1 Reason Anatomy and Physiology are the foundation on which all - PDF document

EAP‐Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology PFN: SOMAPL11 Hours: 1.5 JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 1 Terminal Learning Objective  Action: Communicate knowledge of “Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology”  Condition: Given a lecture in a classroom environment  Standard: Received a minimum score of 75% on the written exam IAW course standards JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 2 References  Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology (6th edition; 2013; Martini; Bartholomew) JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 3 1

Reason Anatomy and Physiology are the foundation on which all medicine is based. Learn well now and everything that follows will come easier. As a Special Operations Combat Medic, you also have the duty to harm/kill others, and to teach others how to do so. In order to do this well, you need a solid understanding of both anatomy and physiology. JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 4 Agenda  Define the medical vocabulary components related to an introduction to anatomy and physiology  Communicate the basic functions of living organisms  Define anatomy and physiology along with the various specialties within each discipline JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 5 Agenda  Identify the major levels of organization in living organisms  Identify the organ systems of the human body and the major components of each system  Communicate the significance of homeostasis  Communicate how negative and positive feedback is involved in homeostasis JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 6 2

Agenda  Communicate body sections, body regions, and relative positions using anatomical terms  Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions  Communicate the different radiological and ultrasound procedures along with the basis of how they work JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 7 The Medical Vocabulary Components Related to an Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 8 Vocabulary Development  bios life; biology  cardium heart; pericardium  dorsum back; dorsal  homeo unchanging; homeostasis  –logy study of; biology  medianus situated in the middle; median  paries wall; parietal JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 9 3

Vocabulary Development  pathos disease; pathology  peri‐ around; perimeter  pronus inclined forward; prone  supinus lying on the back; supine  –stasis standing; homeostasis  venter belly or abdomen; ventral JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 10 The Basic Functions of Living Organisms JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 11 Functions of Living Organisms  Biology – The study of life  All living organisms perform the following characteristics: • Responsiveness • Growth • Reproduction • Movement • Metabolism JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 12 4

Check on Learning  What are the basic functions that all living organisms perform? A. Responsiveness / Growth / Reproduction / Movement / Metabolism. B. Respiration / Reproduction / Digestion / Growth / Responsiveness. C. Respiration / Reproduction / Communication / Absorption / Metabolism. D. Responsiveness / Communication / Comprehension / Growth / Reproduction. JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 13 Anatomy and Physiology Along with the Various Specialties Within Each Discipline JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 14 Anatomy & Physiology Sciences  Anatomy is the study of internal and external structure and the physical relationships among body parts.  Physiology is the study of how living organisms perform vital functions. All specific functions are performed by specific structures. JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 15 5

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences  Anatomists study: • Gross anatomy (macroscopic) • Microscopic anatomy • Physical relationships among body parts JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 16 Anatomy & Physiology Sciences  Gross anatomy  Surface anatomy  Regional anatomy  Sectional anatomy JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 17 Anatomy & Physiology Sciences  Microscopic anatomy  Cytology: study of individual cells • The body is made of trillions of cells which can combine to form tissues  Histology: study of tissues • Tissues are made of groups of cells and form organs  Damage to cells, tissues, or organs can affect an organism JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 18 6

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences  Human physiology: Study of human body function • Cell physiology • Special physiology • Systemic physiology • Pathological physiology JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 19 Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Key Note All physiological functions are performed by anatomical structures. These functions follow the same physical and mechanical principles that can be seen in the world at large. JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 20 Check on Learning  The anatomy of the heart was clearly described in the 15 th century, but it took two centuries before it was realized the heart pumped blood. This demonstrates which of the following occurred for two centuries? A. The understanding of systemic anatomy without an understanding of cell physiology. B. The understanding of surface anatomy without an understanding of pathological physiology. C. The understanding of gross anatomy without an understanding of pathological physiology. D. The understanding of gross anatomy without an understanding of special physiology. JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 21 7

The Major Levels of Organization in Living Organisms JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 22 Levels of Organization  Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity: • Chemical (atomic or molecular) • Cellular • Tissue • Organ • Organ System • Organism JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 23 Organ Organism System Level Level (Chapters 5–20) Cardiovascular Lymphatic Endocrine Nervous Respiratory Muscular Digestive Skeletal Urinary Integumentary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level Heart (Chapter 4) Atomic, Chemical or muscle cell Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Complex protein molecule Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Protein filaments JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 24 8

Check on Learning  What are the levels of organization? A. Molecular /Chemical / Cellular / Tissue / Organ / Organ System / Organism / Organism. B. Chemical / Cellular / Organelle / Tissue / Organ / Organ System / Organism. C. Chemical / Cellular / Tissue / Organ / Organ System / Organism. D. Chemical / Molecular / Cellular / Tissue / Organ / Organ System / Organism. JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 25 The Organ Systems of the Human Body and the Major Components of Each System JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 26 Overview of Organ Systems  The human body has 11 organ systems: • Integumentary  Lymphatic • Skeletal  Respiratory • Muscular  Digestive • Nervous  Urinary • Endocrine  Reproductive • Cardiovascular JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 27 9

The Integumentary System  Major components • Cutaneous membrane • Hair follicles • Sweat glands • Nails • Sensory receptors • Subcutaneous layer JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 28 The Skeletal System JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 29 The Muscular System JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 30 10

The Nervous System JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 31 The Endocrine System JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 32 The Cardiovascular System JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 33 11

The Lymphatic System JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 34 The Respiratory System JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 35 The Digestive System JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 36 12

The Urinary System JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 37 Male Reproductive System JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 38 Female Reproductive System JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 39 13

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Key Note The body can be divided into 11 organ systems, but all work together and the boundaries between them aren’t absolute. JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 40 Check on Learning  The eleven organ systems of the human body are independent of each other but are also interconnected as they occupy a relative small space. Which of the following statements would demonstrate the independent systems working together? A. The reproductive and urinary systems share some common tissues. B. The integument, skeletal and muscular systems provide protection. C. The endocrine system directs long term changes in activities of other organ systems. D. All of the above. JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 41 The Significance of Homeostasis JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 42 14

Homeostasis and System Integration  Homeostasis  Maintains stable internal conditions • Temperature • Ionic concentrations • Blood sugar levels, etc.  Utilizes negative feedback mechanisms JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 43 Homeostatic Regulation  Regulation depends on: • Receptor ‐ which is sensitive to a particular stimulus • Control Center ‐ which receives and processes information from the receptor • Effector ‐ which responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity opposes or reinforces the stimulus JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 44 Homeostatic Regulation Information Thermometer Normal affects condition RECEPTOR disturbed STIMULUS: Room temperature rises HOMEOSTASIS CONTROL CENTER Normal (Thermostat) room temperature RESPONSE: 20 o 30 o 40 o Room temperature drops Normal EFFECTOR condition Sends Air conditioner restored Commands to turns on JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 45 15