Benefits & Impacts Policy 779-page Ebook Download at - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
FAPESP-SCOPE-BIOEN-BIOTA-CLIMATE CHANGE (2012/23765-0) Reporting a global assessment of Bioenergy & Sustainability 137 experts from 24 countries Land use Feedstocks Technologies Benefits & Impacts Policy 779-page Ebook Download at
FAPESP-SCOPE-BIOEN-BIOTA-CLIMATE CHANGE (2012/23765-0) Reporting a global assessment of Bioenergy & Sustainability 137 experts from 24 countries
Land use Feedstocks Technologies Benefits & Impacts Policy
779-page Ebook Download at http://bioenfapesp.org
Bioenergy
High costs and technological complexities of developing sustainable biorefinery systems Certification and social aspects Bioenergy governance Bioenergy trade expansion Financing the bioenergy effort
Souza et al., Technical Summary, Chapter 1
Integrated policy for bioenergy expansion Maximizing bioenergy benefits and positive synergies
Sugarcane Ethanol Up to 7,200 L/ha 21.3 gCO2/MJ GHG emissions 76% lower than gasoline Maize Ethanol Up to 3,900 L/ha 52.6 gCO2/MJ GHG emissions 42% lower than gasoline Soy, oil palm, rape Biodiesel Up to 5,700 L/ha 16.8 to 53.8 gCO2/MJ GHG emissions 40% lower than diesel Waste Oil Renewable Diesel (HVO) GHG emissions 45-70% lower than diesel Biopower from solid biomass pines, firs , spruce, eucalyptus, poplar, willow 10-18 ton/ha 26 to 48 gCO2e/ kWh GHG emissions 93% lower than coal Liquid biofuels - over 100 Billion L – 4.2 EJ - less than 1% of our primary energy use; Biopower – 1 EJ
Macedo, Nassar et al.Chapter 17 Green House gas emissions, Woods et al. Chapter 9 Land Use, Long and Karp et al. Chapter 10 Feedstocks
At a global level, land is not a constraint but availability is concentrated in two main regions, Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. This land is being used predominantly for low intensity animal grazing.
0.4 to 1.5% of global land
5 to 20% of rainfed land (no irrigation)
Woods et al. Chapter 9, Land Use Conventional Ethanol 83 Billion L 3.1 EJ 6.8 Million Ha of land Biodiesel 23 Million tonne 1.1 EJ 6.3 Million Ha of land HVO 6 Million tonne 0.1 EJ <0.1 Million Ha of land
Productivity, efficiency, reduction
modernization.
Osseweijer et al. Chapter 4, Food Security Existing pastureland could support almost four times the numbers of animals. Bringing the poorest-performing pastures up to 50% of their maximum attainable density would more than double the global stock of grazing animals.
Integrated new biorefinery systems are on the way: no carbon waste!
Chapter 12 – Convertion Technologies and Engines. Chum, Nigro et al.
