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Characterising multjphase fmow in heterogeneous rocks Samuel - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Characterising multjphase fmow in heterogeneous rocks Samuel Jackson, Simeon Agada, Catriona Reynolds & Samuel Krevor Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, UK SPE London Evening Meetjng, 30th January 2018

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Characterising multjphase fmow in heterogeneous rocks

Samuel Jackson, Simeon Agada, Catriona Reynolds & Samuel Krevor

Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, UK

SPE London Evening Meetjng, 30th January 2018

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Introductjon & Motjvatjons

  • Relatjve permeability controls

plume migratjon at large scale.

  • Capillary pressure heterogeneity

controls relatjve permeability, which with hysteresis govern residual trapping.

  • We must accurately characterise

these multjphase fmow functjons to efectjvely model plume migratjon and storage.

100m

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Capillary dominated fmow

r h

100m

Injection rate, Q [Mt/yr.]

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How does this impact relatjve permeability?

  • Relatjve permeability at scales of cm-m in

heterogeneous rocks highly dependent on:

–

Capillary number

–

Capillary pressure heterogeneity

20cm

  • C. Reynolds (2016) Ph.D thesis

Imperial College London

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Low potentjal fmow at large scales

‘Correct’ upscaled solution

  • Equiv rel perm - cm-m

scale.

  • Single Pc curve - cm-m

scale. ‘Incorrect’ upscaled solution

  • VL rel perm - cm-m scale.
  • Single Pc curve - cm-m

scale. Fine scale solution

  • VL rel perm - mm

scale.

  • Heterogeneous Pc

curves - mm scale.

Li and Benson (2015) Ad. Wat. Res., doi: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.07.010

CO2 injectjon

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Low potentjal fmow at large scales

  • Equivalent relatjve permeability required to accurately model subsurface fow
  • n cm-m scale grid blocks.

Impractjcal to measure for many fmow regimes in the laboratory. Solutjon: Use experiments & calibrated numerical models to fjnd equivalent functjons.

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UK Carbon Capture & Storage settjng

Quartz rich permeable sandstones: Captain

  • N. North

sea Bunter

  • S. North

sea Bentheimer ‘Homogenou s’ outcrop

Today’s talk

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  • Conduct two steady-state relatjve permeability core

fmood experiments with medical X-ray scanning: High fmow rate, viscous limit experiment

  • Porosity
  • Absolute permeability
  • Viscous limit relatjve permeability

Low fmow rate, capillary limit experiment

  • Capillary pressure heterogeneity
  • Calibrate a digital rock core model and use to simulate

core fmoods

  • .

Derive equivalent relatjve permeabilitjes numerically, without experimental constraints

Characterisatjon approach overview

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Characterisatjon approach – 1/7

  • Conduct a viscous limit &

capillary limit steady-state relatjve permeability core fmood experiment.

  • Bunter sandstone

L = 15.1cm, r = 1.8cm

  • Bentheimer sandstone

L = 19.8cm, r = 1.8cm

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Characterisatjon approach – 2/7

  • Post-process experimental data.

–

Medical X-Ray CT data used to create 3D gas/liquid saturatjons.

–

Coarsen saturatjons maps to improve precision.

–

Filter pressure transducer data.

N2 Saturation N2 Saturation N2 Saturation

1x 5x 10x 3.81 cm

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Characterisatjon approach – 3/7

  • Find viscous limit propertjes from high fmow rate experiments:

–

Porosity

–

Absolute permeability

–

Relatjve permeability through regression in SENDRA.

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Characterisatjon approach – 3/7

  • Find average capillary pressure propertjes.

–

Capillary pressure - mercury intrusion data conversion.

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Characterisatjon approach – 4/7

  • Characterise the capillary heterogeneity using low fmow rate experiment
  • Assume slice average Pc curves as the fjrst guess.

