1 Reason Anatomy and Physiology are the foundation on which all - - PDF document

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Slide 1 JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

EAP‐Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology PFN: SOMAPL11

Hours: 1.5

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JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Terminal Learning Objective

 Action: Communicate knowledge of

“Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology”

 Condition: Given a lecture in a classroom

environment

 Standard: Received a minimum score of 75%

• n the written exam IAW course standards

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JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

References

 Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology (6th

edition; 2013; Martini; Bartholomew)

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Reason

Anatomy and Physiology are the foundation

• n which all medicine is based. Learn well

now and everything that follows will come easier. As a Special Operations Combat Medic, you also have the duty to harm/kill others, and to teach others how to do so. In order to do this well, you need a solid understanding of both anatomy and physiology.

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JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Agenda

 Define the medical vocabulary components

related to an introduction to anatomy and physiology

 Communicate the basic functions of living

• rganisms

 Define anatomy and physiology along with

the various specialties within each discipline

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Agenda

 Identify the major levels of organization in

living organisms

 Identify the organ systems of the human

body and the major components of each system

 Communicate the significance of homeostasis  Communicate how negative and positive

feedback is involved in homeostasis

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Agenda

 Communicate body sections, body regions,

and relative positions using anatomical terms

 Identify the major body cavities and their

subdivisions

 Communicate the different radiological and

ultrasound procedures along with the basis

• f how they work

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The Medical Vocabulary Components Related to an Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

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Vocabulary Development

 bios life; biology  cardium heart; pericardium  dorsum back; dorsal  homeo unchanging; homeostasis  –logy study of; biology  medianus situated in the middle; median  paries wall; parietal

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Vocabulary Development

 pathos disease; pathology  peri‐ around; perimeter  pronus inclined forward; prone  supinus lying on the back; supine  –stasis standing; homeostasis  venter belly or abdomen; ventral

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The Basic Functions of Living Organisms

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Functions of Living Organisms

 Biology – The study of life  All living organisms perform the following

characteristics:

• Responsiveness
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Movement
• Metabolism

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Check on Learning

 What are the basic functions that all living

• rganisms perform?
• A. Responsiveness / Growth / Reproduction / Movement

/ Metabolism.

• B. Respiration / Reproduction / Digestion / Growth /

Responsiveness.

• C. Respiration / Reproduction / Communication /

Absorption / Metabolism.

• D. Responsiveness / Communication / Comprehension /

Growth / Reproduction.

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Anatomy and Physiology Along with the Various Specialties Within Each Discipline

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Anatomy & Physiology Sciences

 Anatomy is the study of internal and

external structure and the physical relationships among body parts.

 Physiology is the study of how living

• rganisms perform vital functions. All

specific functions are performed by specific structures.

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Anatomy & Physiology Sciences

 Anatomists study:

• Gross anatomy (macroscopic)
• Microscopic anatomy
• Physical relationships among body parts

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Anatomy & Physiology Sciences

 Gross anatomy

• Surface anatomy
• Regional anatomy
• Sectional anatomy

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Anatomy & Physiology Sciences

 Microscopic anatomy

• Cytology: study of individual cells
• The body is made of trillions of cells which can

combine to form tissues

• Histology: study of tissues
• Tissues are made of groups of cells and form organs

 Damage to cells, tissues, or organs can

affect an organism

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Anatomy & Physiology Sciences

 Human physiology: Study of human body

function

• Cell physiology
• Special physiology
• Systemic physiology
• Pathological physiology

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Anatomy & Physiology Sciences

Key Note All physiological functions are performed by anatomical structures. These functions follow the same physical and mechanical principles that can be seen in the world at large.

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Check on Learning

 The anatomy of the heart was clearly described in

the 15th century, but it took two centuries before it was realized the heart pumped blood. This demonstrates which of the following occurred for two centuries?

• A. The understanding of systemic anatomy without an

understanding of cell physiology.

• B. The understanding of surface anatomy without an

understanding of pathological physiology.

• C. The understanding of gross anatomy without an

understanding of pathological physiology.

• D. The understanding of gross anatomy without an

understanding of special physiology.

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The Major Levels of Organization in Living Organisms

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Levels of Organization

 Life is built on successive levels of

increasing complexity:

• Chemical (atomic or molecular)
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ System
• Organism

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Organism Level

Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

Organ Level

The heart Cardiac muscle tissue

Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Cellular Level (Chapter 3)

Heart muscle cell Protein filaments Complex protein molecule Atoms in combination

Atomic, Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Organ System Level (Chapters 5–20)

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Check on Learning

 What are the levels of organization?