Conservation of biodiversity is paramount
Joly et al.Chapter 16 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
2.8 billion people use it for cooking and heating. Wood hauling is done mostly by women and children Respiratory illnesses 1.6 million deaths per year, of mainly women and children 30% of the biomass used is native vegetation
TRADITIONAL BIOENERGY Most of the renewable energy we use today comes from inefficient burning of biomass to produce heat MODERN BIOENERGY In rural areas, bioenergy can bring access to energy and contribute to poverty reduction
In Kenya, 1.4 million improved cooking stoves saved 75 thousand Ha
Generating jobs and improving livelihoods Improving health and education Biogas in 5 million homes in India and 15 million homes in China
Diaz-Chavez et al. Chapter 21, Energy Acess
Bioenergy Production Now Feedstocks Land Use Conversion Technologies Conventional Ethanol Ethanol and Flexible Fuel Vehicle Engines Biodiesel Biodiesel Vehicle Engines Lignocellulosic Ethanol Aviation Biofuels Renewable Diesel Bioelectricity Biogas Biogas Vehicles Heat Bioenergy Expansion Land Availability Biomass Production Potential Bioenergy Costs Biomass Supply in the Face of Climate Change Impacts of Bioenergy Expansion on Biodiversity and Ecosystems Indirect Effects Financing Trade Bioenergy Added Benefits to Social and Environmental Development Biomass Carbon Capture and Sequestration Improvement of Soil Quality Increasing Soil Carbon Pollution Reduction Social Benefits
Our low carbon future has started
Supply chain and environmental security Water - Vicky Ballester, USP GHG Emissions, Isaias Macedo, UNICAMP Environmental Climate Security - Paulo Artaxo, USP Sustainable development and innovation Case Studies - Regis Leal, CTBE Food Security - Luis Cortez, UNICAMP Conversion Technologies and Engines - Francisco Nigro, USP
Vicky Ballester, CENA, USP
Opportunities to implement or improve bioenergy production to address long-term sustainable use of water and soil resources
Bioenergy systems can have positive impacts on these resources when feedstocks and conversion technologies are matched to local conditions and planning includes holistic landscape-level assessment
Water cycle changes Evapotranspiration increase Down stream runoff and discharge decrease Dry (sub and) tropical regions Groundwater recharge reduction Soils salinization New technologies for landscape analysis Comparing to traditional crops Average ET (mm.y-1) Pasture: 635 Annual Crops:651 Sugar-cane: 760 Savannah: 880 Perennial Crops: 950 Forest: 1150 Soil carbon sequestration Less GHGs Improve Soil properties Less use of fertilizers 1 Ton of sugar-cane for ethanol: ~ 1000 L of vinasse 80 to 200 m3.ha-1 adding nutrients
+ 8 to 20 mm “irrigation” water Biodigestion: biogas and bioelectricity
Positive ( ) and negative impacts ( ) of bioenergy production on:
Bentes, Young, Ballester, Cantarella, Cowie, Martinelli and Neary. Soils and Water. Chap. 18 : 619-658.
Water cycle Carbon cycle Other nutrient cycles
Wide range of positive and negative impacts Use of a single metric such as
Local/Regional Characteristics Environmental, Social, Economic, Cultural, Policies, Regulation, Governance Result from
Arrows represent impacts, boxes and numbers (1 to 5) impacts levels. Green: positive; Red: negative
Therefore Meanful and and lead to miss interpretations
Recommendation: Landscape level assessment and management using systems base on recommended actions and several metrics Interdisciplinary, integrated approach Continuous Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Review Landscape level Recommended actions instead
metrics
Example: Best Management Practices applied to crop life cycle: enables feedstock production for bioenergy programs as a sustainable part of land management and renewable energy production, and can represent new
Bioenergy Crop Life Cycle
Best Management Practices: system of recommended actions
Isaias Macedo, Unicamp
Evaluating GHG emissions and mitigation from bioenergy production and use
The transportation sector is the most challenging for GHG mitigation in the next decades; and, worldwide, power generation with fossil fuels is a large (and growing) source of GHG emissions. In the last years advances in technologies and in methodologies / data for better evaluation of GHG emissions have shown the importance of bioenergy in the context of climate change.
practices , modern conversion technologies and full use of co-products) already provide high levels of GHG mitigation
generation
increasing bioenergy availability
agriculture / forest system.
GHG emissions / mitigation for commercial biofuels
There are different regional regulations for GHG emissions evaluation: EU-RED, UK-RTFO, California-LCFS, US-EPA/RFS, etc. Results bellow use the same procedures, for comparison.
emissions * GHG mitigation, % (fossil fuel) Commercial Liquid Biofuels
Cane Ethanol, Brazil 21,3
76
Ethanol, USA 52,6
42
biodiesel, EU 53,8
40
Biomass (power > 10MWe)
waste, residues, SR crops
– 48
93
No LUC; includes co-products credits
Bioenergy can make a substantial (and much needed) contribution to reduce GHG emissions, even beyond the results achieved until now
Advanced biofuels (cellulosic ethanol, BtL processes) , full use of co-products and continuous improvements lead the way LUC (and iLUC) emissions are found to be much smaller than previously estimated, when appropriate measures are taken (AEZ, reducing deforestation and native land conversion, higher productivities, pasture integration and intensification)
Land use changes, in agriculture, forestry and pastures, may produce benefits towards reducing GHG emissions Gaps in knowledge include data gathering for soil conditions , SOM stock changes and N2O emissions; and impacts of albedo, aerosols and emissions timing on climate.
