Atomic PNC, a personal view in 2014 Luis A. Orozco Fundamental - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Atomic PNC, a personal view in 2014

Luis A. Orozco Fundamental Symmetry Tests with Rare Isotopes Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions University of Massachusetts Amherst October, 2014

Thanks to: John Behr (TRIUMF) Dima Budker (Berkeley, Mainz) Roberto Calabrese (Ferrara) Sidney Cahn (Yale) David DeMille (Yale) Andrei Derevianko (Reno) Victor Flambaum (New South Wales) Gerald Gwinner (Manitoba) Klaus Jungmann (KVI) Shelley Page (Manitoba) Mariana Safranova (Delaware) Fr work supported by: NRC, TRIUMF, and NSERC from Canada, DOE, and NSF from the USA, and CONACYT from Mexico.

HPV = GF 2 (κ1iγ 5 −κnsd,iσ n ⋅α)δ(r)

Nuclear spin independent Interaction:

• Coherent over all

nucleons.

• Measurement increases

as Z3 Nuclear spin dependent interaction:

• Only from valence nucleons.
• Measurement increases as Z8/3
• Main contribution from anapole

moment for heavy nuclei.

HPV

NSD

HPV

NSI

Gwinner

Safranova

Gwinner

Page

Constraints on couplings

PDG 2013 Page

Safranova

Safranova/Flambaum

Dzuba et al, PRL, 109, 203003 (2012)

11

Weak charge of 133Cs

Experiment: Wood et al. (1997); Bennett and Wieman (1999) (Boulder group) Theory: V. A. Dzuba, J. C. Berengut, V.V. Flambaum, and B. Roberts, (2012)

1.5 σ agreement with the Standard Model

Derevianko

Implications: extra Z bosons (Z’)

Specific example: Z’χ in SO(10) GUT result implies: LHC discovery reach: 5 TeV full luminosity

Derevianko/Flambaum

Also implications for Dark Z (Marciano)

The Anapole Moment History 1958 Zel’dovich, Vaks 1980 Khriplovich, Flambaum 1984 Khriplovich, Flambaum, Shuskov 1995 Fortson (Seattle) bound from an experiment Thallium 1997 Wieman (Boulder) 15% measurement from an experiment Cesium

Does weak N-N interaction change in heavy nuclei?

isovector isoscalar Behr

Constraints of couplings (107) from future measurements of two francium isotopes (even and odd isotopes) based on the calculations of Flambaum and Murray.

210Fr

209Fr

Gwinner

Accuracy is affected by HV-amplifier noise, fluctuations of stray fields, and laser drifts → improved for the next phase

ζ/β=39(4)stat.(5)syst. mV/cm ⇒ |ζ|=(8.7±1.4)×10-10 ea0

Yb PV Amplitude Results (Berkeley)

Budker

• Theory (1994):
• Hw = 70 ± 40 Hz
• V. A. Dzuba et al. Phys. Rev. A 50, 3812 (1994)
• Experiment (1997):
• |Hw| = | 2.3 ± 2.9 (statistical) ± 0.7

(systematic) |

• A. T. Nguyen et. al. Phys. Rev. A 56, 3453 (1997)
• Improved theory (2010):
• Hw ≈ 2 Hz
• V. Dzuba and V. Flambaum (http://arxiv.org/abs/1001.1184)

18

Parity Nonconservation in Dy

Budker

Jungmann

Single ion work in Ra+ at KVI following a proposal by Fortson

Jungmann

Atomic Parity Non-Conservation in a single Barium Ion Blinov and Fortson (U. Washington).

Anapole-induced 0→1→1 transitions

• Modified Stark-

interference technique

• Exploits 2-photon

selection rules

– J = 0 → J = 1 forbidden to all multipole orders – Suppresses SI PV-induced E1E1 transitions – Suppresses PC transitions: E1M1, E1E2, etc.

