C ons truction and us efulnes s of the s s olar cadas olar cadas tre of the s tre of the s tate of Geneva tate of Geneva Geos Geos patial World F patial World F orum, Geneva, S orum, Geneva, S witzerland witzerland 05.05.14 Claudio Carneiro Claudio Carneiro claudio.carneiro@epfl.ch Gilles Desthieux gilles.desthieux@hesge.ch gilles.desthieux@hesge.ch Eugenio Morello Politecnico di Milano / Laboratorio di Simulazione Urbana eugenio.morello@polimi.it
• Aim of the study • S ynoptic view of the process of solar mapping • R R esults esults of the solar cadastre of Geneva of the solar cadastre of Geneva • S ome examples of application for energy planning • C • C onclusions, questions onclusions, questions and perspectives and perspectives 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 2
• T • T o estimate s o estimate s olar energy potential at the urban scale (> olar energy potential at the urban scale (> building), based on 3D data of building (GIS ) and image processing (=> automated process). • T • T o communicate to everyone the solar potential on the top of o communicate to everyone the solar potential on the top of his/her building • T • T o give solar potential not only on roofs o give solar potential not only on roofs but also on the but also on the terrain (to discover other useful objects for solar installation like bike parking) • T • T o provide useful support in pre-des o provide useful support in pre-des igning igning s s olar collectors olar collectors 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 3
S ynopticview of the processof solar mapping Meteorological data LIDAR data heights Metenorm Solar irradiation computation on roofs Building of the processing raster 2.5 - D DSM of the 2.5 - D DSM of the masks Scripting language masks Scripting language urban area Production raster 2D&3D - layers roof/ GIS building building (masks) (masks) footprints 1. Heights (2.5D - DSM) 2. Roof slope Pixel size considered in the Pixel size considered in the 3. Roof aspect 3. Roof aspect 4. Building footprints studied area: GIS 0.5m X 0.5m Visualization/ indicators Visualization/ indicators (2D and 3 D support) and use of outputs for Integration of 2D / 3D GIS with energy urban planning image processing techniques image processing techniques 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 4
Area of the State: State: 282 km2 Raster resolution: 50 centimetres 50 centimetres 47 tiles of 3 X 3 km 47 tiles of 3 X 3 km 6 tiles de 1 X 1 km 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 5
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Direct January June Algorithms from Ratti and Richens (2004) sunrise sunrise Sky view factor sunset Ratti et Richens (2004) 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 7
Direct Algorithms from Algorithms from Sky view factor Sky view factor Ratti and Richens (2004) 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 8
Irradiation outputs (raster format ; resolution: 50 centimetres) Yearly irradiation Yearly irradiation Monthly irradiations Monthly irradiations 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 9
With and without takinginto account relief shadowing(raster format ; resolution: 50 centimetres) Monthof J anuary With With Without Without Municipality of Geneva ( Veyrier ) close to Salève mountain Municipality of Geneva ( Veyrier ) close to Salève mountain 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 10
Importation of the irradiation results (tile by tile, raster format ; resolution: 50 centimetres) into GIS (tile by tile, raster format ; resolution: 50 centimetres) into GIS 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 11
Irradiation statisticson roofs (vector format) – 2D view 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 12
Irradiation statisticson roofs (vector format) – 3D view 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 13
Application of solar cadastre: energy planning at district level energy planning at district level Total roof area by interval of irradiation Irradiance en S urface toit % of roof by interval of irradiation kWh/m² an m2 0-100 404 45 100-200 321 40 200-300 200-300 438 438 35 35 300-400 663 30 400-500 1'168 25 500-600 1'865 20 600-700 2'635 15 700-800 4'258 10 10 800-900 6'458 5 900-1000 10'304 1000-1100 16'946 0 1100-1200 40'314 1200-1300 7'049 >1300 >1300 38 38 SOMME 92'860 Globally the district is well irradiated through 2/3 roofs collecting an irradiation > 1000 kWh/m² yr kWh/m² yr 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 14
Display of the resultson the official Geneva geoportal http://etat.geneve.ch/geoportail/infoenergie/ 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 15
