Characterization of Indianas Coal Resource: Availability of the - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Characterization of Indiana’s Coal Resource: Availability of the Reserves, Physical and Chemical Properties of the Coal, and the Present and Potential Uses

Maria Mastalerz, Agnieszka Drobniak, John Rupp, and Nelson Shaffer Indiana Geological Survey Indiana University

Center for Coal Technology Research Indiana Department of Commerce

OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES

• Provide assessment how much coal is available for mining
• Characterize quality of coal for those unique properties to

utilize it in an efficient and environmentally sound manner;

• Characterize current use of coal;
• Characterize production and use of Coal Combustion

Products;

• Characterize limestones and dolomites for Flue Gas

Desulphurization

• Provide basis for potential uses of Indiana coals (CBM,

CO2 sequestration, non-traditional uses of CCP)

CONTENTS CONTENTS

• 74 pages of text, 102 figures and 67 tables
• Resource evaluation for all major coal beds (Danville, Springfield, Seelyville

from previous availability work at IGS, Hymera, Houchin Creek, Survant and Colchester – new evaluations, Lower and Upper Blocks and Buffaloville – extents and area available for mining). More than 50 maps of depth, thickness, areas available for underground and surface mining have been generated.

• Physical and chemical properties (sulfur, ash, heating value – summaries and

maps for major coal beds, ash characteristics, summaries of 35 trace elements – Hg, Se, As, and Cl discussed in more detail).

• Utilization (coking properties, SR 64 by Valia and Mastalerz, CBM, CO2

sequestration – DOE-sponsored projects)

• Coal Combustion Products from Indiana coals;
• Limestones and dolomites for Flue Gas Desulphurization – recent IDOC-

funded project to N. Shaffer; and

• Summary of the unique properties of Indiana coals.

This document uses all the information that was available to us, both old and the most recent,

• n Indiana coals

Coal Production in Indiana 1879-1998

5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 30,000,000 35,000,000 40,000,000

1879 1889 1899 1909 1919 1929 1939 1949 1959 1969 1979 1989

Short Tons

Underground Surface Total

2002

Illinois Indiana

• W. Kentucky

Mattoon Fm. Bond Fm. Patoka Fm. Danville (No.7) Jamestown Herrin (No.6) Springfield (No.5) Houchin Creek Survant Colchester (No.2) Dekoven Davis Willis Reynoldsburg Gentry Caseyville Fm. Tradewater Fm. Racoon Creek Group Racoon Creek Group Carbondale Fm. Shelburn Fm. McLeansboro Gp. McLeansboro Gp. Carbondale Group Mattoon Fm. Bond Fm. Patoka Fm. Shelburn Fm. Danville (VII) Hymera (VI) Herrin Bucktown (Vb) Springfield (V) Houchin Creek Survant (IV) Colchester (IIIa) Seelyville (III) Unnamed Staunton Fm coals Minshall Buffaloville Upper Block Lower Block Mariah Hill Blue Creek Pinnick

• St. Meinrad

French Lick Racoon Creek Group Caseyville Tradewater Fm. Carbondale Fm.

Shelburn Fm.

Mattoon Fm. Bond Fm. Patoka Fm. Baker (No.13) Paradise (no.12) Herrin (no.11) Springfield (No.9) Houchin Creek Survant (No.8) Colchester Dekoven (No.7) Davis (No.6) (Mining City) No.4 Empire Lead Creek/Dunbar Elm Lick (Ice House) No.3 Foster Amos Bell Battery Rock Nolin Morrowan Atokan Desmoinesian

Missourian

Virg. Mansfield Fm. Brazil Fm. Staunton Fm. Linton Fm. Petersburg Fm. Dugger Fm. McLeansboro Group

Pennsylvanian

Pennsylv anian System (coal-bear ing str ata) Surface Mined Area Underg round Mined Area