• Direct measurement of SD

PV effects

Budker

Cahn

Using molecules to get at NSD-PNC

• Diatomic molecules systematically have close rotation+hyperfine

levels of opposite parity--B-field tuning can give ΔE ~ 10-11 eV! [Sushkov, Flambaum, Sov. Phys. JETP 48, 608 (1978), Flambaum, Khriplovich,

• Phys. Lett. A 110, 121 (1985) Kozlov, Labzowsky, & Mitruschenkov, JETP 73, 415

(1991)]]

Strategy to detect PNC in near-degenerate levels

H = (

A B A

iHW + dE

B

−iHW + dE Δ )

|A> |B>

Weak Term Odd in E Stark Term Even in E

• D. DeMille, S.B. Cahn, D. Murphree, D.A. Rahmlow, and M.G. Kozlov

Using molecules to measure nuclear spin-dependent parity violation

• Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 023003 (2008)

A ψ(T)

2 = 4sin2 ΔT

2 " # $ % & ' (1or2) HW Δ dE0 ω + dE0 ω " # $ % & '

2

( ) * * + ,

• Cahn

FrPNC

• Commissioned in 2012 the trapping apparatus at

TRIUMF. NEXT (December 2014 run): Commission Science chamber: transfer Fr from capture chamber to science chamber. Measure ground state HF splitting directly with microwaves and observe Stark mixing. TO DO list:

• Measurement of PNC in the hyperfine transition (spin

dependent) of the ground state and extract anapole moments of a chain of Fr isotopes.

• Measure of Optical PNC (spin independent) and

extract the weak charge.

Spectroscopy studies of francium

Ideal cold sample of trapped atoms (no Doppler broadening) Energy levels Excited state lifetimes (transition matrix elements) Hyperfine splittings (wavefunctions at the nucleus) Quantitative comparisons to ab initio calculations. Nuclear structure studies (magnetization).

8s lifetime comparison with theory

a) Safronova et.al. b) Dzuba et.al. c) Johnson et.al. d) Dzuba et.al. e) Marinescu et.al. f) Theodosiou et.al. g) Biemont et.al. h) Van Wijngaarden et.al.

HF Anomaly preliminary results

Dashed: Magnetic Radius equal to Charge Radius Green: Nuclear Structure Theory Blue and Red: Measurements

Method

1.- Define handedness of the apparatus by the coordinate system 2.- Create superposition to interfere and enhance PNC signal:

3.- Measure rate of transition through resonance fluorescence. 4.- Change handedness of apparatus 5.- Repeat.

(iERF × BM1⋅ BDC)

Atotal = AM1

PC ± AE1 PNC

Signal ∝ Atotal

+ 2 − Atotal − 2

Rate ∝ Atotal

2

AE1 = 0.01 rad /s

Expected signal with 450 V/m

M1 Rabi oscillations (50 Hz) with 105 Rb atoms in blue detuned (20 nm) dipole trap. Decoherence time 180 ms. While sitting at 37.5 ms, add a second microwave source with 104 attenuation, change of the phase and see the signal increase and decrease.

Oscillations and sensitivity test

Number of atoms = N ~ 106 Interaction time = Δτ ~ 0.1s ΩE1 ~ 10 mrad

Signal Noise = 2ΩE1Δt N = 2

Schematic of the capture assembly

Fr beam onto Y foil

Commissioning of Capture: Sep., Dec. 2012

• Trapped atoms: > 2.5 ×106)
• Efficiency ~ 0.5%
• Trap lifetimes ~ 20s
• Isotopes trapped 206, 207,

209, 213, 221.

• Radioactive lifetime (τ1/2 =

50.5 s for 209Fr)

Preparation of Science Chamber, commissioning in Dec 2014 Science Chamber

microwaves/ 506nm light Fr from capture chamber

Precision tests of the weak interaction in atoms, they measure the weak charge and nucleon nucleon weak couplings. Experiments with trapped and cooled species starting (Fr, Ra+) and proceeding (Yb, Dy, molecules). Many isotopes (Flambaum idea). Fr will benefit from the 108 demonstrated at TRIUMF with our108 , FRIB is looking very interesting.

THANKS!