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Characterization of the Household Electricity Characterization of the Household Electricity Characterization of the Household Electricity Characterization of the Household Electricity Consumption in the EU, Potential Energy Savings Consumption in the EU, Potential Energy Savings d S ifi P li R d ti d S ifi P li R d ti and Specific Policy Recommendations and Specific Policy Recommendations

Paula Fonseca Dep Electrical Engineering

• Dep. Electrical Engineering

University of Coimbra pfonseca@isr.uc.pt www.isr.uc.pt/~remodece

ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra

2 June 2009

Overview of the Project The project contributes to an increased understanding of current and

impending electricity use by European households resulting from different types of equipment, consumers’ lifestyles, and comfort levels. The project evaluate how much electricity could be saved by the use of the most efficient appliances and by the reduction of standby consumption.

A large-scale monitoring campaign in 12 countries and a consumer survey

h b i d t Th h f d i l l t i l d have been carried out. The research focused mainly new electronic loads such as: entertainment, information and communication technologies, stand- by consumption lighting as well as air conditioning in the southern by consumption, lighting, as well as air conditioning in the southern

• countries. In Central and Eastern Europe, because of lack of reliable data,

white appliances have also been targeted.

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2 June 2009

pp g

Who was involved?

12 countries 12 countries ISR-UC (PT) Enertech (FR) Fraunhofer ISI ISR UC (PT), Enertech (FR), Fraunhofer ISI (GE), Energy piano (DK), SINTEF (NO), Eneffect (BU), Seven (CZ), CRES (GR), ARCE (RO) ADENE (PT) ADEME (FR) t (BE) (RO), ADENE (PT), ADEME (FR), e-ster (BE), CEU (HU), eERG (IT) and EDF (FR); CEU (HU), eERG (IT) and EDF (FR);

ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra

2 June 2009

Outcomes of the Project

E

D t b bl t t i th d t f i ti d f t

European Database able to contain the data from existing and future

monitoring campaigns in the residential sector and from the survey; daily and hl l d il bl monthly average load curves are available

Home Energy Saver, Software tool for calculation of the potential energy

savings in households

User-friendly guideline presenting several tips to save energy and practical User friendly guideline presenting several tips to save energy and practical

buying guidelines: Electric Appliance Energy Guide

Guideline on the selection of monitoring equipment forthe residential

sector

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2 June 2009

Electricity consumption in the residential sector

600 500 Norway Romania Hungary 300 400 Wh Czech Republic Bulgaria Portugal 200 300 TW Italy Greece France 100 Germany Denmark Belgium 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra

2 June 2009

Reasons for the increase of the household electricity consumption consumption Increased degree of basic comfort and level of amenities Increased penetration of traditional appliances Increase use of equipments Increased number of lamps and TVs Introduction and widespread use of new types of loads (ICT and consumer electronics)

Introduct on and w despread use of new types of loads (IC and consumer electron cs)

Wide variety of small appliances with electronic controls I

d b f d bl i l li

Increased number of double or triple appliances Increased size of some appliances More single family houses and larger houses and apartments Population getting older, spend more time at home demanding higher indoor T and all

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2 June 2009

day heating and cooling

Methodology

To elaborate a detailed list of all the main end uses as well as the To elaborate a detailed list of all the main end-uses, as well as the

definition of the main modes of operation

Energy consumption data from previous campaigns has been

collected

The measurement campaign was performed in about 1300

households and the survey involved the collection of 6000 questionnaires, addressing both quantitative and qualitative data

The selection of participants was random, the sample is biased

ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra

2 June 2009

Methodology

About 12189 appliances were measured, 11500 were analysed The time interval for the measurements was 10 minutes, and the monitoring

period for the campaign was two weeks which enabled the extrapolation to period for the campaign was two weeks, which enabled the extrapolation to determine the yearly consumption

On average 5-10 meters have been used to monitor major appliances or

end-uses per household (cold appliances, washing machines, consumer electronics, …). In the case of lighting, at least the 10 light sources have been monitored per household including the lamps with highest burning hours

At the time of installation of end-use recording equipment additional

information has been collected

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2 June 2009

Methodology-Analysis

Analysis of the huge amount of collected end-use data: Useload software tool data analysis: measurements were cleaned for data errors data analysis: measurements were cleaned for data errors the consumption of two weeks of measurements was multiplied with a factor to account for the number of utilization days in the year to

