Slide 1 / 144 Slide 2 / 144 New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative AP BIOLOGY This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and teachers. These materials may not be Big Idea 2 used for any commercial purpose without the written permission of the owners. NJCTL maintains its Part D website for the convenience of teachers who wish to make their work available to other teachers, participate in a virtual professional learning community, and/or provide access to course January 2013 materials to parents, students and others. www.njctl.org Click to go to website: www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 144 Slide 4 / 144 Physiology of Plants Big Idea 2: Part D Click on the topic to go to that section · Physiology of Plants · Homeostasis in Plants · Plant Anatomy · Ecosystems & Evolution · Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Return to Cycles Table of Contents · Properties of Water Slide 5 / 144 Slide 6 / 144 Bioenergetics Has Transformed Earth Bioenergetics Has Transformed Earth The evolution of complex Every ecosystem relies on a producer to transform energy into life has changed Earth and usable forms for the rest of the life forms in the ecosystem. made it a unique planet. Life's ability to transform and use energy has created ecosystems that cover Earth's surface and deep into the oceans.
Slide 7 / 144 Slide 8 / 144 Ecosystems and Energy Ecosystems and Energy Transformations Transformations As we know, the sun is the starting point for all energy in life. The only complex multicellular eukaryotes capable of photosynthesis are plants. Because plants are large and complex they serve as the starting point for the vast majority of ecosystems on this planet. They are the producers. Plant They are photoautotrophs , capable of producing their own chemical energy in the form of sugar from the radiant energy of the sun. Slide 9 / 144 Slide 10 / 144 Ecosystems and Energy 1 Which of the following describes the role of plants in the Transformations ecosystem? (select all that apply) A producers They are also known as primary producers B photoautotrophs because the sugar they make will be the C consumers product that feeds the rest of the ecosystem. D derive energy from radiant heat E derive energy from other organisms All others in an ecosystem are consumers, they eat plants directly or eat other organisms that eat plants. Plant Slide 11 / 144 Slide 12 / 144 Physiology of Plants Physiology of Plants We have noted on a few occasions the Since plants are so important to an importance of sugar and the process of ecosystem, we will examine some of the photosynthesis. We know that plants conduct reactions working inside of plants. photosynthesis so we know they are capable of metabolism. Are they also capable of First, what do plants need in order to make homeostasis? sugar? 1. Sunlight 2. Water 3. Carbon Dioxide
Slide 13 / 144 Slide 14 / 144 Physiology of Plants Physiology of Plants: Sunlight When a plant makes sugar it produces a An important feature of plants is their ability to grow toward waste product that must be eliminated as a sunlight. This is called phototropism . It ensures that the gas from the plant. What is this gas? plant will optimize the amount of sunlight it can gather. Oxygen Slide 15 / 144 Slide 16 / 144 Physiology of Plants: Physiology of Plants: Sunlight Sunlight A botanist is growing some plants under an artificial light For some reason the cut plants do not grow toward the light. source and accidentally cuts the tops of some sprouting She hypothesizes that the tip of the plant is exhibiting plants. After a time she notices that the plants are not hormonal control of the plant. growing the same. Uncut Uncut Cut Cut Slide 17 / 144 Slide 18 / 144 Physiology of Plants: Physiology of Plants: Sunlight Sunlight With a group, discuss what is physically happening at a There are several possibilities for this observation: cellular level to cause a plant to grow toward a light source. 1) The tip could be growing toward the light. This would Consider what a hormone would have to do in order to require no hormonal control of the rest of the cells in the cause a plant to bend toward light. plant. continued... Cut Uncut Cut Uncut
Slide 19 / 144 Slide 20 / 144 Physiology of Plants: Physiology of Plants: Sunlight Sunlight There are several possibilities for this observation. There are several possibilities for this observation. 2) The tip could be releasing a hormone that stunts the 3) The tip could be releasing a hormone that speeds up or growth of the cells on the light side of the plant or... elongates the cells on the opposite side to the light source. Cut Uncut Cut Uncut Slide 21 / 144 Slide 22 / 144 Physiology of Plants: Auxin is Plant Growth Sunlight Hormone Pick one of these theories and design an experiment that Phototropism works because the tip of the plant produces could prove your theory while eliminating the others as auxin, a hormone that controls the length of cell growth in possibilities. Then click below to reveal which is correct. plant cells. This hormone runs down the stem. When light is directly overhead an equal amount of hormone travels down each side of the stem making the cells grow evenly. When Theory 3: A hormone elongates the light is on one side of the plant more hormone travels the cells to the opposite side of down the dark side of the plant making these cells grow the light source faster and the plant grow towards the light. Uncut Cut Slide 23 / 144 Slide 24 / 144 2 Auxin is a hormone found in plants and is responsible for 3 In which part of the plant is auxin found? A phototropism A root B photoperiodism B stem C photosynthesis C leaves D photosensitivity D nodes
Slide 25 / 144 Slide 26 / 144 Auxin is Plant Growth 4 Which part of the plant will experience a higher concentration of auxin? Hormone A The part closest to the light B The part farthest from the light Auxin naturally migrates away from light causing a concentration gradient. The further from the light the more auxin, more auxin = more elongation. Slide 27 / 144 Slide 28 / 144 Plants use Hormonal Control to Homeostasis in Maintain Homeostasis Plants Auxin is just one example of plants using hormones to exhibit whole organism control by effecting each cell. This example is just one of many hormones that control homeostasis and enable the plant to gain optimal growth and energy efficiency. Return to Table of Contents Slide 29 / 144 Slide 30 / 144 Overview of the Auxin Effect Overview of the Auxin Effect These slides combine what we just learned about auxin with what These slides combine what we just learned about auxin with what we know about how hormonal control works on a cell. we know about how hormonal control works on a cell. (4) The Golgi apparatus is (1) The hormone binds to an stimulated to discharge auxin receptor vesicles containing (2) This signal is transduced materials to maintain the into second messengers thickness of the cell wall. within the cell (5) The signal-transduction (3) Proton pumps are pathway also activates activated, and secretion of DNA-binding proteins that acid loosens the wall, induce transcription of enabling the cell to specific genes. elongate. (6) This leads to the http://www.cartage.org http://www.cartage.org production of proteins required for sustaining growth of the cell.
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