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Carbon Sequestration and Emission Reduction with Biochar Systems - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Carbon Sequestration and Emission Reduction with Biochar Systems - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Carbon Sequestration and Emission Reduction with Biochar Systems Johannes Lehmann Cornell University, USA Initial Motivation for Biochar 500-8000 years old (Central Amazon, Brazil) Biochar Product is NOT New but never did account for
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Biochar Product is NOT New
The National Greenkeeper, Feb 1933
…but never did account for biochar differences and different uses
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Biochar Molecular Property
Nguyen et al, 2010, EST 44, 3324–3331 McBeath et al, 2011, OG 42, 1194-1202 Mao et al, 2012, EST 46, 9571-9576
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Biochar Persistence
Lehmann et al., 2015 Earthscan Cut-off ‘biochar’
Molecular condensation
500
Global data set
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Natural Biochar-type Soil Carbon
Reisser et al 2016, Frontiers in Earth Sci
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Pyrolysis-Biochar System
Lehmann, 2007, Frontiers in Ecol Env
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Climate Mitigation: Harnessing Large Fluxes
Lehmann, 2007 Nature 447: 143-144
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Biochar Systems
Other C fluxes than soil C Other GHG (CH4, N2O)
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Bioenergy Production through Pyrolysis
GJ per Mg of dry, ash-free feedstock example system based on slow pyrolysis at 450C followed by tar-cracking at 800C (Woolf et al., 2014 ES&T)
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World Bank Report, 2014
Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions
Life-Cycle Assessment
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Climate Change Mitigation – Life Cycle
Whitman et al, 2010, Carbon Management 1, 89-107 Whitman et al, 2013, Org. Geochem.
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Biochar Systems Effects on GHG
Cowie et al., 2015, Earthscan
n=16 global studies with 51 scenarios
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Systems View!
(b) (b) (b)
Roberts et al, 2010, Environmental Science and Technology 44, 827–833
Effects on crop growth
- r soil GHG not included!
(kg CO2e t-1 DM biomass) Pyrolysis+biochar: -864 Combustion: -987 Offsetting NG for heat
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Biochar Systems Effects on GHG
Gaunt and Cowie, 2009, Earthscan
Emissions per unit of feedstock utilised (t CO2e t-1 feedstock)
Slow pyrolysis, 10-year period
Facility at 1 t/hr = emissions reduction of 7,200-34,000t CO2e /yr
Effects on crop growth or soil GHG not included!
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Biochar as a Soil Amendment
Carbon Product
Carbon persistence Surface area and functional groups Electron shuttle and fused arom.
Nutrient Product
Nutrient enrichment Nutrient availability Sterilization Denaturing of pollutants Fertilization Pollution avoidance GHG reduction (+ C sequestration) Soil Health GHG reduction + C sequestration Pollution reduction by leaching and gas emissions Soil remediation Inoculant carriers Signaling (plant-plant; plant-MO)
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Crop Yield Responses
Woolf et al., 2018, Adv. Soil Sci.
Global dataset as a result of greater nutrient+water use efficiency etc.
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Van Zwieten et al. 2015, Earthscan
Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions with Biochar
(n=30 studies)
Application rate in field studies : in incubation studies:
Average reduction 55%
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Energy Generation
Roberts et al, unpubl.
No energy capture, no crop Centralized plant Avoided storage Biochar to corn
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Climate Change Mitigation
Roberts et al
No energy capture, no crop
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 emit. red. emit. red. emit. red. emit. red. emit. red. emit. red. emit. red. feedstock collection chipping pyrolysis construction dismantling biochar application reforesting avoided fossil fuel avoided fertilizer stable C soil N2O avoided chip storage GHG (kg CO2e t-1 DM)
- 1076
- 664
- 649
- 648
- 457
- 933
- 915
- 2. stover,
LPG, corn
- 3. stover, NG,
corn
- 4. stover, LPG,
asparagus
- 5. PBT,
forest
- 6. stover(c)
NG, corn
- 7. stover(c)
NG, asparagus
- 1. wood
waste, LPG, asparagus
Centralized plant Avoided storage Biochar to corn
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Financing the GHG Reduction
Roberts et al, unpubl.
No energy capture, no crop Centralized plant Avoided storage
10% increased yield (/t DM)
Biochar to corn
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Re-Coupling of Nutrient Cycles
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Recycling of Dairy Manure using Biochar
Enders, 2018, Report
Value as ingredient of potting mix:
- appr. $1,900 ton-1
83% from C value (as potting mix) No contaminants (heavy metal, PAH, PCB, dioxin/furans, etc.) No pollutants from manure (pathogens, hormones, antibiotic) www.pyrolysis.cals.cornell.edu
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Recycling of Dairy Manure
Proposal to NYSERDA, 2019 Group of Fengqi You
Maximum Potential (NYS per year): $272M value for farmer $1.3B value for retail $114M reduced transportation
(96% weight reduction; 10 mi transportation)
$4-15M reduced GHG
($20-80/t CO2e)
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Biochar: Important for the Tool Basket?
Site adapted Flexible Up-to-date
Tools
(No-till, mulching, intercropping, composting, etc)
Climate-smart Conservation Agroforestry Manure Magmt.
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