Physiology 1 Physiology 2 Physiology 3 Planes 28/08/17 4 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Physiology 1 Physiology 2 Physiology 3 Planes 28/08/17 4 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jan 10, 2023 271 likes •583 views

Physiology 1 Physiology 2 Physiology 3 Planes 28/08/17 4 Planes 28/08/17 5 Flexion Vs. Extension Adduction Vs. Abduction 28/08/17 6 Foot landing 28/08/17 7 Knee Conditions Knee conditions that lead to surgery 28/08/17 8

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Physiology

1

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Physiology

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Physiology

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Planes

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Planes

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Flexion Vs. Extension Adduction Vs. Abduction

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Foot landing

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Knee Conditions

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Knee conditions that lead to surgery

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MUSCLES

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Muscles in human body

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Muscles in human body

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Muscles

  • The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body.
  • Attached to the bones of the skeletal system are about 700 named

muscles that make up roughly half of a person’s body weight.

  • Each of these muscles is a discrete organ constructed of skeletal muscle

tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves.

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Visceral (smooth) Skeletal (striated) Cardiac Voluntary Control Involuntary Control Involuntary Control

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Bone microstructure

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Microstructure of muscles

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Ligaments Vs. Tendons

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Ligaments Tendons Bone to Muscle Bone to Bone

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Ligaments Vs. Tendons

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Tendon Ligament

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Ligament of Rabbit

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Comparison of elongation of a tendon against normal materials

Most materials Tendon

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Tendon - Effect of Rate of deformation

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Exploded View of Tendon

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Actin and Myosin

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Three mechanical characteristics of muscles

Force – Velocity characteristics

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Three mechanical characteristics of muscles

Force – Length characteristics

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Three mechanical characteristics of muscles

Force – Time characteristics

It takes about 250 to 400 ns for peak force to be achieved after activation of the muscle group

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Stretch shortening cycle

Most normal movements unconsciously begin a stretch- shortening cycle; a counter movement away from the intended direction of movement that is slowed by eccentric muscle and is followed by concentric action in the direction of interest.

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Regulation of muscle force in cycling

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Muscles in a human thigh

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Energy synthesis Glycosis Vs. Oxidative phosphorylation

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Oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy which is used to reform ATP. In most eukaryotes, this takes place inside mitochondria.

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Muscle Fiber Types

Type I Red Type IIa Red Type IIb White Diameter (neuron & fiber) Medium Large Large Force Capacity Low (5g) Moderate (20 g) High (50 g) Myosin ATPase Activity Low High High Myoglobin Content High High Low Metabolic Properties Oxidative Oxidative/ Glycolytic Glycolytic Fatigue Resistance High Intermediate Low

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END