Characterization of the Sos Sos Enattos site for the Einstein - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Characterization of the Sos Sos Enattos site for the Einstein - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Characterization of the Sos Sos Enattos site for the Einstein Telescope Luca Naticchioni 1 , Fulvio Ricci 1,2 , Piero Rapagnani 1,2 , Paola Puppo 1 , Maurizio Perciballi 1 , Gilberto Saccorotti 3 , Carlo Giunchi 3 , Marco Capello 3 , Sonja Gaviano

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Characterization of the Sos Sos Enattos site for the Einstein Telescope

Luca Naticchioni1, Fulvio Ricci1,2, Piero Rapagnani1,2, Paola Puppo1, Maurizio Perciballi1, Gilberto Saccorotti3, Carlo Giunchi3, Marco Capello3, Sonja Gaviano3, Michele D’Ambrosio3, Mario Paratore3, Davide Piccinini3, Marco Olivieri4, Domenico D’Urso5, Massimo Carpinelli5, Valeria Sipala5, Stefano Cuccuru5, Giacomo Oggiano5, Enrico Calloni6,7, Rosario De Rosa6,7, Alessandro Cardini8, Carlo Migoni8, Federico Paoletti9, Valerio Boschi9, Michele Punturo10

1.INFN Roma, 2.University of Rome Sapienza, 3.INGV Pisa, 4.INGV Bologna, 5.University of Sassari & INFN LNS, 6.University of Naples Federico II, 7.INFN Napoli, 8.INFN Cagliari, 9.INFN Pisa, 10.INFN Perugia

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Summary

❑ Introduction: ET and Sos Enattos site ❑ Geophysical features of Sardinia and Sos Enattos ❑ Seismic and environmental characterization of the site ❑ Future devolopments

  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

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The Einstein Telescope: a 3G GW detector

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

an underground laboratory adopting also cryogenic ics

2/2+ generation 3 generation

→ Fulvio Ricci’s Talk on Monday morning

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SLIDE 4

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019
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Einstein Telescope site

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

Two candidate sites proposed in Europe

EUREGIO MEUSE-RHINE SO SOS ENATTOS (S (SARDINIA)

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The Sos Sos Enattos site

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

Former mine, about 50km of tunnels excavated in > 2000 years of mineral exploitation

Sos Enattos

Lula (Nu)

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SLIDE 7

Sardinia: Is Island of f science

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

Site access: 50’ (85km) drive from Olb lbia ia air irport (hig ighway) Sa SarGrav underground laboratory Sardinia Radio Telescope “ARIA” project (for Gran Sasso Dark Side DM det.)

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Summary

❑ Introduction: ET and Sos Enattos site ❑ Geophysical features of Sardinia and Sos Enattos ❑ Seismic and environmental characterization of the site ❑ Future devolopments

  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

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A geophysical overview of f Sardinia

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019
  • Old rocks (Variscan basement,

360-290My);

  • Sardinia microplate not involved

in present-day geodynamic of the Mediterranean domain;

  • Low intra-plate horizontal

velocities.

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SLIDE 10

A geophysical overview of f Sardinia

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

Geodynamics of the European-Mediterranean region

from Faccenna et al, Rev. Geophys, 2014

horizontal displacement

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SLIDE 11

A geophysical overview of f Sardinia

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

Active faults in the European-Mediterranean region

from Faccenna et al, Rev. Geophys, 2014

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SLIDE 12

A geophysical overview of f the Sos Sos Enattos area

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

Local geology and rocks Main lithological units:

Sedimentary covers Mesozoic limestones Variscan granitoids Ortogneiss Micaschists and quartzites

ET “Triangle” configuration “L” 15km configuration

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A geophysical overview of f the Sos Sos Enattos area

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

ET “Triangle” configuration

Orthogneiss “Lodè type” UCS*: 92.6 / 60.8 Mpa Micaschist/paragneiss/quartzite UCS*: 9.9/8.8 Mpa Granodiorite “Bitti type” UCS*: 72.1 Mpa

Bitti Lula Buddusò Lodè 10 km

Good geomechanical properties of the rocks along tunnels and caverns!