Paulo Artaxo, IF, USP
Environmental and climate security
Pressing questions
food security, water resources, biodiversity conservation and livelihoods?
Many bioenergy cropping systems bring multiple environmental benefits that can offset the negative consequences of intensive food production Intensive food production Integrated food and energy production This will be crucial for meeting the vision of a “mature sustainable bioeconomy” that
“will help deliver global food security, improve nutrition and health, create smart bio-based products and biofuels, and help agriculture, forestry, aquaculture and other ecosystems to adapt to climate change “ (from The European Bioeconomy in 2030)
Use marginal /degraded land
Avoid land productive for food crops Integrate different cropping systems at the landscape scale to balance ecosystem services
Increasing soil carbon and reducing erosion
Remove annual soil cultivation Harvest without burning; Maintain sufficient crop residues and recycle nutrients
Improving water quality and availability
Use minimal agrochemical inputs wherever possible Avoid irrigation Site energy crops near rivers/on slopes to prevent run-off and erosion
Enhancing biodiversity
Conserve primary forest. Use perennial crops to provide stable habitats, attractive to biodiversity. Diversify e.g. provide to additional pollen sources, natural biocontrol agents Harmonize bioenergy, agricultural and forestry governance policies
Perennial cropping systems and sustainable management should be strongly encouraged
Over 900 Mha of very suitable and suitable land (FAO classification) could be available for better food and bioenergy cropping globally. (Chp 9, Land and bioenergy) In the UK estimates of available land are typically in the 1 -2 Mha range
Karp et al Chapter 5 Environmental and Climate Security
Is there a figure for C savings?
Water quality Water availability Soil amelioration; Biodiversity Habitat provision Soil degradation Water pollution Water scarcity Biodiversity loss Habitat Loss
Recommendation
We need secure and prolonged support to improve crop productivity (bioenergy and food crops) and policies that recognise the full environmental (as well as economic) benefits of bioenergy cropping systems Negative impacts of bioenergy can be avoided by:
(regarding water, soil, biodiversity, habitat)
Issues on environmental and climate security
for all bioenergy production systems
mitigating climate change whilst bringing environmental benefits that offset the negative impacts of intensive food production
simple policies that recognise multiple environmental benefits and not just economic ones
residues and second-generation biofuels to mitigate the adverse impacts and land use and food production, and co-processing of biomass with CCS to produce low net GHG emitting transportation fuels and/or electricity
sustainability of practices and the efficiency of bioenergy systems. Barriers to large-scale deployment of bioenergy include concerns about GHG emissions from land, food security, water resources, biodiversity conservation and livelihoods
Luiz Cortez, Unicamp
Bioenergy and Food security
Some pressing questions:
for a growing world population?
alleviate climate change? There is enough land for both food and bioenergy production, however food and energy insecurities still affects nearly one billion people , roughly 20-30% in urban areas and 70-80% in rural areas. This leads to perceptions:
While sustainable bioenergy production can improve food and energy securities! Biomass utilization for other products than food provides employment and can simultaneously provide better infrastructure, energy security and social development, leading to better food security, especially important for rural areas! Some examples:
agriculture, providing jobs and rural development
POET)
Sugarcane Ethanol: helped Brazil to achieve oil self- sufficiency In the ´70s Brazil was fundamentally an exporter of coffee and became a large exporter of grains, meat, sugar, pulp and paper, and orange juice Jatropha, unpalatable for livestock, is usually planted in rows around
seeds is used as a diesel substitute in Africa The US initiative helped to alleviate oil imports and absorbed corn surplus, helping stabilize prices Present use of residues!