S S ome useful examplesfor energy planning ome useful examplesfor energy planning oming integration of indicators of s oming integration of indicators of s olar energy production olar energy production • C • C (technical, financial and environmental indicators) • Two kind of target us • Two kind of target us e and actor : e and actor : – Energy planning at urban scale – Preliminary data for specialists (energy companies, energy building consultants, solar panel installers) consultants, solar panel installers) • S pecifications : – PV: no link with building features, roofs as a support for a renewable PV: no link with building features, roofs as a support for a renewable energy grid development – Thermal energy: Integration of solar irradiation with energy needs at building level (DHW and heating needs) building level (DHW and heating needs) 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 16
S olar P V planning for a building Technical, financial and environmental indicators for preliminary PV panel installation Technical, financial and environmental indicators for preliminary PV panel installation project. V V ector format: ector format: Input data from Input data from solar cadastre: three levels of detail … - - Area of a given useful roof Area of a given useful roof section - Mean slope / roof section - - Mean orientation / roof section Mean orientation / roof section - Mean irradiation / roof section Other useful data: - PV panels database Roof Useful Building (technical specifications) sections surfaces - - Swiss incentives (financial Swiss incentives (financial aspect) 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 17
S olar P V planning for a building (useful roof surfaces) (useful roof surfaces) According to According to specific criteria: - - Minimum irradiation: Minimum irradiation: 1000 kWh/m 2 /year - Borders (1 meter) of roofs are excluded of roofs are excluded Useful areas > 5 m 2 - Other useful data: - Mean slope and orientation - Real surface - - Length and width Length and width 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 18
S olar P V planning for a building (useful roof surfaces) (useful roof surfaces) 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 19
S olar thermal for domestic hot water (DWH) (building) (building) Thermal solar: => integration with building: Category of use Category of use - - - Year of building / refurbishment - Nb of occupants (DHW) - Built area - - Heat index Heat index Initial energy source - - … Irr . moy .: 1’163 [kWh/m2/an] Pente moy .: 12 [ °] Orient. moy .: 182 [ °] Surf. toitures: 135 [m2] Surf. capteur: Surf. capteur: 128 [m2] 128 [m2] Prod . an: 60 [ MWh /an] Invest .: 250’000[ CHF] Coûts_an : 18’000 [CHF/an] Recettes_an : 7’750 [CHF/an] Prix_revient : Prix_revient : 0.30 [CHF/kWh] 0.30 [CHF/kWh] CO2_econom: 288 [t] 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 20
S olar energy balance for a municipality City of Vernier (34’000 inhab.) (34’000 inhab.) Useful roof surfaces: - 550’000 m2 (51% of total roof area) Thermal potential: - Tot.: 54 GWh /year Thermal solar – roof [MWh/an] - DHW 60%: 16 GWh /year - DHW 60%: 16 GWh /year Thermal solar – districts [GWh/an] Electrical potential: - Tot.: 47 GWh - Tot.: 47 GWh (26% of needs ) 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 21
S olar energy balance for the state of Geneva: electrical needscovered electrical needscovered 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 22
C onclusions T oolbox and indicators for various purposes of roof & building use: data exist but should be reliable, collected (among several owners), centralized, made but should be reliable, collected (among several owners), centralized, made available and shared (=> issue of privacy) Thermal (hot water) Thermal (hot water) Photovoltaïc Photovoltaïc - Nb of users - Orientation - Min area - Shadowing Thermal (heating) - Building features - Neighborhoods Green roofs Green roofs - Irradiation / shadowing - Slope Solar radiation on façades - Shadowing - Shadowing - Orientation of façades 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 23
C onclusions Target users of energy cadastres Target users of energy cadastres L L evel of dis evel of dis s s emination emination Public: Public: communication, Thermography awareness raising Solar mapping: roof classification Policy making: integration integration Solar mapping: specific indicators Experts: Experts: urban and building Geothermal cadastres energy concepts L evel of expertis e 05/05/2014 Geospatial World Forum 24
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