10 20 Miles 10 30 Kilometers

I L L I N O I S K E N T U C K Y

WABASH RIVER

OHIO RIVER Patoka Lake

Monroe Lake POSEY VANDER- BURGH WARRICK SPENCER PERRY CRAWFORD DUBOIS PIKE GIBSON KNOX DAVIESS MARTIN ORANGE LAWRENCE MONROE BROWN GREENE SULLIVAN VIGO OWEN CLAY MORGAN HENDRICKS PUTNAM PARKE VERMILLION BOONE MONTGOMERY FOUNT AIN BENTON WARREN TIPPECANOE WHITE CARROLL CLINTON

HOWARD CASS

Delphi Lafayette Covington Newport Williamsport Frankfort Lebanon Crawfordsville Danville Rockville Greencastle Brazil Terre Haute Martins- ville Spencer Bloomington Bloomfield Sullivan Bedford Vincennes Washing- ton Shoals Petersburg Princeton Jasper Paoli English Cannelton Rockport Boonville Evansville Mount Vernon

INDIANA

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Mine ID Number Active Underg round Coal Mine Active Surf ace Coal Mine

Map of southwestern Indiana showing the active coal mines, and mined-out areas.

Availability of Coal Reserves in Availability of Coal Reserves in Indiana Indiana

• Indiana had approximately 59.5 billion short tons
• f original coal resources
• Available for mining is 17.5 billion (~30%)
• Available for surface: ~ 2 billion

for underground ~ 16 billion

• Coal produced in Indiana so far: 2,124,417,385

tons (2 billion)

Rate of Recovery Rate of Recovery

• Continue to mine ~30 million tons per

year, all that is available (17 billion tons) is mined in approximately 500 years.

• However, only 2.1 billion is available for

surface m. – 70 year supply if surface mined only

• Not more than 20% Indiana production

comes from underground mines.

COAL AVAILABILITY

Available Coal Resources = remaining coal resources – coal restricted by land use – coal restricted by technological factors. Technology is economically based: e.g. stripping ratio e.g. seam thickness underground e.g. coal quality

Original extent of the coal Coal too deep for surface mining Coal removed by surface mining Coal removed by deep mining Coal too thin for surface mining Stripping ratio > 25 : 1 Unconsolidated dep. > 60 ft. thick Within 200 ft. of deep mines Mining restricted within towns Mining restricted near pipelines Mining restricted near roads Mining block too small

coal available for surface mining >200ft deep coal eroded surface mine deep mine 200ft buffer around deep mines coal <14 inches stripping ratio >25:1 unconsolidated >60ft thick towns + 2,640ft buffer pipelines + 100ft buffer paved roads + 100ft buffer mine block too small

1 2 35 83 59 88 91 84 85 62 86 82 57 65 89 64 80 81 58 39 61 90 63 79 87 38 155 36 12 105 222 221 157 104 107 137 139 108 102 115 113 133 128 135 126 151 134 153 158 136 117 140 101 124 152 116 110 244 109 131 132 130 125 245 129 92 78 106 112 103 156 223 111 114 127 138 119 243 154 241 25 100 118 66 60 159 56 3 141 40 26 11 150 8 225 123 5 34 9 149 4 294 160 242 13 99 28 93 10 77 67

coal available for surface mining >200ft deep coal eroded surface mine deep mine 200ft buffer around deep mines coal <14 inches stripping ratio >25:1 unconsolidated >60ft thick towns + 2,640ft buffer pipelines + 100ft buffer paved roads + 100ft buffer mine block too small

0.6 0.6 1.2 Miles

Explanation Map of the Wheatland Quadrangle showing coal available for surface mining and coal restricted from mining

e r a g e s

Extent of Danville coal Extent of Pennsylvanian System Surface mines Underground mines

Map of southwestern Indiana showing the extent of the Danville coal, the Pennsylvanian System, and distribution of the Danville coal surface and underground mines (from Conolly, 2001).

Posey

V anderburgh

Gibson Knox Daviess Sullivan Greene Vigo Clay Owen Putnam Parke Vermillion Martin Dubois Pike Warrick Spencer Perry Fountain Warren

10 miles 1 : 1,250,000 Map scale Indiana

Danville coal Extent and mined

• ut areas

Map showing a subset of the Danville coal stratigraphic data points that were used to create the Danville coal thickness and depth maps (confidential data are not shown, after Conolly, 2001).

