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Breadcrumb Routing: Query-Response Geocast for Mobile Originators in Vehicular Networks

IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference 2014

Julian Timpner, Mario Wozenilek, Lars Wolf, December 3, 2014 Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks

Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Parking Search

Breadcrumb Routing: Query-Response Geocast for Mobile Originators in Vehicular Networks Page 2

Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Parking Search

Breadcrumb Routing: Query-Response Geocast for Mobile Originators in Vehicular Networks Page 2

Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Communication Challenges

Objective

Retrieve information from destination via ad-hoc communications

Challenges

Connections are intermittent Which nodes are present in the destination area? How to route the query to the destination? How to organize the response? How to route the response back?

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Communication Challenges

Objective

Retrieve information from destination via ad-hoc communications

Challenges

Connections are intermittent Which nodes are present in the destination area? How to route the query to the destination? How to organize the response? How to route the response back? → DTN

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Communication Challenges

Objective

Retrieve information from destination via ad-hoc communications

Challenges

Connections are intermittent Which nodes are present in the destination area? How to route the query to the destination? How to organize the response? How to route the response back? → DTN → Geocast → Geocast

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Communication Challenges

Objective

Retrieve information from destination via ad-hoc communications

Challenges

Connections are intermittent Which nodes are present in the destination area? How to route the query to the destination? How to organize the response? How to route the response back? → DTN → Geocast → Geocast → e.g., VITP

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Communication Challenges

Objective

Retrieve information from destination via ad-hoc communications

Challenges

Connections are intermittent Which nodes are present in the destination area? How to route the query to the destination? How to organize the response? How to route the response back? → DTN → Geocast → Geocast → e.g., VITP → ?

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Routing to Mobile Originator

Destination Area Originator

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Routing to Mobile Originator

Destination Area Originator

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Routing to Mobile Originator

Destination Area Originator

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Breadcrumbs

[“Wohlfahrtsmarke” 1961]

“Hansel and Gretel”, published by The Brothers Grimm in 1812

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Breadcrumb Geocast Routing (BGR)

Breadcrumbs are based on “Floating Content”1 approach Responses are redirected at breadcrumbs

r a h anchor zone

• avail. threshold

P anchor point

1Ott et al. “Floating Content: Information Sharing in Urban Areas” (2011)

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

• 1. Geocast Phase

Originator initiates breadcrumbs Nodes forward messages according to used geocast strategy2

Destination Area Originator 2“GeoVanet: A Routing Protocol for Query Processing in Vehicular Networks” (2011)

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

• 2. Response Phase

Originator drops more breadrumbs, if necessary In the destination area, responding node is determined (VITP3) Response is sent to first breadcrumb via geocast

Breadcrumb Area Originator Host with breadcrumb information Node with breadcrumb information 3Dikaiakos et al. “VITP : An Information Transfer Protocol for Vehicular Computing”

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

• 3. Tracking Phase

Receiving breadcrumbs redirect message to subsequent breadcrumb Response is delivered to query originator Breadcrumbs dissolve upon reception of response or exceeded TTL

Breadcrumb Area Host with breadcrumb information Node with breadcrumb information Originator

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Breadcrumb Distribution

n = 1: 1 < n < ∞: n → ∞:

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Scenarios

San Francisco

Area: 5.39 km2 Roads: 108.78 km Nodes: 1850

Helsinki

Area: 14.67 km2 Roads: 119.2 km Nodes: 2000

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Parameters and Metrics

Parameters

Breadcrumb size Breadcrumb distance

Metrics

Network traffic Delivery rate Hop count Delivery delay (Breadcrumb availability)

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Breadcrumb Size

20 40 60 80 100 2 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 % answered requests anchor zone radius in meters SF Helsinki 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 2 / 4 5 / 1 1 / 2 1 5 / 3 2 / 4 2 5 / 5 3 / 6 3 5 / 7 messages in network anchor radius / avail. threshold in meters

(Breadcrumb distance 100 m)

⇒ Minimum breadcrumb size r = 15 − 20 m (delivery rate) ⇒ Breadcrumb size should be as small as possible (traffic)

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Breadcrumb Distance

20 40 60 80 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 % answered requests anchor zone radius in meters breadcrumb distance: 70m 100m 140m 200m 300m (Breadcrumb size 25 m)

⇒ Breadcrumb distance has minor impact ⇒ Breadcrumbs should be as close as possible, without overlapping

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Network Traffic

600 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 G e

• R
• u

t i n g B G R S p r a y & W a i t E p i d e m i c P R

• P

H E T G e

• R
• u

t i n g B G R S p r a y & W a i t E p i d e m i c P R

• P

H E T SF Helsinki messages in network 2 1792 59 24150 23542 5 623 65 26197 25024 Breadcrumb Routing: Query-Response Geocast for Mobile Originators in Vehicular Networks Page 15

Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Delivery Rate

20 40 60 80 100 G e

• R
• u

t i n g B G R S p r a y & W a i t E p i d e m i c P R

• P

H E T G e

• R
• u

t i n g B G R S p r a y & W a i t E p i d e m i c P R

• P

H E T SF Helsinki % answered requests

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Hop Count & Delay

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 G e

• R
• u

t i n g B G R S p r a y & W a i t E p i d e m i c P R

• P

H E T G e

• R
• u

t i n g B G R S p r a y & W a i t E p i d e m i c P R

• P

H E T SF Helsinki hops 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 G e

• R
• u

t i n g B G R S p r a y & W a i t E p i d e m i c P R

• P

H E T G e

• R
• u

t i n g B G R S p r a y & W a i t E p i d e m i c P R

• P

H E T SF Helsinki seconds

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Conclusion

Breadcrumb Geocast Routing (BGR) Routing responses to moving originators Can be used on top of ex. geocast protocols Breadcrumb size is key parameter Low network traffic High delivery rates

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Motivation BGR Evaluation Conclusion

Conclusion

Breadcrumb Geocast Routing (BGR) Routing responses to moving originators Can be used on top of ex. geocast protocols Breadcrumb size is key parameter Low network traffic High delivery rates Thank you! timpner@ibr.cs.tu-bs.de

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Section 5 Appendix

Appendix References Breadcrumb Routing

Related Works I

• J. Ott et al. “Floating Content: Information Sharing in Urban

Areas”. In: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom). Seattle, WA: IEEE, Mar. 2011, pp. 136–146.

• M. D. Dikaiakos et al. “VITP : An Information Transfer Protocol for

Vehicular Computing”. In: Proc. 2nd ACM Int. Workshop on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET ’05). Cologne, Germany: ACM Press, Sept. 2005, pp. 30–39.

• T. Delot et al. “Decentralized Pull-Based Information Gathering in

Vehicular Networks Using GeoVanet”. In: Proc. 12th IEEE Int. Conf.

• n Mobile Data Management (MDM ’11). Vol. 1. Lulea, Sweden: IEEE,

June 2011, pp. 174–183.

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Appendix References Breadcrumb Routing

Related Works II

• T. Delot et al. “GeoVanet: A Routing Protocol for Query Processing

in Vehicular Networks”. In: Mobile Information Systems 7.4 (2011),

• pp. 329–359.

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Appendix References Breadcrumb Routing

Geocast

No node specific addresses Instead, geographic location as address Nodes must be able to determine their geographic location Nodes compare their location to the destination location

42

146 78 196 15 29 175 136 1

To: 146,175 essage 1

42

To: essage 1

N32,5242° E09,452°;50m

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Appendix References Breadcrumb Routing

Geocast Routing Strategies

Position based geocast

Message is forwarded to node closest to destination

Speed vector based geocast

Geographic vector based on speed and past location Message is forwarded to node whose vector ends the closest to the destination

Gecoast based on GeoVANET

Forward only if current node is not moving closer to destination Message is forwarded to the nearest neighbor moving towards the destination

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Appendix References Breadcrumb Routing

Delayed Dropping

• 1. New breadcrumb is triggered and stored
• 2. Originator moves away from old anchor point
• 3. a) New breadcrumb is triggered and stored

b) Old breadcrumb is updated and sent via geocast

• 4. Old breadcrumb is established at its anchor point

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Appendix References Breadcrumb Routing

Delayed Dropping

• 1. New breadcrumb is triggered and stored
• 2. Originator moves away from old anchor point
• 3. a) New breadcrumb is triggered and stored

b) Old breadcrumb is updated and sent via geocast

• 4. Old breadcrumb is established at its anchor point

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Appendix References Breadcrumb Routing

Delayed Dropping

• 1. New breadcrumb is triggered and stored
• 2. Originator moves away from old anchor point
• 3. a) New breadcrumb is triggered and stored

b) Old breadcrumb is updated and sent via geocast

• 4. Old breadcrumb is established at its anchor point

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Appendix References Breadcrumb Routing

Delayed Dropping

• 1. New breadcrumb is triggered and stored
• 2. Originator moves away from old anchor point
• 3. a) New breadcrumb is triggered and stored

b) Old breadcrumb is updated and sent via geocast

• 4. Old breadcrumb is established at its anchor point

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Appendix References Breadcrumb Routing

Default Settings

Node count corresponds to 17 veh/km in all scenarios4 Only driving cars initiate messages

Setting Value Setting Value Breadcrumb distance 100 m Time between new messages 120 s to 360 s Breadcrumb size 50 m Response delay 480 s Randomly moving cars 17 veh/km Simulated period 12 h Message buffer size 500 MB Transmission rate 22 Mbit/s

• Max. number of copies

1 Transmission range 25 m Time to live (Request) 60 min Driving speed 18 km/h to 54 km/h

4Based on real world traffic data from Braunschweig, Germany, at morning rush hour

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Appendix References Breadcrumb Routing

RoadGraph

Highly detailed digital map (single lanes) Lane side descriptions Improves routing decisions

Nodes calculate intermediate destinations to prevent local minima Introduction of additional information (e.g. node density) to manipulate message paths

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