barium sulfate Halox SZP 391 101.97 4.45 zinc phosphate Bentone LT 2.03 0.1 bentonite clay Water 17.35 2.08 water Grind with tooth disk to Hegman 3-4 LETDOWN: Alberdingk AS 2688 451.61 52.13 acrylic polymer Premix the following then add: Flash X 150 15.96 1.74 flash rust inhibitor Butyl carbitol 62.66 7.78 solvent Water 15.20 1.83 water Add in the following order: BYK 024 2.53 0.29 defoamer Chartwell B-515.71W 7.71 0.78 adhesion promoter DSX-1514 2.03 0.23 rheology modifier TOTAL 1034.32 100

Paint Properties:

pH (1:10) = Stormer Viscosity: % solids (wt) = 46.43 % solids (vol) = 42.40 % PVC = 11.86 Pigment: Binder Ratio: 0.43/ 1 VOC (gr/ l) = 99.2 VOC (lb/ gal) = 0.83 Application technique: spray application

34

Adhesion of WB Urethane bonding Steel Substrates

Blank Chartwell B-515.4W, 0.5% Chartwell B-515.4W, 1.0%

2.0 1.0 0.0

Peel strength, kg

0.1 1.5 1.6 - 1.7

35

Chartwell Adhesion Promoters are Adhesion Promoters not Crosslinkers

36

WB Flexigraphic Ink

• n Metallized Film

WB Acrylic Ink w/ 2.5% Chartwell B-516.5W WB Acrylic Ink w/o Chartwell B-516.5W

37

Metal Pretreat

Pull-Off Values for Epoxy Coating on Pretreated Metal

(St2 panel preparation)

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0.10% 0.25% 1% 5% wt % Adhesion Promoter in Aqueous Solution Pull-off values, psi B-515.4HR B-515.71 Z-6020

Control (no pretreat) 180 psi

38

Vinyl Butyral Wash Primer Adhesion

Adhesion % Coating Removal Promoter

Galvanized Al

E-515.2H Other, 1% 25-50 <5 Other, 2% 10 >65

After 6 hrs soak at 160˚F in 10% NaCl ASTM 3359 - 87 Tape Test

39

Bonding to Vinyl Flooring & Carpeting

40

Waterborne Acrylic Window Glazing Sealant

41

Success stories in Australia (so far)

Coil Coating:

Chartwell B-525.3 Chartwell D-525.3 Chartwell C-515.71 HR

Adhesion on PVC:

Chartwell C-515.71 HR

(Styrene acrylate based texture coating) Hot Tyre Adhesion on concrete:

Chartwell B-515.4W

(Pure acrylate based coating)

42

Procedure and Use Level Recommendations

General Comments

Generally 1.0 phr to 2.0 phr (0.5 - 1.4 phr for “H” products)* is recommended. The presence of high surface area pigment (.ie. carbon black, fine organics, fumed silica) requires the use of 1.0 - 2.0% based upon combined resin solids

plus pigment weight to achieve comparable results.

* For “2H” products, multiply use levels by 0.5

Coatings, Adhesives, I nks

SOLVENT BORNE PRODUCTS: Addition to the grind stage with high shear mixing is

strongly recommended.

WATER BORNE: Water-borne formulations will generally require 1.0 - 2.0 wt per cent

based upon binder solids and organic pigment weight, anti-corrosive pigment weight, and carbon black (0.7 - 2.1 wt. per cent for “H” products). Post add or add to grind.

Rubber Compounds and Powder Coatings

It is recommended that the Chartwell product be added directly upon the silica (or other min-eral), and thereafter, the mix compounded in a Banbury/ Henschel as would be conventionally done. Evaluation at 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 phr (0.7, 1.4, 2.1 phr for “H” products) is recommended for Chartwell (liquid) products. Evaluation at 1.5 and 3.0 phr (1.0 - 2.1 phr for “H” products) is recommended for Chartsil (solid)

• products. Torque and shear should be maximized.

Thermoplastics, Mineral Surface Treatment, & Other Applications

Consult the manufacturer for technical assistance.

43

Understanding Use Level /Performance Relationship

44

Critical Procedures

For successful use of Chartwell Adhesion Promoters in Solvent-Borne Systems

PROCEDURE: 1. Add the Chartwell additive directly to the grind stage resin before adding any solvent, pigment or other additives. 2. High shear mix for 15 minutes. This specifically means the use of a Cowles high speed disperser or similar. THE USE OF A MEDIA MILL ALONE IS NOT ACCEPTABLE. 3. Then proceed to add other grind stage components as normally done. BACKGROUND THEORY: All additives will perform optimally when they are solubilized in the coating

• system. Solubilized means that the additive exists as individual discrete

molecules within the coating system. This is the objective which we strive to achieve with Chartwell additives. In practice, however, Chartwell products will most generally NOT fully dissolve in solvent-borne coating systems since they are highly polar molecules being introduced to considerably less polar environments (the coating). Most simply, oil and water do not mix. So, we try to devise a procedure which will result in the smallest possible molecular cluster within the coating media. The use of a high speed disperser achieves this

• bjective.

45

When to add Chartwell Products in Solvent-Borne Systems for Optimum Incorporation

OBJECTIVE: To maximize shear rate (energy input) used to homogenously and finely disperse Chartwell Adhesion Promoters. Preferred point of addition is to the resin alone prior to addition

• f any further solvent. This is the point of maximum viscosity

and maximum shear rate.

S O L V E N T R E S I N S O L V E N T M I X

R E S I N Visco sity, η η m a x Shear Rate

46

The Finish Line

Improved adhesion of Water-Borne, Solvent-Borne, 2K Epoxy/ PU, and Powder Coatings Effective on: Metals: CRS, aluminum, galvanized- phosphatized stainless steel Plastics: Polyester film, treated PP/PE, ABS, PVC etc. Elastomers: SBR, NBR, EPDM Others: Wood/ concrete Benefits

• Substantial increase in salt fog resistance
• Improved durability on metals and wood
• Most cost effective
• Insurance for poor or marginal substrates

Ease of Use 1-2 phr in Water-borne: POST ADD 1-2 phr in Solvent-borne: HIGH SHEAR mix with Cowles ONLY Recommended by Major Resin Suppliers

CONCLUSI ONS

47

Many thanks for your attention! Any questions This presentation is available at www.chemicalia.com