Extent of Danville coal Danville coal data points 10 miles 1 : 1,000,000 Map scale Danville coal absent Indiana

Danville coal Data points used

Map of the southwestern Indiana showing the depth of the Danville coal (after Conolly, 2001).

Less than 50 feet 50 - 100 feet 100 - 150 feet 150 - 200 feet 200 - 500 feet Greater than 500 feet 10 miles 1 : 1,000,000 Map scale Danville coal absent Danville coal absent Indiana

Danville coal Depth to the coal

Map of the southwestern Indiana showing the thickness of the Danville coal (after Conolly, 2001).

Less than 14 inches 14 - 28 inches 28 - 42 inches 42 - 63 inches Greater than 63 inches Danville coal absent 10 miles 1 : 1,000,000 Map scale Indiana

Danville coal Thickness

Danville coal available for surface mining Danville coal absent Danville coal mined out Depth to Danville coal greater then 200 feet Surface mining restricted by land-use features 10 miles 1 : 1,000,000 Map scale Surface mining restricted by technological factors

Map of the southwestern Indiana showing the areas where the Danville coal is available for surface mining and where surface mining is restricted (after Conolly, 2001).

Indiana

Danville coal Areas available for surface mining

Map of the southwestern Indiana showing the areas where the Danville coal is available for underground mining and where underground mining is restricted (after Conolly, 2001).

Danville coal available for underground mining Danville coal absent Danville coal mined out Depth to Danville coal less then 100 feet Underground mining restricted by land-use features 10 miles 1 : 1,000,000 Map scale Underground mining restricted by technological factors Indiana

Danville coal Areas available for underground mining

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Indiana Coals Indiana Coals

• Physical properties
• Coal quality
• Ash chemistry
• Trace elements
• Coal rank and petrographic composition
• Methane and Carbon Dioxide sorption

Quality of Indiana coals - Moisture and BTU

Danville Hymera Springfield Seelyville Lower Block Blue Creek 20 40 60 80 100 Moisture <12% Btu>12500

Percent of the total resource

These coals account for about 30% of Indiana coal production These coals account for about 70% of Indiana coal production

Quality of Indiana coal - Sulfur and ash

Danville Hymera Springfield Seelyville Lower Block Blue Creek 20 40 60 80 100 Sulfur <2% Ash <10%

Percent of the total resource These coals account for about 30% of Indiana coal production These coals account for about 70% of Indiana coal production

Map of southwestern Indiana showing the heating value (Btu/lb on dry basis)

• f the Danville coal.

Less than 10.000 Btu/lb 10.000 - 10.500 Btu/lb 11.500 - 12.000 Btu/lb 12.000 - 12.500 Btu/lb 12.500 - 13.000 Btu/lb Danville coal absent 10 miles 1 : 1,000,000 Map scale More than 13.000 Btu/lb Data points 10.500 - 11.000 Btu/lb 11.000 - 11.500 Btu/lb Indiana

Danville coal Heating value (Btu/Lb, dry basis)

Map of southwestern Indiana showing the sulfur content (total, dry basis)

• f the Danville coal.

Less than 1 % 1 - 1.5 % 1.5 - 2 % 2 - 2.5 % 2.5 - 3 % Danville coal absent 10 miles 1 : 1,000,000 Map scale More than 3 % Data points Indiana

Danville coal Sulfur content (dry)

Less than 1%

Map of southwestern Indiana showing the sulfur content (total, dry basis)

• f the Springfield coal.

Less than 1 % 1 - 1.5 % 1.5 - 2 % 2 - 2.5 % 2.5 - 3 % Springfield coal absent 10 miles 1 : 1,000,000 Map scale More than 3 % Data points Indiana

Springfield coal Sulfur content (dry)

Map of southwestern Indiana showing the ash content (dry basis) of the Danville coal.