• btain the yearly consumption

this value per appliance is multiplied with the appliance ownership b h l h h ld to obtain the average yearly consumption per household [kWh/household/year]

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2 June 2009

Methodology-Analysis

Calculation potential electricity savings: replacing the old inefficient appliances (Present State) by the best available pp ( ) y technology present in the market (BAT) and changing to best practice use of application (BP) including reduced standby consumption use of application (BP) including reduced standby consumption BAT found from scanning and analysing the collected measurements, manufacturer specifications, information from databases like TopTen and results from the Eco-design studies

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2 June 2009

Ownership rates

Hi-Fi Satellite/cable/air set top box Hard disk (TV recorder) Video game Compact Hi-Fi TV LCD TV Plasma TV Projector Home cinema VHS recorder/player DVD recorder/player Scanner All in one printer Printer Fax machine Phone TV CRT Laptop PC PC speakers (external power supplied) Router for Internet Modem Wireless access point Copier Microwave oven Water kettle Coffee machine Heat pump/Air conditioner Internet Desktop PC including monitor Refrigerator with freezer compartment (two doors) Freezer Washing machine Clothes dryer Dishwasher Oven/cooker

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2 June 2009

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Refrigerator without freezer compartment (one door)

Age structure of white appliances

100% 80% 100% 40% 60% 0% 20% 0% Without freezer compartment With freezer compartment Freezer Washing machine Tumble dryer Dishwasher

< 5 years 6 - 10 years More than 10 years unknown y y y

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2 June 2009

Share of efficiency class of white appliances

100% 80% 100% 40% 60% 20% 0% Refrigerators without freezer Refrigerators without freezer Freezer Washing machine Tumble dryer Dishwasher A++ A+ A B C D E F G unknown

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2 June 2009

Age structure and efficiency class

Age structure - Refrigerator without freezer compartment 100% 40% 60% 80% 0% 20% Pt Be Dk Gr Bu It No Ro Fr Cz De Hu Average < 5 years 6 - 10 years More than 10 years unknown Efficiency class

100% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Pt Be Dk Gr Bu It No Ro Fr Cz De Hu Average ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra

2 June 2009

Pt Be Dk Gr Bu It No Ro Fr Cz De Hu Average A++ A+ A B C D E F G unknown

Lighting by type

100% 40% 60% 80% 0% 20% 40% Pt Be Dk Gr Bu It No Ro Fr Cz De Hu Average

Incandescent Low wattage Halogen Halogen 230V Fluorescent Compact Fluorescent (CFL)

50% 15% 4% 8% ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra

2 June 2009

23% 4%

Type of lighting per type of room

100% 60% 80% 20% 40% 0% Living room Bed rooms Kitchen Bath rooms Hallways Outdoors Other rooms

Incandescent Low wattage halogen High wattage halogen (>70W) Fl t C t Fl t

• average number of lamps per household is 25

Fluorescent Compact Fluorescent

• 4 compact fluorescent lamps per household
• large potential for the application of CFLs: incandescent lamps

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2 June 2009

represent 50% of the total lamps installed

Standby definition

Standby mode is defined as the electricity consumption of the

appliances during the periods where the appliance is not used for its primary use. Standard IEC62301; EN62301

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2 June 2009

Standby energy consumption

When scanning through the appliances power demand per interval it is determined if the appliance is in standby: if the power consumption is less than 90% of max registered if the power consumption is less than 90% of max registered power demand of the application (The max must then be registered prior to the determination of standby state) prior to the determination of standby state). the power must also be less than 20 Watts. Since the power demand is only registered every 10 minutes, it is also necessary that the application was in standby in the previous also necessary that the application was in standby in the previous interval – since the low power of an interval could be the end of an “ON” period

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2 June 2009

ON period.

Standby energy consumption

(scanning through the power demand per interval) (scanning through the power demand per interval)

Total peak power in standby mode: 30,4 W (ownership taken into

ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra

2 June 2009

( p account).