• A. Molecular /Chemical / Cellular / Tissue / Organ /

Organ System / Organism / Organism.

• B. Chemical / Cellular / Organelle / Tissue / Organ /

Organ System / Organism.

• C. Chemical / Cellular / Tissue / Organ / Organ System /

Organism.

• D. Chemical / Molecular / Cellular / Tissue / Organ /

Organ System / Organism.

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The Organ Systems of the Human Body and the Major Components of Each System

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Overview of Organ Systems

 The human body has 11 organ systems:

• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive

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The Integumentary System

 Major components

• Cutaneous membrane
• Hair follicles
• Sweat glands
• Nails
• Sensory receptors
• Subcutaneous layer

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The Skeletal System

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The Muscular System

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The Nervous System

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The Endocrine System

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The Cardiovascular System

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The Lymphatic System

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The Respiratory System

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The Digestive System

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The Urinary System

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Male Reproductive System

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Female Reproductive System

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Anatomy & Physiology Sciences

Key Note The body can be divided into 11 organ systems, but all work together and the boundaries between them aren’t absolute.

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Check on Learning

 The eleven organ systems of the human body are

independent of each other but are also interconnected as they occupy a relative small

• space. Which of the following statements would

demonstrate the independent systems working together?

A. The reproductive and urinary systems share some common tissues. B. The integument, skeletal and muscular systems provide protection. C. The endocrine system directs long term changes in activities of other organ systems. D. All of the above.

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The Significance of Homeostasis

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Homeostasis and System Integration

 Homeostasis

• Maintains stable internal conditions
• Temperature
• Ionic concentrations
• Blood sugar levels, etc.
• Utilizes negative feedback mechanisms

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Homeostatic Regulation

 Regulation depends on:

• Receptor ‐ which is sensitive to a particular

stimulus

• Control Center ‐ which receives and processes

information from the receptor

• Effector ‐ which responds to the commands of

the control center and whose activity opposes

• r reinforces the stimulus

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RECEPTOR Thermometer

STIMULUS: Room temperature rises Normal condition disturbed

HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature

RESPONSE: Room temperature drops Normal condition restored

EFFECTOR Air conditioner turns on

Sends Commands to Information affects

CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) 20o 30o 40o

Homeostatic Regulation

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Check on Learning

 Homeostatic regulation usually involves which of

the following?

A. An affector sensitive to changes or stimulus and a effector which responds to the changes or stimulus. B. An effector sensitive to changes or stimulus and an affector which responds to the changes or stimulus. C. Receptor: sensitive to changes or stimulus / Control center: receives and processes information from the receptor / Effector: responds to commands from the control center. D. Effector: sensitive to changes or stimulus / Control center: receives and processes information from the effector / Receptor: responds to commands from the control center.

Slide 47 JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

How Negative and Positive Feedback is Involved in Homeostasis

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Negative Feedback

 Variation outside normal limits triggers

automatic corrective response

 Response negates disturbance

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JSOMTC, SWMG(A) RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2oC (99oF) RESPONSE Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Control mechanism when body temperature rises EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Negative feedback Sends commands to Information affects Information affects CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Sends commands to EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Negative feedback Control mechanism when body temperature falls RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2oC (99oF) RESPONSE Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored

Negative Feedback in Thermoregulation

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Positive Feedback

 Stimulus produces response that reinforces

the stimulus

 Response rapidly completes critical process

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Positive Feedback

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Homeostasis

 Homeostasis and Disease Process

• Failure of homeostatic regulation
• Symptoms appear
• Organ system malfunction

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Homeostasis

Key Note Physiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment, the foundations of homeostasis. In doing so, they monitor and adjust the volume and composition of body fluids, and keep body temperature within normal limits. If they cannot do so, internal conditions become increasingly abnormal and survival becomes uncertain.

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Check on Learning

 Which of the following statements best describes

negative and positive feedback?

• A. Negative feedback is: A variation outside the normal limits

which triggers an automatic response that corrects the

• situation. Positive feedback would be: The initial stimulus

producing a response which reinforces that stimulus.

• B. Positive feedback is: A variation outside the normal limits

which triggers an automatic response that corrects the

• situation. Negative feedback would be: The initial stimulus

producing a response which reinforces that stimulus.

• C. Negative feedback is a variation which decrease stimulus.

Positive feedback is a variation that increases stimulus.

• D. Positive feedback is a variation which decrease stimulus.