Less than 5 % 5 - 10 % 10 - 15 % 15 - 20 % 20 - 25 % Danville coal absent 10 miles 1 : 1,000,000 Map scale More than 25 % Data points Indiana

Danville coal Ash content (dry)

Furnace Furnace Slagging Slagging* Indices * Indices

Slagging Index

(Base/Acid)*(% Sulfur)

Base Acid Ratio

(Base/Acid)

Silica Percentage

(Si02) (100) / Si02+Fe203+Ca0+Mg0

<0.6

low 0.6-2 medium >2 high

<0.5

(0.3) dbot wbot

<30

low 30-82 medium >82 high

*Slagging – buildup of molten ash in the lower furnace

MINERAL MATTER IN COAL MINERAL MATTER IN COAL

Furnace Fouling* Indices

Fouling Index

(Base/Acid) * Na20

Alkalies in Coal

(% Ash)* (Na20 + 0.659 K20)

Sodium in Ash

% Na20

Chlorine in Coal

% Cl

< 0.2

low 0.2 - 0.5 medium > 0.5 high

< 0.3

low 0.3 - 0.5 medium > 0.5 high

< 0.5

low 0.5 - 1 medium > 1.0 high

< 0.1

low 0.1 - 0.3 medium > 0.3 high

*fouling – buildup on upper furnace.

0.9 1.61 1.84 2.02 2.93 4.3 0.42 0.43 Danville Hymera Springfield Houchin Creek Survant Colchester Seelyville Upper Block Lower Block 1 2 3 4 5

Slagging index

0.19 0.17 0.22 0.36 0.33 0.43 0.08 0.13 Danville Hymera Springfield Houchin Creek Survant Colchester Seelyville Upper Block Lower Block 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Fouling index Ash fusion T – low may cause slag deposits Slagging index – low - below 0.6 medium – 0.6-2.0 high - above 2.0 Fouling index – low - below 0.2 medium – 0.2-0.5 high above 0.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 WKY #18/Lisman WKY #13 (Baker) WKY #11 (Herrin) WKY #9 (Springfield) WKY#6 (DeKovan) WKY #4 Dunbar/Lead Creek Bell

Slagging Slagging Index Index – – western Kentucky western Kentucky

< 0.6 = Low 0.6-2.0 = Medium > 2.0 = High

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 WKY #18/Lisman WKY #13 (Baker) WKY #11 (Herrin) WKY #9 (Springfield) WKY#6 (DeKovan) WKY #4 Dunbar/Lead Creek Bell

Fouling Index Fouling Index – – western Kentucky western Kentucky

< 0.2 = low 0.2 - 0.5 = moderate >0.5 = high

Map of southwestern Indiana showing vitrinite reflectance (R random) of the Seelyville coal.

10 miles 1 : 1,000,000 Map scale

0.50 - 0.55 % 0.55 - 0.60 % 0.60 - 0.65 % < 0.50 % Seelyville coal absent 0.65 - 0.70 % Data points dashed lines are used in areas with very limited number of data points Indiana

Seelyville coal Vitrinite reflectance

Coal rank and petrography

Indiana coals are of high-volatile bituminous rank C – Ro 0.47-0.57% B – Ro 0.57-0.71% A – Ro 0.71-1.1%

20 40 60 80 Lycopod Trees Small Lycopods Tree Ferns Small Ferns Calamites Cordaites Unknown Affinity Volume %

B

100 0.0-3.0 3.0-9.5 9.5-30.0 30.0-45.0 45.0-57.0 57.0-59.0 59.0-60.0 20 40 60 80 100 Vitrinite Liptinite Inertinite Mineral matter Thickness (cm) Volume %

A

Maceral composition and palynology

• f the Upper Block coal

in Daviess County. (A, in volume %) (B)

Petrography and Petrography and palynology palynology

Danville Hymera Springfield Seelyville Upper Block 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 Mercury (ppm)

Trace elements in Indiana coals Trace elements in Indiana coals

Map of southwestern Indiana showing the mercury content of the Danville coal.

Less than 0.05 ppm 0.05 - 0.10 ppm 0.10 - 0.15 ppm Danville coal absent 10 miles 1 : 1,000,000 Map scale More than 0.15 ppm Data points Indiana

Danville coal Mercury content (ppm)

Map of southwestern Indiana showing the mercury content of the Springfield coal.