Standby energy consumption

(spot measurements) (spot measurements)

ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra

2 June 2009

Average Monthly Electricity Consumption per household per year year

Annual Average Electricity Consumption per Household

NO PT RO

Ligthing R f i t

GR HU IT NO

Refrigerator Washing & Drying Office

DE DK FR GR

Office Equipment Entertainment Air Conditioning

BE BG CZ DE

g Cooking Others

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 BE kWh/year/household

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2 June 2009

kWh/year/household

DISAGGREGATION Of END-USE ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION

18% 28% 3% 11% 2% 16% 12% 10% 16%

Refrigerator Washing & Drying Office equipment Entertainment Air conditioning Cooking

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2 June 2009

Entertainment Air conditioning Cooking Others Lighting

Daily Load Profiles

Electricity Consumption for the Average Day for a Typical Household in Europe Electricity Consumption for the Average Day for a Typical Houshold in Europe

160 180

Electricity Consumption for the Average Day for a Typical Household in Europe

500 600 80 100 120 140 Watt 300 400 500 Watt 20 40 60 100 200 300 W 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hour Air conditioning Cooking Refrigeration Lighting Other PC & accessories Television Washing & drying 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hour Ai diti i C ki R f i ti Li hti O th P C & i T l i i W hi & d i Air conditioning Cooking Refrigeration Lighting O ther P C & accessories Television Washing & drying

ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra

2 June 2009

Electricity consumption for a TV and peripherals

TV Set top box

12

TV CRT

35

8 10

25 30

4 6

Watt 10 15 20 Watt

2

1 3 5 7 9 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 1 2 3 Hour 5 1 3 5 7 9 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 1 2 3 Hour Work days standby Work days Weekend standby Weekend 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Hour

Work days Work days standby Weekend Weekend standby

TV set top box has high power demand even during night hours (most people do not switch the set top box into standby mode when they do not watch TV) The standby consumption is about 50% of the ON consumption

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2 June 2009

The standby consumption is about 50% of the ON consumption.

Electricity consumption for Desktop PC with monitor

Desktop PC with monitor

60 Laptop 12 14 30 40 50 att 8 10 Watt 10 20 30 Wa 2 4 6 W 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hour 1 3 5 7 9 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 1 2 3 Hour Work days Work days standby

Work days Work days standby Weekend Weekend standby Work days Work days standby Weekend Weekend standby

The standby consumption remains stable during the 24 hours per day. This shows that computers are switched off into standby mode either t ti ll (E St th i ) ll

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2 June 2009

automatically (Energy Star or other regimes) or manually.

Daily Load Profiles

peripheral equipment peripheral equipment

Router

7

Printer

4 2 4,4 4 5 6 t 3,8 4 4,2 Watt 1 2 3 Wat 3,2 3,4 3,6 W 1 1 3 5 7 9 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 1 2 3 Hour 3 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Work days Work days standby

Wireless local area network

7 8

Work days Work days standby Weekend Weekend standby y y y Weekend Weekend standby

3 4 5 6 Watt 1 2 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

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2 June 2009

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour

Work days Work days standby Weekend Weekend standby

Daily Load Profiles

Lighting Lighting

Lighting secondary rooms Lighting livingroom

7 8 9 14 16 18 4 5 6 Watt 8 10 12 Watt 1 2 3 2 4 6 1 3 5 7 9 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 1 2 3 Hour 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour

Work days Work days standby Weekend Weekend standby Work days standby Work days Weekend standby Weekend

ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra

2 June 2009

Electricity savings potential per household and appliance, by switching to the BAT by switching to the BAT

600 400 500 300

kWh/year

100 200

C h a r g e r s f r e e z e r h f r e e z e r F r e e z e r m a c h i n e h e s d r y e r h w a s h e r g m

• n

i t

• r

a p t

• p

P C I n t e r n e t s s p

• i

n t P r i n t e r T V C R T T V L C D V P l a s m a e r / p l a y e r H i

• F

i t t

• p

b

• x

n d i t i

• n

e r n / c

• k

e r v e

• v

e n t e r k e t t l e c l e a n e r L a m p s C h R e f r i g e r a t

• r

w i t h

• u

t f r R e f r i g e r a t

• r

w i t h f r F W a s h i n g m C l

• t

h e s D i s h w D e s k t

• p

P C i n c l u d i n g L a p R

• u

t e r f

• r

I W i r e l e s s a c c e s T T T V P D V D r e c

• r

d e r / S a t e l l i t e / c a b l e / a i r s e t t A i r c

• n

d O v e n / M i c r

• w

a v e W a t e V a c u u m c

ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra

2 June 2009 D S

Present value BAT

Electricity potential savings PS BAT

1300 kWh/year/household y ~ 48% savings potential 165 TWh (EU-12) 165 TWh (EU 12) 72 million ton CO2 emission savings* Quality of estimated values:

