Slide 1 / 116 New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and teachers. These materials may not be used for any commercial purpose without the written permission of the owners. NJCTL maintains its website for the convenience of teachers who wish to make their work available to other teachers, participate in a virtual professional learning community, and/or provide access to course materials to parents, students and others. Click to go to website: www.njctl.org Slide 2 / 116 BIOLOGY Anatomy & Physiology April 2014 www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 116 Vocabulary Click on each word below to go to the definition. acquired immunity digestive system adipose ectotherm alimentary canal endocrine system anatomy endoskeleton appendicular skeleton endotherm axial skeleton epidermis basement membrane epithelial tissue cephalization erythrocytes circulatory system excretion columnar exoskeleton connective tissue filtration cuboidal gastrovascular cavity dermis hemolymph
Slide 4 / 116 Vocabulary Click on each word below to go to the definition. hydroskeleton negative feedback simple skeletal system hypodermis nervous tissue stratified ingestion nervous system striated innate immunity neuron squamous integumentary system peristalsis urinary system intercalated discs phagocytosis interstitial fluid physiology leukocytes platelets lymphatic system positive feedback muscle tissue respiratory system muscular system secretion Slide 5 / 116 Table of Contents Click on the topic to go to that section · Structure and Function · Tissues · Organ Systems · Homeostasis Slide 6 / 116 Structure and Function Return to Table of Contents
Slide 7 / 116 Structure and Function The relationship between structure and function is an important overarching concept in biology and studying this relationship will help us to understand animals. Structure ( anatomy ) and function ( physiology ) are studied together because function is determined by structure. The long bill of the sword-billed hummingbird makes it particularly suited to extracting nectar from flowers with deep hypanthium (nectar chamber). Slide 8 / 116 Structure and Function The adaptations that different animals have to allow them to perform various functions have all been fashioned by natural selection. Natural selection has "fitted" structure to function by selecting, over many generations, what works best within a particular population in it's environment. What elephant adaptations make it suited for its environment? Slide 9 / 116 Structure and Function Elephants are suited to their environment: Ears with large surface area allow efficient heat dissipation. Tusks are used as tools or for protection. Trunk is used for breathing, grasping and lifting.
Slide 10 / 116 Levels of Organization Structure in living things is organized in a series of hierarchical levels. tissue organ organ system organism Slide 11 / 116 Levels of Organization tissue organ organ system organism A group of Two or more All the organ Multiple organs cells that tissues that systems that function work work functioning together to together together to together as perform a vital to perform perform a an integrated body function. a certain specific unit. function. task. Circulatory system Cardiac tissue Heart Human Slide 12 / 116 1 The study of an organism's structure is known as ____, while the study of its function is ____. A physiology; anatomy B anatomy; physiology Answer C physicality; anonymity D anonymity; physicality
Slide 12 (Answer) / 116 1 The study of an organism's structure is known as ____, while the study of its function is ____. A physiology; anatomy B anatomy; physiology Answer C physicality; anonymity B D anonymity; physicality [This object is a pull tab] Slide 13 / 116 2 Two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific task is A a cell. B an organ. C an organ system. Answer D an organism. Slide 13 (Answer) / 116 2 Two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific task is A a cell. B an organ. Answer C an organ system. B D an organism. [This object is a pull tab]
Slide 14 / 116 3 The digestive system is an organ system that is composed of several organs, including the stomach, small intestine and liver. Each of these organs are composed of A organisms. Answer B bacteria. C organ systems. D tissues. Slide 14 (Answer) / 116 3 The digestive system is an organ system that is composed of several organs, including the stomach, small intestine and liver. Each of these organs are composed of A organisms. Answer B bacteria. D C organ systems. D tissues. [This object is a pull tab] Slide 15 / 116 Tissues Return to Table of Contents
Slide 16 / 116 Tissues Slide 17 / 116 Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue consists of many cells tightly packed together with very little extracellular matrix. It covers body surfaces and lines internal organs and body cavities. One side of the tissue is anchored to the underlying tissues by a basement membrane (a dense layer of extracellular matrix consisting of fibrous proteins and polysaccharides.) The other side is the free surface and it faces the outside of an organ or the inside of a tube or passageway. Source: Davidson College Biology Department Slide 18 / 116 Epithelial Tissue Epithelial tissues are named according to the number of cell layers they have and to the shape of the cells on the free surface: Simple: A single layer of cells. Stratified: Multiple layers of cells. Squamous: Flat cells Cuboidal: Cube shaped cells Columnar: Taller than they are wide
Slide 19 / 116 Epithelial Tissue The structure of each type of epithelial tissue fits its function. Simple squamous epithelium is very thin and is suitable for exchange of materials via diffusion. It makes up capillaries and alveoli (air sacs in the lungs). Stratified squamous epithelium can be found in areas subject to abrasion, such as the esophagus or our skin. Slide 20 / 116 4 A dense layer of extracellular matrix that anchors epithelial tissue to underlying tissues is called the A apical surface. B epithelia. C basement membrane. Answer D lymph. Slide 20 (Answer) / 116 4 A dense layer of extracellular matrix that anchors epithelial tissue to underlying tissues is called the A apical surface. B epithelia. C basement membrane. Answer C D lymph. [This object is a pull tab]
Slide 21 / 116 5 How would you classify an epithelial tissue that has many layers of cube shaped cells? A simple cuboidal B simple squamous Answer C stratified cuboidal D stratified columnar Slide 21 (Answer) / 116 5 How would you classify an epithelial tissue that has many layers of cube shaped cells? A simple cuboidal B simple squamous Answer C stratified cuboidal C D stratified columnar [This object is a pull tab] Slide 22 / 116 Connective Tissue Connective tissue is opposite of epithelial tissue in that it contains few cells and a lot of extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix includes certain fibers and other chemicals that are secreted by the cells. There are six major types of connective tissue: cartilage, bone, adipose (fat), blood, loose connective and fibrous connective.
Slide 23 / 116 Connective Tissue Type Description Location Binds epithelia to underlying Loose In the skin and tissues and holds organs in connective throughout body. place. Fibrous Attaches muscles to bones and Tendons and connective connects bones at joints. ligaments Hard mineralized tissue that Bone Skeleton gives structure. Liquid extracellular matrix. Blood Functions: defense, carry O 2 and Blood vessels clotting. Various locations: nose, ears, Cartilage Strong but flexible support. between vertebrae. Adipose Stores fat for fuel and insulation. Various locations. Slide 24 / 116 6 The Achille's tendon attaches the calf muscle to the heel bone. Of what type of tissue is this composed? A fibrous connective B cartilage Answer C loose connective D adipose Slide 24 (Answer) / 116 6 The Achille's tendon attaches the calf muscle to the heel bone. Of what type of tissue is this composed? A fibrous connective B cartilage Answer A C loose connective D adipose [This object is a pull tab]
Slide 25 / 116 7 This is the only liquid tissue. A loose connective B cartilage C bone Answer D blood Slide 25 (Answer) / 116 7 This is the only liquid tissue. A loose connective B cartilage C bone Answer D D blood [This object is a pull tab] Slide 26 / 116 Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue consists of bundles of long cells called muscle fibers. There are many contractile proteins arranged a certain way within the cytoplasm of the muscle cells. Vertebrates have three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
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