Less than 0.05 ppm 0.05 - 0.10 ppm 0.10 - 0.15 ppm Springfield coal absent 10 miles 1 : 1,000,000 Map scale More than 0.30 ppm Data points 0.15 - 0.20 ppm 0.20 - 0.25 ppm 0.25 - 0.30 ppm Indiana

Springfield coal Mercury content (ppm)

Mercury concentration in in-ground coal on an equal-energy basis (lb/ 1012 Btu).

In Indiana X=9.2 raw 5.2 float

Regulatory approaches Regulatory approaches

• Bituminous – 2/TBtu
• Subbituminous 5.8/TBtu
• Lignite – 9.2/TBtu
• MACT – Compliance data – 08

Danville Coal

The concentrations of numerous trace elements decrease significantly as a result of washing. In this report we have comparison between raw and washed coal for trace elements as well as sulfur and ash.

Cd Hg Se 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Coal Washed product

As Cr Pb 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Coal Washed product

In ppm, whole coal basis

<50 50-70 70-90 >90

Gas content (scf/t, raw basis)

10 20 30 40

• A. Springfield

<50 50-70 70-90 90-110 >110 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

• B. Seelyville

Gas content (scf/t, raw basis)

Coalbed Methane Coalbed Methane

Seelyville coal may contain 1.5 to 3.0 Tcf of gas (Drobniak et al., 2002)

Seelyville - Posey County

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 500 1000 1500 2000

Pressure (PSI)

CO2 CH4

Springfield - Warrick County

200 400 600 800 1000 500 1000 1500 2000

Pressure (PSI)

CO2 CH4

Danville - Sullivan County

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Pressure (psi)

CO2 CH4

Danville - Knox County

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 500 1000 1500

Pressure (psi)

CO2 CH4

Upper Block - Parke County

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 500 1000 1500

Pressure (PSI)

CO2 CH4

Upper Block - Parke County

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 500 1000 1500

Pressure (PSI)

CO2 CH4

3.4 4.4 4.8 5.0 3.7 3.9

CO2 sequestration

At pressure of 400 psi, Indiana coal beds can accommodate 560-790 Scf/ton CO2 Our coal can accommodate ~4.8 times more CO2 than CH4

Utilization Utilization

• Electricity generation
• Steel industry

– Coke blends – Pulverized coal injection – CBM – CO2 sequestration Unconventional uses (gasification, liquefaction)

Indiana coal and steel industry Indiana coal and steel industry

• Coking blends – fluidity, plasticity, reactive/inert

ratio, etc. – Brazil Formation coals have superior coking properties

• Pulverized coal injection (PCI) – good coals are

those that have high combustibility and replace more coke – high replacement ratio (RR).

• Significant proportion of Indiana coals have high

RR

Valia and Mastalerz, 2004. IGS Special Report 64.

Non-coking, but some good for PCI e.g. Danville coal Superior coking properties Lower Block coal

240 micrometers

Indiana Limestones and Dolomites for FGD Indiana Limestones and Dolomites for FGD

• Specific gravity, grindability, acid solid

residue

• Mineralogy
• Chemical composition
• Reactivity

Excellent sources of limestone for FGD applications exist in Indiana

91.3 1.206 98.3 Temple Unit Bench III 92.9 1.096 89.7 Putnamville Unit 1 92.8 1.099 89.9 Pipe Creek Jr. 91.2 1.365 98.3 Paoli Cave Stone 92.8 1.106 89.9 Orleans Unit Y 92.9 1.075 89.8 Orleans Unit X 92.9 1.070 89.8 Orleans (A) 92.3 1.124 93.1 Mill Town Unit 2ABCD 92.6 1.109 91.1 Mill Town Bench I 93.0 1.077 89.4 Mill Town Bench II 92.3 1.132 93.7 Mill Town Bench IV 92.8 1.084 90.0 Gosport no data Columbus 93.1 1.109 88.9 Cloverdale Unit Bench I 93.0 1.124 89.2 Cloverdale Bench (II) Duplicate 92.9 1.106 89.7 Cloverdale Bench II 92.6 1.128 91.3 Cloverdale (III) Triplicate 92.3 1.186 93.2 Campbellsburg 93.5 1.081 88.1 Bloomington Bench I 93.0 1.105 89.1 Bloomington Bench II 92.9 1.094 89.7 Bainbridge Unit 4 93.0 1.123 89.4 Bainbridge Unit 1-4 93.1 1.199 88.9 Bainbridge Unit 1-3 Utilization (S:Ca Ratio) Reagent Rate (pounds/min x104) SO2 Removal (percent) Sample