• S

ll fid i t ls t st th sti t s

• Small confidence intervals trustworthy estimates

(refrigeration, washing appliances, PCs, CRTs and LCDs TVs)

• High confidence intervals uncertain estimate (PC peripherals

and Plasma TVs)

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2 June 2009

* 435 ton CO2 per GWh

)

LED Developments

Main Problems

supportive instruments not adequate and satisfactory energy labelling alone inadequate energy labelling alone inadequate lack of verification of the compliance with the labelling (BG, GR) low electricity prices (NO, FR, BU) availability of high efficiency appliances (PT, GR)

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2 June 2009

LED Developments

Potential Strategies

New minimum efficiency standards for some appliances strict requirements for standby power Adapt the energy labelling scheme Adapt the energy labelling scheme Expansion of the energy label Raising awareness about labelling schemes (training programs for

retailers giving them sales arguments) retailers giving them sales arguments)

Ban inefficient technologies Taxation P

b h i l h

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2 June 2009

Promote behavioural changes

LED Developments

Potential Strategies

Financial incentives personal tax credits or rebates rebates or subsidies should be given only for the best rebates or subsidies should be given only for the best

available technology, in the form of xx€/appliance.

D M

f l

DSM programs from utilities tariff structure change: proper taxation can lead to escalated

electricity prices that reward energy savings

tax credits to manufacturers (fiscal benefit for new eco- tax credits to manufacturers (fiscal benefit for new eco-

efficient product)

• ISR

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2 June 2009

white certificates

LED Developments

MAIN CONCLUSIONS

The average electricity consumption per household per year was estimated to

be 2700kWh Electronic loads (office equipment and entertainment) are a key be 2700kWh. Electronic loads (office equipment and entertainment), are a key contributor to the electricity consumption representing 22% of the total electricity consumption In basically all types of loads monitored there is wide electricity consumption. In basically all types of loads monitored there is wide range of performance levels, in the models available in the households.

By changing to Best Available Technology and/or Best Practice, the

households can reduce their electricity consumption by about 1300kWh, % l representing 48% of their total consumption. The aggregated savings for the participating countries are roughly estimated to about 155 TWh.

The estimated reduction of electricity consumption is translated into 66

million ton of avoided CO2 emissions per year. At European level the savings

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2 June 2009

potential would amount to around 250TWh.

LED Developments

MAIN CONCLUSIONS

Residential air conditioning load is increasing fast and is already a

major contributor to summer peak demand in Mediterranean countries. major contributor to summer peak demand in Mediterranean countries. The air conditioning market has been flooded with very low cost and very inefficient units, therefore needing urgent attention. inefficient units, therefore needing urgent attention.

Regulation changes, information campaigns, with clear and simple

l messages targeting households, combined with incentives is the best effective way to stimulate market transformation towards more energy ff l h d l h bl efficient appliances, in the residential sector. Toughest possible European Minimum Energy Standards on lighting and appliances and its d l d d h d d h ld b f d rapid implementation are needed. The minimum standards should be fixed at levels that achieve a substantial reduction, beyond what industry is l d bl d l

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2 June 2009

already able to deliver .

LED Developments

Key Measures to Save Energy at Home

Phasing out indoor and outdoor incandescent lamps with CFLs and LEDs. Promotion of Class A or higher efficiencies (A+ A++) appliances including the Promotion of Class A or higher efficiencies (A+, A++) appliances, including the accelerated replacement of old appliances Promotion of energy efficient behaviour in the operation of home appliances and lighting Promotion of Energy Star labelled office equipment Turn off (TV, DVD, Hi-Fi, Computer, monitor, printer, etc.) instead of leaving urn off ( V, DVD, H F , omput r, mon tor, pr nt r, tc.) nst a of a ng them in stand-by Promotion of the use of renewable energies Promotion of the use of renewable energies If required choose a high efficiency air conditioner

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2 June 2009

During the summer use night ventilation for free cooling