Negative feedback is a variation that increases stimulus.

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Body Sections, Body Regions, and Relative Positions Using Anatomical Terms

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The Language of Anatomy

 Surface Anatomy

• Anatomical Position
• Hands at side
• Palms forward
• Feet together
• Supine: Face up
• Prone: Face down

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The Language of Anatomy

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The Language of Anatomy

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The Language of Anatomy

 Anatomical Regions

• Two methods to map abdominal and pelvic

regions

• Four abdominopelvic quadrants
• Nine abdominopelvic regions

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The Language of Anatomy

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The Language of Anatomy

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The Language of Anatomy

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The Language of Anatomy

Key Note Anatomical descriptions refer to an individual in the anatomical position: standing, with the hands at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet together.

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The Language of Anatomy

 Sectional Anatomy: Planes and Sections

• Transverse plane
• Transverse section
• Frontal plane
• Frontal section
• Sagittal plane
• Sagittal section

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The Language of Anatomy

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Check on Learning

 Which of the following statements best describes

a Frontal Plane of Section?

A. Section which separates right and left portions. B. Section which passes through the midline, dividing the body in half and separating right and left sides. C. Section which separates anterior and posterior portions of the body. D. Section which separates superior and inferior portions of the body.

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The Major Body Cavities and Their Subdivisions

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The Language of Anatomy

 Ventral body cavity

• Protects delicate organs
• Permits organ growth and movement
• Surrounds:
• Respiratory
• Cardiovascular
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive systems

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The Language of Anatomy

 Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity:

• Thoracic cavity
• Pleural cavities (R and L)
• Pericardial cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity
• Abdominal cavity
• Pelvic cavity
• Peritoneal membrane

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The Language of Anatomy

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Check on Learning

 A midsagittal view of the ventral body cavities would

show which body cavities listed from cranial to caudal?

• A. The ventral body cavity showing the plural cavity with the right

and left lungs separated by the mediastinum. The pericardial cavity being at the anterior inferior aspect of the mediastinum.

• B. The plural cavity and peritoneal cavity making up the thoracic
• cavity. The abdominal cavity superior to the pelvic cavity

making up the abdominopelvic cavity.

• C. The thoracic cavity containing the plural cavities separated by

the mediastinum, the pericardial cavity in the anterior inferior

• aspect. The abdominopelvic cavity made up of the abdominal

cavity, the peritoneal cavity, superior to the pelvic cavity. D. All of the above.

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The Different Radiological and Ultrasound Procedures Along with the Basis of How They Work

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The Language of Anatomy

 Radiological Procedures

• X‐rays
• CT Scans
• MRIs
• Ultrasound

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X‐Rays

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X‐Rays

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Common Scanning Techniques

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Common Scanning Techniques

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Common Scanning Techniques

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Common Scanning Techniques

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Check on Learning

 Which of the following best describes an

ultrasound?

A. A form of high‐energy radiation that travels through the body before striking a photographic plate. B. Using computers to reconstruct sectional views, an energy source rotates around the body, and the energy beam strikes a sensor, then moves a short distance and repeats. C. Surrounds part or all of the body with a magnetic field about 3000 times as strong as that of the earth. D. A small transmitter contacting the skin broadcasts a brief, narrow burst of high‐frequency sound and then detects the echoes.

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Questions?

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Terminal Learning Objective

 Action: Communicate knowledge of

“Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology”

 Condition: Given a lecture in a classroom

environment

 Standard: Received a minimum score of 75%

• n the written exam IAW course standards

Slide 84

JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Agenda

 Define the medical vocabulary components

related to an introduction to anatomy and physiology

 Communicate the basic functions of living

• rganisms

 Define anatomy and physiology along with

the various specialties within each discipline

29

Slide 85

JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Agenda

 Identify the major levels of organization in

living organisms

 Identify the organ systems of the human

body and the major components of each system

 Communicate the significance of homeostasis  Communicate how negative and positive

feedback is involved in homeostasis

Slide 86

JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Agenda

 Communicate body sections, body regions,

and relative positions using anatomical terms

 Identify the major body cavities and their

subdivisions

 Communicate the different radiological and

ultrasound procedures along with the basis

• f how they work

Slide 87

JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Reason

Anatomy and Physiology are the foundation

• n which all medicine is based. Learn well

now and everything that follows will come easier. As a Special Operations Combat Medic, you also have the duty to harm/kill others, and to teach others how to do so. In order to do this well, you need a solid understanding of both anatomy and physiology.

30

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Break