*UCS: uniaxial compressive strength

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A geophysical overview of f the Sos Sos Enattos area

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

Groundwater

  • Fracture-induced permeability is confined to

superficial granite;

quarry lake

fractures system

  • ERT tomography shows that

granite at depth is practically dry;

  • Few groundwater in Sos Enattos:

𝐺 ≈ 1 𝑚/𝑡 from 50 km of tunnels!

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SLIDE 15

A geophysical overview of f the Sos Sos Enattos area

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

Background radiation

Th-232 U-238 K- 40 Uranium and Thorium (in ppm), and Potassium concentration (in %). These concentrations expressed as activity equivalent unities are largely below the critical threshold. Radon concentration in underground tunnels of Sos Enattos: < 400 Bq/m3

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Summary

❑ Introduction: ET and Sos Enattos site ❑ Geophysical features of Sardinia and Sos Enattos ❑ Seismic and environmental characterization of the site ❑ Future devolopments

  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

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A seismic overview of f Sardinia

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

Seismic hazard

2000-2018 M > 3

Sardinia is unaffected by significant earthquakes

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A seismic overview of f Sardinia

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

Anthropic noise (𝑔 > 1𝐼𝑨)

Low population density → Low anthropic noise (f>1Hz)

The inner NE Sardinia is one of the less populated areas in Europe Very low anthropic noise!

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A seismic overview of f Sardinia

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

Anthropic noise (𝑔 > 1𝐼𝑨)

Low population density → Low anthropic noise (f>1Hz)

Low population density: low anthropic noise!

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Seismic noise at Sos Sos Enattos

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Low population density → Low anthropic noise (f>1Hz)

  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019
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Seismic noise at Sos Sos Enattos

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

First long period seismic study of the site in 2012-2014 → L Naticchioni et al., 2014, Class. Quantum Grav. 31 (10)

ET LF detector band

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Primary peak: Secondary peak:

Seismic noise at Sos Sos Enattos

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

First long period seismic study of the site in 2012-2014 → L Naticchioni et al., 2014, Class. Quantum Grav. 31 (10)

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Seismic noise at Sos Sos Enattos

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

First long period seismic study of the site in 2012-2014 → L Naticchioni et al., 2014, Class. Quantum Grav. 31 (10)

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Seismic noise at Sos Sos Enattos

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

Bad weather, underground (SOE1) good weather, underground (SOE1)

Weather influence on microseisms

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Seismic noise at Sos Sos Enattos

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

Record of mine blast

  • 25 kg, 4 blasts (gallery enlargement for SarGrav laboratory) on October 4th, 2018
  • 5 short-period stations, 500m spacing
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Seismic noise at Sos Sos Enattos

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

Record of mine blast

High velocity P-waves, consistent with local lithology Amplitude attenuation Group velocity at individual frequencies is derived from: (1) BP Gaussian filtering (2) Hilbert Transform (envelopes) (3) Peak recognition

Rayleigh wave dispersion from FTAN of mine blast recordings

DISTANCE (km)

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Guralp120 seismom. 338 m asl T240 seismom. 84 m depth T240 seismom. Magnetometer Microphone 111 m depth

Sos Sos Enattos sensors array 2019 Marc rch - September

Router & UMTS web connection

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019
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SOE0 SOE1 SOE0/SOE2

Surface, 338m asl

  • 88m

Seismic noise at Sos Sos Enattos

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

SOE2 -111m

1 week (2019 April)

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SOE0

Surface, 338m asl

Seismic noise at Sos Sos Enattos

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

SOE2 -111m

4 months (2019/4-8)

NLNM NHNM NLNM NHNM

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Seismic noise at Sos Sos Enattos

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

SOE1_z -88m

Spectrograms

microseisms A) B) C)

Teleseisms:

A) Mw 6.3, Papua Nuova Guinea B) Mw 6.1, Ecuador C) Mw 6.2, Rat Islands, Aleutian

1 week (2019 April)

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SOE0_z Surface, 338m asl

Seismic noise at Sos Sos Enattos

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

SOE2_z

Underground -111m

4 months (2019/4-8)

Spectrograms

Microseisms Microseisms

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Seismic noise at Sos Sos Enattos

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

4 months (2019/4-8)

Microseisms vs sea waves

4s-microseisms at SOE2 -111m West Mediterranean sea wave height from CMEMS*

*Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service

Biscay Bay wave height from CMEMS*

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Seismic noise at Sos Sos Enattos

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

4 months (2019/4-8)

Microseisms vs sea waves

4s-microseisms atSOE2 -111m Tyrrhenian sea wave height from CMEMS*

*Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service

Bay of Biscay wave height from CMEMS* Max correlation for West Mediterranean sea waves with period 4.5s

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Acoustic noise at Sos Sos Enattos

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

SOE2 -111m

very quiet: close to sensor noise!

Virgo

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Coherence between Virgo N/W magnetometers and Sos Enattos N magnetometer:

Magnetic noise at Sos Sos Enattos

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

Schumann resonances

SOE2 -111m

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Magnetic noise at Sos Sos Enattos

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

Weather effect on magnetic noise

SOE2 -111m

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Summary

❑ Introduction: ET and Sos Enattos site ❑ Geophysical features of Sardinia and Sos Enattos ❑ Seismic and environmental characterization of the site ❑ Future devolopments

  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

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Guralp120 seismom. 338 m asl T240 seismom. magnetometer 84 m depth T360 seismom. Magnetometer Microphones Environ./Radon sensors 111 m depth Magnetometer surface L4-C seismom. array surface 2x T120 siesmom. underground

INGV permanent underground seismic station, location TBD

Sos Sos Enattos array 2020

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

(Sargrav) Control Room, broadband connection Server & Data Room Weather Station

for Newtonian noise studies

Seismometer deployment 2020-2021

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Seismic measurements at E ET vertices

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

SarGrav Lab, Sos Enattos

  • Boreholes at ET vertices for broadband measurements
  • f the seismic noise (~200m depth);
  • Surface seismic noise study with short-period

seismometers array at vertices.

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Conclusions

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

Sos Enattos (Sardinia) is an optimal site for the Einstein Telescope since:

➢ The seismic noise is very low (close to NLNM), even at surface, due to no involvement in active tectonics (→low crustal velocity and crustal deformation) and to low population density (→low anthropic noise for 𝑔 > 1𝐼𝑨); ➢ (micro)seismic noise variability is mainly related to local weather/sea wave conditions, however below the ET LF interferometer bandwidth; ➢ Good geomechanical properties of rocks along the proposed tunnels and caverns; ➢ Limited radon emission and radioactive isotopes in local rocks; ➢ Few groundwater; ➢ Easy access from existing airport / highway; Seismic and environmental noises are still under study for a complete long-period characterization at Sos Enattos and at the proposed ET vertices.

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Thank you for your attention!

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019
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Backup sli lides

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019
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A seismic overview of f Sardinia

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019
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Min ine bla last at Sos Sos Enattos

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019

HVSR = Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio HVSR Peaks are due to resonance effects (impedance contrast) HVSR Peaks are significant when > 2 → lack of amplification

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Seismic noise at Sos Sos Enattos

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  • L. Naticchioni – Characterization of the Sos Enattos site for ET – TAUP, Toyama, Sept. 2019
  • 3s-microseism amplitude

4 months (2019/4-8)

3s-microseisms vs Tyrrhenian sea waves

SOE2_z -111m

  • Wave height (AU) from CMEMS*

*Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service

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SLIDE 46

Where to place the excavation dumps? In the neighboring areas there was diffuse granite quarrying…

Environmental issues

The damp produced by the excavations could be easily employed in landscape rehabilitation!