from Shaffer and Sadowski, 2000

Coal Combustion Products Coal Combustion Products

Source: Indiana Legislative Services Agency Office of Fiscal and Management Analysis -- Fiscal Impact Statement for SB 417.

42% 3,466,713 8,229,009 Total 43% 497,420 1,162,642 Bottom Ash 49% 1,839,141 3,779,295 FGD Materials 34% 1,130,152 3,287,072 Fly ash

Percent Reused Tons Reused Tons Produced Product

Indiana Coal Combustion Products Totals in 1999

Disposal in coal mines – currently ~ 1 million tons a year (Division of Reclamation)

Unconventional applications

• Low-grade ore
• Carbon whiskers
• Composites
• Fullerenes

SUMMARY: Availability SUMMARY: Availability

Coal availability studies shows:

17-18 billion short tons of coal are available for mining (surface and underground) in Indiana. At current production rate, this reserve would last for more than 500 years.

But this can only be accomplished by a significant increase in the percentage produced by underground mining. Production using current practices (80% surface - 20% underground) will last only 100 years.

Indiana coals, being part of the Illinois Basin, have many common characteristics with the coals of Illinois and western Kentucky.

Similar coalification level; high volatile bituminous rank dictates such properties as calorific value, moisture, carbon content, etc. High volatile bituminous rank: very suitable for combustion, but also useful for gasification

• r liquefaction because of their reactivity.

SUMMARY: SUMMARY: Basinwide Basinwide Characteristics Characteristics

SUMMARY: Heating Value

Indiana coals (and those of the entire Illinois Basin) have good heating value

Better than most Western coals but lower than Appalachian coals. Compared to western coals, we need to burn less Indiana coal to get the same amount of energy.

SUMMARY: Heating Value SUMMARY: Heating Value

Most of Indiana coal is high in sulfur

Significant portions of the Danville and the Brazil Fm. coals are low-sulfur compliance coals. Illinois and western Kentucky do not have this low sulfur resource. Availability of good quality limestones (for FGD) close to our power plants helps utilize high sulfur coals.

SUMMARY: Sulfur Content SUMMARY: Sulfur Content

SUMMARY: Trace Elements SUMMARY: Trace Elements

Trace elements in Indiana coals are usually

• n the low side for Illinois Basin coals and

low in other elements in comparison with Western coals.

Mercury is generally low. Washing results in significant reduction not only sulfur but numerous trace elements as well.

SUMMARY: Alternative Uses SUMMARY: Alternative Uses

There is an increasing interest in CBM and CO2 sequestration potential of Indiana coals Previous and current projects provide more data and indicate some potential areas More research needed

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

To the Center for Coal Technology Research and Indiana Department of Commerce for sponsoring the project. To industrial cooperators in Indiana for assistance and access to coal mines, especially to Black Beauty Coal Company for financial support and coal quality analyses. To our colleagues: Phil Ames, Kathy Shaffer, Paul Irwin, Sally Letsinger, Rachel Walker, and Amy Foster

CHARACTERIZATION OF INDIANA’S COAL RESOURCE: AVAILABILITY OF THE RESERVES, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COAL, AND THE PRESENT AND POTENTIAL USES.

Maria Mastalerz, Agnieszka Drobniak, John Rupp, and Nelson Shaffer

Indiana Geological Survey Indiana University 611 North Walnut Grove Bloomington, IN 47405-2208

Open-File Study 04-02