Examples of sustainable biofuels for different countries to improve food and energy securities with bioenergy Sugarcane bioenergy ~ 20% of Brazilian energy matrix Brazilian agribusiness is responsible for ~ US$ 100 billion in 2013 Appropriated for small farmers in Africa ~ 40% of US corn is used to produce ~50 billion liters of ethanol
Osseweijer et al. Chapter 4, Food Security, boxes 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3
Recommendations Productivity, efficiency, reduction of waste, agriculture modernization play a central role. Lack of land is not one of the main concerning points. Degraded land can be improved Integration Food and Energy Production and promoting advanced biofuels Good governance and supporting policies are crucial, both local, national and global scales Findings Conclusions Global scale food and energy production is enough Hunger and malnutrition are primarily problems of distribution/access There is enough land Future food and part of energy demands and be satisfied Care must be taken on expanding land use Planning expansion of land use
Osseweijer et al. Chapter 4, Food Security, boxes 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3
a growing world population, expansion will be predominantly in Sub Saharan Africa and Latin America
insecurity
provide a dynamic switch system to produce energy or food whenever necessary
food production in poor areas
Souza, G. M., Victoria, R., Joly, C., & Verdade, L. (Eds.). (2015). Bioenergy & Sustainability: bridging the gaps (p. 779). SCOPE Volume 72. Paris: SCOPE. ISBN 978-2-9545557-0-6 Osseweijer, P., Watson, H. K. et al. (2015). Bioenergy and Food Security in Bioenergy & Sustainability: bridging the gaps (p. 90-136). SCOPE Volume 72. Paris: SCOPE. ISBN 978-2-9545557-0-6
Regis Leal, CTBE
Challenge: Lessons Learned
Current status: There are a plenitude of examples of bioenergy project successes and failures, but these valuable experiences normally go without proper analyses or even register. Examples that illustrate solutions for the challenge: Surplus power generation in sugar/ethanol mills, large scale use of biogas, cassava for large scale ethanol distilleries, jatropha as feedstock for biodiesel, large scale vs small scale use of biomass for energy, MSW and biomass combine for heat and power, etc Large-scale displacement is possible within major markets
ethanol: a success story
Private/Public technology development 1970: 40 tc/ha and 87 kg ATR/tc 2010: 85 tc/ha and
147 kg ATR/tc
> 600 commercial varieties available
cogeneration
Similar conditions, but different contexts: fully successful in Mauritius and very limited results in Brazil
Bagasse in 2012: 3% of total electricity in Brazil and 16% od the electricity in Mauritius
biodiesel Projects
Two projects, a small scale one in Malawi and a medium/large scale in Mozambique Different impacts on local communities and it is clear that a minimum yield for Jatropha is necessary
Thailand: sugarcane and cassava
The very successful bioetanol program in Thailand is based in sugarcane molasses (60%) and cassava chips (40%). The country is the 4th sugarcane producer and 2nd cassava
producer
Some relevant numbers when considering the issue, challenge or question, with illustrations
Chapter 14 Case Studies
residues: the question of scale
There is a general understanding that processing biomass for bioenergy the large scale plants The case studied has shown an opposite result due to the high logistics costs
forest residues collection
These residues are considered to be one of the most sustainable feedstocks for bioenergy. However, when left on the ground the bring several benefits to soil. The amount that can be harvested sustainably must be carefully assessed. This is the case of corn stover in USA and sugarcane straw in Brazil
This is another bioenergy alternative that is considered to be highly sustainable Yet, it more spread use has not materialize except in very specific cases. The cases of Germany, UK and California has shown why it works in Germany, but not in UK and California
biomass combined
MSW is a very attractive feedstock for bioenergy, but has a some difficulties to implement. Its combination with wood chips or pellets solves this problem, as shown in the case in Scandinavia. Some relevant numbers when considering the issue, challenge or question, with illustrations
Chapter 14 Case Studies
Conclusion
Apparently similar cases have seen failure and success depending on the local condition and context Adequate public policies are a must for success The use of traditional crops in the country such as sugarcane in Brazil, Thailand an Mauritius and cassava in Thailand Jatropha is not a fully developed crop to be receiving so much attention before demonstrating its performance
Recommendation
The lessons learned with successful crops like sugarcane and failures with poorly tested crops such as Jatropha must be organized and disseminated to enhance the chances of success and avoid repetition of failures Illustration that easily conveys the message
Francisco Nigro, Escola Politécnica, USP
Chapter 12* - Conversion Technologies for Biofuels and Their Use How are we progressing about the efficient conversion and use of bioenergy?