Pc = c1 Pc = c2

Pini, R. & Benson, S.M. (2017) Adv. Wat. Res. DOI:10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.08.011 Krause, M. & Benson, S.M. (2015) Adv. Wat. Res. DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.07.009

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Characterisatjon approach – 5/7

Bentheime r Bunter 20cm Flow directjon

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Characterisatjon approach – 6/7

  • Build the 3D model in CMG IMEX.
  • Simulate the low fmow rate core fmood experiments.

Experiment Simulation

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Characterisatjon approach – 7/7

  • Calibrate the capillary pressure heterogeneity iteratjvely.
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Iteratjvely calibrated simulatjon results

Experiment, f(CO2) = 0.975 Simulation, f(CO2) = 0.975 Experiment, f(N2) = 0.9929 Simulation, f(N2) = 0.9929

Bentheimer Bunter

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0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90

Water Saturation, Sw [-]

10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1

Relative Permeability, krN2 , krw [-]

Simulation equivalent kr Experiment equivalent kr Viscous limit kr

0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90

Water Saturation, Sw [-]

10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1

Relative Permeability, krCO2 , krw [-]

Simulation equivalent kr Experiment equivalent kr Viscous limit kr

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Experimental uncertainty

Iteratjvely calibrated simulatjon results

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  • Can we calibrate using less data?
  • What happens when we calibrate Pc(Sw) with other experimental data?
  • Calibrate using: High fmow rate (viscous limit) exp data

vs Low fmow rate (capillary limit) exp data

Characterising using a single dataset

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  • Low fmow rate (capillary limit) scaling vs high fmow rate (viscous limit) scaling

Characterising using a single dataset

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Iteratjvely calibrated results using high fmow rate data

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Experimental uncertainty

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22/34 Simulatjng experiments outside laboratory conditjons. 1) With end efects

Using the calibrated model

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23/34 Simulatjng experiments outside laboratory conditjons. 2) Without end efects

Using the calibrated model

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24/34 Simulatjng experiments outside laboratory conditjons. 3) Rotated capillary pressure heterogeneity.

Using the calibrated model

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25/34 Simulatjng experiments outside laboratory conditjons. 3) Rotated capillary pressure heterogeneity.

Using the calibrated model

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What does this mean for plume migratjon?

?

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t = 50 days 1Mt/yr. Capillary Limit Viscous Limit

Equivalent relatjve permeability impacts: 2D sharp interface model

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Δr = 35m t = 150 days 1Mt/yr. Capillary Limit Viscous Limit

Equivalent relatjve permeability impacts: 2D sharp interface model

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Δr = 32m t = 250 days 1Mt/yr. Capillary Limit Viscous Limit

Equivalent relatjve permeability impacts: 2D sharp interface model

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Δr = 31m 8% decrease in r 5% increase Avg. ΔP t = 350 days 1Mt/yr.

Equivalent relatjve permeability impacts: 2D sharp interface model

Capillary Limit Viscous Limit

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What does this mean for residual trapping?

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Bunter Captain

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Initial CO2 saturation, SCO2 [-]

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Residual CO2 saturation, SCO2 [-]

Exp 41 Voxel average Exp 41 Slice average Exp 41 Core average Land model, C = 2.0 Land model, C = 0.0

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Initial CO2 saturation, SCO2 [-]

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Residual CO2 saturation, SCO2 [-]

Exp 37 V

  • xel average

Exp 37 Slice average Exp 37 Core average Exp 38 V

  • xel average

Exp 38 Slice average Exp 38 Core average Land model, C = 1.3 Land model, C = 0.0

Residual trapping – Capillary heterogeneity efects

Initial CO2 saturation SCO2 [-] Residual CO2 saturation SCO2 [-]

Olugbade (2017) Digital Rock Core Simulaton of CO2 Storage, MSc Thesis, Imperial College London

Initial CO2 saturation SCO2 [-] Residual CO2 saturation SCO2 [-]

Bunter simulatjon Without Pc heterogeneity Bunter simulatjon With Pc heterogeneity

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Conclusions

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Thank you

www.krevorlab.co.uk

NERC highlights grant NE/N016173/1

Pre-print paper available now: Characterising multjphase fow in heterogeneous sandstones htups://eartharxiv.org/wcxny DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/WCXNY