Institute for Global Environmental Strategies CDM Potential of Sweet Sorghum Jane Romero, Srinivasa Rao and NSS Prasad Workshop on Awareness Building for CDM in Biofuel Production CF Bentley Conference Center, ICRISAT 2-3 April 2009
Biofuel Use Strategies for Sustainable Development (BforSD) Contents o Overview of CDM o How to package sweet sorghum for CDM o CDM potential and challenges of sweet sorghum o Lessons learned from existing projects, other feedstocks o CO2 reduction potential of sweet sorghum o Summary Jane Romero IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 2
Biofuel Use Strategies for Sustainable Development (BforSD) CDM Projects in India • large share of unilateral CDM projects in India • price of credits issued by unilateral CDM higher than bilateral or multi-lateral CDM projects Jane Romero IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 3
Biofuel Use Strategies for Sustainable Development (BforSD) How to package sweet sorghum for CDM? Simplified Sweet Sorghum Process Scheme Source: Chiaramonti, et al (2002) o As bio-ethanol? o Sweet sorghum bagasse as biomass to energy? o Both? Jane Romero IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 4
Biofuel Use Strategies for Sustainable Development (BforSD) Why biofuels? Dependence on oil of the transport sector World Oil Consumption, 1971-2030 (MTOE) Source: IEA historical data and projection from World Energy Outlook 2002 Jane Romero IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 5
Biofuel Use Strategies for Sustainable Development (BforSD) Overview of the status of biofuels in Asia Driving forces of biofuel promotion Energy security / reduction of oil dependency Rural development / poverty alleviation Reduction of GHG emissions / air quality improvement and promotion of renewable energy energy security economic gains climate change Trade-offs are country specific Recognize the need for different ministries to work together (energy, agriculture, environment, economics, trade, etc) Find the synergy between local and global costs/benefits Jane Romero IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 6
Biofuel Use Strategies for Sustainable Development (BforSD) Challenges if as bio-ethanol CDM o Limited existing methodologies o On-going debate on sustainability of biofuels may delay approval of additional applicable methodologies o as of 6 March 2009, no biofuel projects among the 1,431 projects registered in the CDM portfolio Current CDM approved methodologies applicable to biofuels Methodology Description AM 0047 Production of biodiesel based on waste oils and/or waste fats from biogenic origin for use as fuel AMS-III.T Plant oil production and use for transport applications Note: AMS refers to Small Scale CDM Methodologies Source: http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/approved.html Jane Romero IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 7
Biofuel Use Strategies for Sustainable Development (BforSD) Proposed CDM biofuel projects Meth. Title / Description GHG Host Remark No. reduction country 69 30 TPD Biodiesel project using oil seeds from jatropha and pongamia 26 ktCO2 India C in Andra Pradesh, India 82 Baseline methodology for the production of sugar cane based 53 ktCO2 Thailand C anhydrous bio-ethanol for transportation using LCA 108 Biodiesel production and switching fossil fuels from petro-diesel to 26 ktCO2 India C biodiesel in transport sector 109 Sunflower Methyl-Ester Biodiesel Project in 33 ktCO2 Thailand C 129 Generalized baseline methodology for transportation biofuel production 33 ktCO2 Thailand C project with LCA Palm Methyl Ester – Biodiesel Fuel (PME-BDF) production and use for 142 218 ktCO2 Thailand C transportation 180 BIOLUX Benji Biodiesel Beijing Project production of waste cooking oil 123 ktCO2 China A based biodiesel for use as fuel 185 Khon Kaen Ethanol Project 40 ktCO2 Thailand B 223 Biodiesel Project 205 ktCO2 South Africa C 224 Manufacturing of Biodiesel from Crude Palm Oil and Jatropha Oil 60 ktCO2 India C 228 AGRENCO Biodiesel project in Alta Araguala 335 ktCO2 Brazil WIP Palm Methyl Ester – Biodiesel Fuel (PME-BDF) production and use for 233 143 ktCO2 Thailand WIP transportation in Note: A = Approved by the Executive Board (EB); B = Project participants / EB must make some changes; C = Rejected / new Project Design Document (PDD) must be submitted; WIP = work in progress Source: Woo (2008) using data from UNEP Risoe. Jane Romero IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 8
Biofuel Use Strategies for Sustainable Development (BforSD) Sustainability challenges: carbon intensity Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel#cite_note-32 , using figures from “Carbon and Sustainability Reporting Within the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation” Jane Romero IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 9
