C&D Carbon Battery Introduction C&D C b B tt I t d ti Nov, 2014 1 C&D Technologies Property
C&D Carbon Technology C&D Carbon Technology 2 C&D Technologies Property
Traditional Stationary Battery Applications Float Service Cycle Service 0C >20 Power UPS UPS P Energy and Energy and 1C 1 Infrastructure Infrastructure rgy T l Telecomm Telecomm T l Ener Energy and Energy and C/20 Infrastructure Infrastructure (Renewables) (Renewables) (Renewables) (Renewables) < 3 C&D Technologies Property
Emerging Trends ‐ Application Breakdown Float Service Cycle Service 0C >20 Power P UPS UPS Energy and Energy and Infrastructure Infrastructure 1C 1 Renewable, Renewable, Grid Scale Grid Scale Storage Storage Energy and Energy and rgy Telecomm Telecomm Ener Infrastructure Infrastructure C/20 < 4 C&D Technologies Property
Consequences for Battery Technology • Many emerging trends for energy storage have opposing technology y g g gy g pp g gy requirements for the batteries • High cycle life vs. High power • High temperature operation vs. High cycle life Hi h t t ti Hi h l lif • Changing application requirements can impact other battery requirements • Ultra ‐ high discharge rates impact cycle life as DOD changes from shallow to Ultra high discharge rates impact cycle life as DOD changes from shallow to moderate. • New applications require clear understanding of the limiting components • Partial State of Charge (PSOC) operation leads to negative sulfation • The increase in impedance over life of the system affects Ultra ‐ high discharge rates 5 C&D Technologies Property
C&D Battery Design Strategy • Batteries designed to Customer Application – Close customer contact to identify attributes of the application – Design each product line to optimize performance to the unique attributes of the applications – All trends to greater application specific designs – Smaller space = more customer revenue generating equipment! 6 C&D Technologies Property
Challenges to Current Technology Cycle Life is the Key y y • Battery used for regulation will be cycled every 15 minutes or 35,000 cycles/year at 3 ‐ 10% DOD • Spinning reserve and peak shifting requires up to 365 cycles/year at 50 ‐ 80% DOD • To be viable at least 5 years life is required with 10 years being requested • To be viable at least 5 years life is required with 10 years being requested PSOC Operation PSOC Operation • The battery needs to accept opportunity charging with high efficiency • Charging at float voltage for limited time results in g g g Partial State of Charge (PSOC) operation. • The repeated operation of VRLA cells at a PSOC leads to “irreversible” capacity loss. 7 C&D Technologies Property
Mechanism of Negative Plate Sulfation • Discharge g Dissolution 2e + Pb 2+ + SO 4 2 ‐ + H + Pb + HSO 4 ‐ Deposition PbSO 4 • Charge Dissolution Pb 2+ + SO 4 2 ‐ + 2e + H + PbSO 4 ‐ Pb + H SO 4 Deposition 8 C&D Technologies Property
Negative Sulphation 9 C&D Technologies Property
Research Strategy • Lead sulfate formation is inevitable under PSOC operation • Reduction of lead sulfate can only take place where it comes into contact with an electronic conductor ‐ High surface area required for effective contact with lead sulfate crystals ‐ High conductivity required for electron transfer High conductivity required for electron transfer • We have to improve lead sulfate charge acceptance by increasing conductivity of the NAM (Negative Active Material) conductivity of the NAM (Negative Active Material). 10 C&D Technologies Property
C&D Solution • Integrated Carbon/Lead Negative electrode and High Performance Positive Electrode • The C&D solution is engineered for high cycling PSoC operation. Utilizing an integrated Carbon negative and an advanced positive plate design and active material formulation. 11 C&D Technologies Property
C&D Carbon Battery What Is C&D Carbon Battery? • A C&D Carbon Battery uses a unique Positive Electrode design for cycling and a Pb/Carbon Negative Electrode. / g • • The technology addresses both electrodes yielding a high cycling battery The technology addresses both electrodes yielding a high cycling battery capable of Partial State of Charge (PSoC) operation. 12 C&D Technologies Property
Key Problems We Face and C&D Solution Negative Electrode Negative Electrode − Problem: Active material suffers sulphation; − Solution: CARBON TECHNOLOGY. Positive Electrode − Problem: Positive grid corrosion; − Solution: Unique Positive Design for Cyclic. 13 C&D Technologies Property