Comparative Toxic Units
PC – Production Costs MU – Material Utilization ECE – Energy Conversion Efficiency WC – Water Consumption GHG – GHG Emissions CD – Community Development ES – Energy Security TM – Technical Maturity CC – Capital Costs (Yang et al. 2013)
Parameters for Sustainability Assessment Human Carcinogenic Toxicity for E85
REN21, 2014
(Yang Y. 2013)
* Souza, G. M., Victoria, R., Joly, C., & Verdade, L. (Eds.). (2015). Bioenergy & Sustainability: bridging the gaps (p. 779). SCOPE Volume 72. Paris: SCOPE. ISBN 978-2-9545557-0-6
Examples of identified pathways for producing “drop-in” biofuels for Jet or else
Modified from FAPESP 2013 - “Flightpath to Aviation Biofuels in Brazil - Results of Project: Sustainable Aviation Biofuels for Brazil“
Which are the main issues for competitive deployment of bioenergy?
carriers can be more competitive than others depending on regional conditions.
logistics and existing equipment for end-use, but their energy cost is higher than that of their oxygenated precursors.
Nils-Olof Nylund 2014
Local X Global Strengths & Weaknesses shall mold biofuels evolution Ethanol (1.8 EJ)
75% low-level blend 10% E10<EX<E40 15% E85 & E100h
Biodiesel(0.9 EJ)
Fatty Acids Methyl Esters - (B2 to B20)
Biogas (1.7EJ) Pellets (0.42 EJ) Bio- Jet Fuel
Power & Heat Cogeneration Drop-in biofuel used in
yet cost competitive
Conclusions
resource use, environmental impact mitigation and economic performance.
increasing the economic returns: electricity from sugarcane in Brazil; animal feed and corn
products biorefineries diversified into biofuels from co-product oil streams to biodiesel and renewable diesel, in partnership with oil companies.
bio-jet fuels passed stringent standards certification with complete infrastructure and aircrafts compatibility, allowing up to 50% blends to be flown commercially.
Recommendations
advanced biofuel processes, address R&D key issues listed in Chapter 12.
local governments capability in economic development based on biomass; workforce training; improve awareness of environment, safety and health implications.
without ignoring adjustments of final use equipments, for instance, vehicles.
bioenergy and biorefinery options to achieve social, environmental, and economic goals, as part of an integrated land use and rural development strategy.
DISPONIBILIDADE FUTURA DE ETANOL
Apresentação do Ministro Eduardo Braga à Comissão de Serviços de Infraestrutura do Senado Federal “Panorama Geral dos Setores de Energia e Mineração” – Brasília 08/04/2015 Nigro, F.E.B.- “Eficiência de Veículos com Etanol” – Simpósio de Eficiência Energética: Emissões e Combustíveis – AEA, São Paulo, 21/05/2015
ONDE ESTAMOS NO INOVAR-AUTO
Nigro, F.E.B.- “Eficiência de Veículos com Etanol” – Simpósio de Eficiência Energética: Emissões e Combustíveis – AEA, São Paulo, 21/05/2015
DESAFIOS TECNOLÓGICOS
PBEV 2015
Nigro, F.E.B.- “Eficiência de Veículos com Etanol” – Simpósio de Eficiência Energética: Emissões e Combustíveis – AEA, São Paulo, 21/05/2015
OPORTUNIDADES DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DE VEÍCULOS FLEXÍVEIS EFICIENTES
levado a “downsizing & turbocharging”
condições:
quando operando com etanol, por exemplo para: [ConsetH (L/km) < (4/3)·ConsgasC (L/km)]
Nigro, F.E.B.- “Eficiência de Veículos com Etanol” – Simpósio de Eficiência Energética: Emissões e Combustíveis – AEA, São Paulo, 21/05/2015