Biofuel Use Strategies for Sustainable Development (BforSD) Source: CDM in Charts v.7 Feb 2009. Jane Romero IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 10
Biofuel Use Strategies for Sustainable Development (BforSD) Challenges if as bio-ethanol CDM o Revival of food vs fuel debate market volatility? Source: BVSReddy, et al. Sweet Sorghum Brochure 2007 Jane Romero IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 11
Biofuel Use Strategies for Sustainable Development (BforSD) Challenges if as bio-ethanol CDM o Social impact considerations if farmers will divert grain sorghum fields to sweet sorghum o 40% reduction of grains in the market o though possibility of quick-fix because of 2 crop cycles per year o ~9% increase of income for farmers will be tied to risky investments in ethanol refineries o farmer cooperatives operating their own ethanol refinery may shield them from vulnerability to fluctuation in sweet sorghum stalk prices Jane Romero IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 12
Biofuel Use Strategies for Sustainable Development (BforSD) Challenges if as bio-ethanol CDM o Critical demand and supply of grain as population and consumption increases Sources: G.S. Bhalla, Peter Hazell and John Kerr, 1999. Prospects for India’s cereal supply and demand to 2020 . Tomoyasu Hirano, 2007. Biofuel Resources in Asia. International Biofuel Conference. MRI. Jane Romero IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 13
Biofuel Use Strategies for Sustainable Development (BforSD) Potential if as bio-ethanol CDM o Planting sweet sorghum instead of sugar cane Sources: World Bank. “Bioethanol prospects and development opportunities in Sub - Saharan Africa”. Adapted from LAMNET brochure on sweet sorghum. Jane Romero IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 14
Biofuel Use Strategies for Sustainable Development (BforSD) Bagasse for biomass to energy CDM CDM approved methodologies which could be applied to biomass energy utilizing biomass feedstock solid waste Methodology Description AM 0036 Fuel switch from fossil fuels to biomass residues in boilers for heat generation – Version 2.1 ACM006* Grid-connected electricity from biomass residues (includes AM4 & AM15) AMS-I.A. Electricity generation by the user v.13 AMS-I.C.* Thermal energy for the user with or without energy AMS-I.D.* Grid-connected renewable energy connection AMS-III.E Avoidance of methane production from decay of biomass through controlled combustion, gasification or mechanical/thermal treatment Source: http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/approved.html Note: * Preferred methodological choice for bagasse CDM projects based from IGES CDM Project Database Jane Romero IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 15
Biofuel Use Strategies for Sustainable Development (BforSD) Lessons learned from rejected CDM projects o Following an approved methodology does not guarantee that the project will be approved o Common reasons for rejection (biomass): Reason Biomass Baseline & Monitoring Methodology 12 Application of Methodology 4 Applicability 8 Leakage 0 Deviation 0 Additionality 19 CDM consideration in decision 8 Investment Analysis 7 Simple Cost Analysis 0 Investment Comparison Analysis 1 Benchmark Analysis 3 Sensitivity 2 Analysis Barrier 7 Analysis Investment 1 Barriers Technological Barriers 0 Prevailing practice and other barriers 2 Common Practice Analysis 1 Other Reasons 0 Source: IGES Review and Rejected CDM Project Data Analysis, as of 6 March 2009. Jane Romero IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 16
Biofuel Use Strategies for Sustainable Development (BforSD) Source: CDM in Charts v.7 Feb 2009. Jane Romero IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 17
Biofuel Use Strategies for Sustainable Development (BforSD) Data on India and biomass CDM projects India Biomass (global) Registration Number of projects 396 228 Length from pub. Comm. til reg. 347 324 Requests for review 119 64 Rate of requests for review 30.10% 28.10% Undertaken review 46 14 Rate of undertaken review 11.60% 6.10% Rejected 36 Rate of rejected 8.30% Average emission reductions (t-CO2e) 85,493 55,300 Emission reductions until 2012 (t-CO2e) 231,398 77,482 Issuance Number of projects 174 98 Issued CERs (t-CO2e) 60,470 11,096 Number of issuance 327 201 Issuance rate 92.2% Length from pub. Comm. til issuance 628 602 Requests for review 92 52 Rate of requests for review 28.10% 25.90% Undertaken review 24 10 Rate of undertaken review 7.30% 5.00% SOP for Adaptation Fund (CERs) 1,209,412 CER Prospect Expected CERs until 2012 (adjusted) 227,497 67,622 (1000 t-CO2e) Source: IGES CDM Project Data Analysis, as of 6 March 2009. Jane Romero IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 18
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