Carbon types & generalized properties 14 C&D Technologies Property
C&D Carbon Battery Performance C&D Carbon Battery Performance Improvement 15 C&D Technologies Property
C&D Carbon Battery Models Specifications: • SHC12 ‐ 40 • SHC12 ‐ 65 • SHC12 ‐ 100 • SHC12 110 SHC12 ‐ 110 • SHC 12 ‐ 100FT • SHC 12 ‐ 150FT • SHC 12 ‐ 200FT S C 00 • SHC 2 ‐ 300 • SHC 2 ‐ 400 • SHC 2 ‐ 600 16 C&D Technologies Property
C&D Carbon Technology Improvement A. Improved Temperature Performance. B. Improved Charge Acceptance. C. Greatly slow down the sulfation speed in PSoC application. Improved PSoC Cycling Performance. D. Significantly improved Cycle Performance. 17 C&D Technologies Property
C&D Carbon Battery: Low Temperature Characteristics • Lead ‐ acid batteries are severely affected by low temperatures. ‐ Due to an increase in internal resistance caused by a “slowing down” of the battery’s chemical reaction and ion diffusion rates. – A rule of thumb, reaction rates are cut in half for each 10 ° C drop in temperature. • This is directly related to the amount of electrode surface area covered with active material that is available for conversion. 18 C&D Technologies Property
C&D Carbon Battery: Low Temperature Characteristics • C&D Carbon battery has outstanding discharge performance at low ambient temperatures relative to commercial flooded lead ‐ acid and ambient temperatures relative to commercial flooded lead acid and conventional valve ‐ regulated lead ‐ acid (VRLA) batteries ‐ The extremely high available surface area of Carbon material. Carbon Battery vs. Conventional Lead Acid C b B tt C ti l L d A id C/10 Capacity vs. Temperature 105 95 Carbon 85 Capacity (%) STD 75 65 65 55 45 -20 20 -15 15 -10 10 -5 5 0 0 5 5 10 10 15 15 20 20 25 25 Temperature (C) 19 C&D Technologies Property
C&D Carbon Battery: Low Temperature Characteristics • As Figure shown above, at ‐ 20deg C, a conventional lead acid battery will only yield 50% of its rated capacity. C&D Carbon battery can yield 66% of its rated capacity in this same temperature. This means the C&D Carbon battery will provide nearly more than 16% more Ah capacity y p y p y than the same sized conventional lead acid product at ‐ 20deg C. • Benefit for users on the battery sizing Benefit for users on the battery sizing ‐ sized smaller at the same amps output, smaller space ‐ more powerful, less number of batteries, less accessories cost ‐ last longer if its size were comparable to a conventional lead ‐ acid l l if i i bl i l l d id battery. 20 C&D Technologies Property
C&D Carbon Battery: High Temperature Characteristic The optimum operating temperature for a lead ‐ acid battery is 25 ℃ • ‐ As a rule of thumb, every 8 ℃ to 10 ℃ rise in temperature will increase grid corrosion by a factor of two and result in premature failure for the g y p battery. • Lead grids corrode in the acidic electrolyte with the presence of lead Lead grids corrode in the acidic electrolyte with the presence of lead dioxide (positive ‐ plate active material). High ambient and operating temperatures accelerate this process. 21 C&D Technologies Property
C&D Carbon Battery: High Temperature Characteristic • C&D Carbon battery has superior performance in terms of thermal management, which results in better heat ‐ transfer characteristics of the carbon/graphite. • Carbon battery can not only dissipate the heat generated on itself, but also absorbs heat away from the positive plate and out of the cell. Thus, batteries made with Carbon enhanced electrodes will transfer heat, generated by the electrochemical reactions taking place, out of the battery rapidly, thus making thermal runaway less likely and enabling overall “cool” operation compared to conventional lead ‐ acid batteries. 22 C&D Technologies Property
C&D Carbon Battery: Charge Acceptance Performance The C&D Carbon battery with Carbon enhanced electrode can accept a charge current up to 300% over that for standard Lead Acid. For example: For example: – C&D Carbon battery 5hrs vs. Standard VRLA 10hrs @ C15min discharge, 100% Recharge – C&D Carbon battery 10 hrs vs. Standard VRLA >17hrs @ C/10 discharge, 100% Recharge Recharge Time has been shortened by about 50%! 23 C&D Technologies Property
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